Information about Protein S
protein S (alpha) | |
| Identifiers | |
| Symbol | PROS1 |
| Alt. Symbols | PROS |
| Entrez | 5627 |
| HUGO | 9456 |
| OMIM | 176880 |
| RefSeq | NM_000313 |
| UniProt | P07225 |
| Other data | |
| Locus | Chr. 3 p11-q11.2 |
Function
The best characterized function of Protein S is its role in the anti coagulation pathway, it functions as a cofactor to Protein C in the inactivation of Factors Va and VIIIa. Only the free form has cofactor activity.Protein S can bind to negatively charged phospholipids via the carboxylated GLA domain. This property allows Protein S to function in the removal of cells which are undergoing apoptosis. Apoptosis is a form of cell death that is used by the body to remove unwanted or damaged cells from tissues. Cells which are apoptotic (ie. in the process of apoptosis) no longer actively manage the distribution of phospholipids in their outer membrane and hence begin to display negatively charged phospholipids, such as phosphatidyl serine, on the cell surface. In healthy cells, an ATP (Adenosine triphosphate)-dependent enzyme removes these from the outer leaflet of the cell membrane. These negatively charged phospholipids are recognized by phagocytes such as macrophages. Protein S can bind to the negatively charged phospholipids and function as a bridging molecule between the apoptotic cell and the phagocyte. The bridging property of Protein S enhances the phagocytosis of the apoptotic cell, allowing it to be removed 'cleanly' without any symptoms of tissue damage such as inflammation occurring.
Pathology
Protein S deficiency is a rare blood disorder which can lead to an increased risk of thrombosis.See also
Proteins: coagulation | |
|---|---|
| Coagulation factors | intrinsic pathway (FXII, FXI, FIX, FVIII) - extrinsic pathway (Tissue factor, FVII) - common pathway (FX, FV, (Pro)thrombin / FII, Fibrin / FI, FXIII) - HMWK - vWF - Kallikrein |
| Inhibitors | Antithrombin - Protein C - Protein S - Protein Z - ZPI - TFPI |
| Fibrinolysis | Plasmin - tPA/urokinase - PAI-1/2 - α2-AP - α2-macroglobulin - TAFI |
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Hugo is a male given name, a latinized form of the name Hugh, a German/Teutonic name meaning "Bright in Mind and Spirit".
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Hugo is one of the most popular names in Europe ranking as high as #2 in France, #6 in Spain, and #7 in Belgium in 2006.
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Swiss-Prot is a manually curated biological database of protein sequences. Swiss-Prot was created in 1986 by Amos Bairoch during his PhD and developed by the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics and the European Bioinformatics Institute.
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locus (plural loci) is a fixed position on a chromosome, such as the position of a gene or a biomarker (genetic marker). A variant of the DNA sequence at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a genetic map.
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Vitamin K denotes a group of lipophilic, and hydrophobic, vitamins that are needed for the posttranslational modification of certain proteins, mostly required for blood coagulation. Chemically they are 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives.
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Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to their polypeptide backbones. Basically, glycoprotein is a biomolecule composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (an oligosaccharide).
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complement system is a biochemical cascade which helps clear pathogens from an organism. It is one part of the larger immune system.
The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, normally circulating as inactive zymogens.
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The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, normally circulating as inactive zymogens.
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Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms solid clots. It is an important part of hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel) whereby a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet- and fibrin-containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of
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Protein C is a major physiological anticoagulant. It is a vitamin K-dependent serine protease enzyme (EC 3.4.21.69 ) that is activated by thrombin into activated protein C (APC). The activated form (with protein S as a cofactor) degrades Factor Va and Factor VIIIa.
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Factor V is a protein of the coagulation system, rarely referred to as proaccelerin or labile factor. In contrast to most other coagulation factors, it is not enzymatically active but functions as a cofactor.
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Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential clotting factor. The lack of normal FVIII causes Hemophilia A, an inherited bleeding disorder.
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Genetics
The gene for Factor VIII is located on the X chromosome (Xq28)...... Click the link for more information.
U indicates the uncharged hydrophobic portion of the molecule, highlighted in blue.]]
Phospholipids are a class of lipids, and a major component of all biological membranes, along with glycolipids, cholesterol and proteins.
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Phospholipids are a class of lipids, and a major component of all biological membranes, along with glycolipids, cholesterol and proteins.
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Apoptosis (pronounced ă-pŏp-tŏ’sĭs, apo tō' sis) is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. It is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD), and involves an orchestrated series of biochemical events leading to a
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Apoptosis (pronounced ă-pŏp-tŏ’sĭs, apo tō' sis) is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. It is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD), and involves an orchestrated series of biochemical events leading to a
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Apoptosis (pronounced ă-pŏp-tŏ’sĭs, apo tō' sis) is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. It is one of the main types of programmed cell death (PCD), and involves an orchestrated series of biochemical events leading to a
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Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a multifunctional nucleotide that is most important as a "molecular currency" of intracellular energy transfer. In this role, ATP transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism.
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A phagocyte is a cell that ingests and destroys foreign matter such as microorganisms or debris by a process known as phagocytosis.
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Types of Phagocytes
There are three main categories of phagocytes: [1]- macrophages (and monocytes)
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Macrophages (Greek: "big eaters", from makros "large" + phagein "eat") are cells within the tissues that originate from specific white blood cells called monocytes.
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Inflammation (Latin, inflammatio, to set on fire) is the complex biological response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli, such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants.
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MeSH D018455 Protein S deficiency is a disorder associated with increased risk of venous thrombosis. Protein S, a vitamin K-dependent physiological anticoagulant, acts as a nonenzymatic cofactor to activated protein C in the proteolytic degradation of factor Va and factor
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MeSH D013927 Thrombosis is the formation of a clot or thrombus inside a blood vessel, obstructing the flow of blood through the circulatory system. Thromboembolism is a general term describing both thrombosis and its main complication which is embolisation.
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Hemostasis refers to a process whereby bleeding is halted in most animals with a closed circulatory system.
Hemostasis in physiology
Hemostasis can refer to the physiologic process whereby bleeding is halted.
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Hemostasis in physiology
Hemostasis can refer to the physiologic process whereby bleeding is halted.
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Proteins are large organic compounds made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues.
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Coagulation is a complex process by which blood forms solid clots. It is an important part of hemostasis (the cessation of blood loss from a damaged vessel) whereby a damaged blood vessel wall is covered by a platelet- and fibrin-containing clot to stop bleeding and begin repair of
..... Click the link for more information.
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Hageman factor is a plasma protein now usually known as factor XII. It is an enzyme (EC 3.4.21.38 ) of the serine protease (or serine endopeptidase) class.
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Function
It is part of the coagulation cascade and activates factor XI and prekallikrein...... Click the link for more information.
Factor XI or plasma thromboplastin antecedent is one of the enzymes of the coagulation cascade. Like many other coagulation factors, it is a serine protease.
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Physiology
Factor XI (FXI) is produced by the liver and circulates as a homo-dimer in its inactive form...... Click the link for more information.
Factor IX (or Christmas factor or Christmas-Eve factor) is one of the serine proteases (EC 3.4.21.22 ) of the coagulation system; it belongs to peptidase family S1. Deficiency of this protein causes hemophilia B.
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Factor VIII (FVIII) is an essential clotting factor. The lack of normal FVIII causes Hemophilia A, an inherited bleeding disorder.
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Genetics
The gene for Factor VIII is located on the X chromosome (Xq28)...... Click the link for more information.
Tissue factor, also called thromboplastin, factor III or CD142 is a protein present in subendothelial tissue, platelets, and leukocytes necessary for the initiation of thrombin formation from the zymogen prothrombin.
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