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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
Enlarge picture
Cover of PNAS
Abbreviated titlePNAS, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
DisciplineAll sciences
LanguageEnglish
Publication details
PublisherNational Academy of Sciences (USA)
Publication history1914–present
Indexing
ISSN1091-6490
LCCN00-227001
CODENPNASA6
OCLC
Links
*Journal homepage*JSTOR
The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, usually referred to as PNAS, is the official journal of the United States National Academy of Sciences. PNAS is an important scientific journal that printed its first issue in 1915 and continues to publish highly cited research reports, commentaries, reviews, perspectives, colloquium papers, and actions of the Academy. Coverage in PNAS spans the biological, physical, and social sciences. Although most of the papers published in the journal are in the biomedical sciences, PNAS recruits papers and publishes special features in the physical and social sciences and in mathematics. PNAS (abbreviated Proc Natl Acad Sci USA for referencing and indexing purposes[1][2]) is published weekly in print, and daily online in PNAS Early Edition CODEN: PNASC8.

History

PNAS was established by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1914, with its first issue published in 1915. The NAS itself had been founded in 1863, a private institution, but chartered by the U.S. Congress, with the goal to "investigate, examine, experiment, and report upon any subject of science or art." By 1914, the Academy was well established.

Prior to the start of the journal, NAS published three volumes of organizational transactions, consisting mostly of minutes of meetings and annual reports. Astronomer George Ellery Hale, the foreign secretary of NAS, wrote a letter to Science, explaining the need for PNAS upon its foundation: "The vigorous developments of science in recent years have carried us past the time when all of the special journals could assure early publication; and their very multiplicity has stood in the way of wide foreign circulation." To notify the world of American science, a journal was needed to provide a comprehensive overview of that research.[3]

The first managing editor of the journal was mathematician Edwin Bidwell Wilson.

Peer review

PNAS publishes both peer-reviewed and unrefereed research papers. Members of the NAS can publish unrefereed research papers in the journal. Since May 2007, a NAS member has to provide positive review by two referees who are selected by the author himself. The papers of non-members either have go through the usual process of peer review or have to be "communicated" by a NAS member. A NAS member may communicate up to 2 papers per year; referees are selected by the NAS member.[4][5][3]

Self-censorship and national security

In 2003, the editors of PNAS, in collaboration with several other journals, announced a policy under which submitted papers containing material of potential benefit to terrorists would be modified prior to publication.[7][8][9] However, in 2005 the editors published an article on terrorist threats to the US milk supply despite attempts to censor the article by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.[10]

Impact

PNAS is widely read by researchers, particularly those involved in basic sciences, around the world. The journal is notable for its policy of making research articles freely available online to everyone 6 months after publication (delayed open access), or immediately if authors have chosen the "open access" option (hybrid open access). Immediately free online access (without the 6-month delay) is provided for 144 developing countries and for some categories of papers such as colloquia. Abstracts, tables of contents, and online supporting information are free. Anyone can sign up to receive free tables of contents by email.[11]

Because PNAS is self-sustaining and receives no direct funding from the government or the National Academy of Sciences, the journal charges authors publication fees to help offset the cost of the editorial and publication process.

The journal's impact factor for 2004 was 10.452, for 2005 was 10.231, and 2006 was 9.643 (as measured by Thomson ISI). PNAS is the second most cited scientific journal with 1,338,191 citations from 1994–2004 (the Journal of Biological Chemistry is the most cited journal over this period with 1,740,902 citations in total).

References

1. ^ List of journals. PubMed. Retrieved on 2007-09-29.
2. ^ CAplus Core Journal Coverage List. American Chemical Society. Retrieved on 2007-09-29.
3. ^ Eugene Garfield (September 7, 1987). "Classic Papers from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences". Essays of an Information Scientist 10. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.1987&rft.volume=10&rft.au=Eugene%20Garfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fessays%2Fv10p247y1987.pdf"> 
4. ^ Information for authors from the PNAS website. PNAS website.
5. ^ Alan Fersht (May 3, 2005). "Editorial: How and why to publish in PNAS". PNAS 102 (18): pp.6241-6242. 
6. ^ Eugene Garfield (September 7, 1987). "Classic Papers from the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences". Essays of an Information Scientist 10. Retrieved on 2007-09-28.1987&rft.volume=10&rft.au=Eugene%20Garfield&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.garfield.library.upenn.edu%2Fessays%2Fv10p247y1987.pdf"> 
7. ^ Harmon, Amy. "Journal Editors to Consider U.S. Security in Publishing", New York Times, February 16, 2003. 
8. ^ Fauber, John (February 16, 2003), "Science articles to be censored in terror fight", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, <[1].
9. ^ Cozzarelli, Nicholas R. (February 18, 2003). "PNAS policy on publication of sensitive material in the life sciences". PNAS 100 (4): 1463. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0630514100. 
10. ^ "Provocative report on bioterror online", The Atlanta Journal-Constitution, June 29, 2005. 
11. ^ PNAS electronic table of contents. PNAS website for signup and setting management.

External links

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Agriculture and forestry

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National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine."

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The Civil War caused a need for a national academy.
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CODEN – according to ASTM standard E250 – is a six character, alphanumeric bibliographic code, that provides concise, unique and unambiguous identification of the titles of serials and non-serial publications from all subject areas.
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National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine."

Overview

Origin

The Civil War caused a need for a national academy.
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scientific journal is a publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as Nature
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CODEN – according to ASTM standard E250 – is a six character, alphanumeric bibliographic code, that provides concise, unique and unambiguous identification of the titles of serials and non-serial publications from all subject areas.
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National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine."

Overview

Origin

The Civil War caused a need for a national academy.
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United States Congress

Type Bicameral
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George Ellery Hale (June 29 1868 – February 21 1938) was an American solar astronomer, born in Chicago. He was educated at MIT, at the Observatory of Harvard College, (1889-90), and at Berlin (1893-94).
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Science is the academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and is considered one of the world's most prestigious scientific journals. The journal is peer-reviewed, is published weekly, and has a print subscriber base of around 130,000.
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Edwin Bidwell Wilson (1879 - 1964) was a mathematician and polymath. He was the sole protegé of Yale's great physicist Willard Gibbs and was mentor to Harvard economist Paul Samuelson.
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Peer review (known as refereeing in some academic fields) is a process of subjecting an author's scholarly work, research or ideas to the scrutiny of others who are experts in the same field.
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Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the mammary glands of female mammals (including monotremes). Mammary glands are highly specialized sweat glands. The female ability to produce milk is one of the defining characteristics of mammals.
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Department of Health and Human Services

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Delayed open access journals are journals in which the free availability of the content is available, but only after several months, with the immediate availability being limited to subscribers. By its nature, it applies only to electronic versions of journals.
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    • National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a corporation in the United States whose members serve pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science, engineering, and medicine."

    Overview

    Origin

    The Civil War caused a need for a national academy.
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    The Impact factor, often abbreviated IF, is a measure of the citations to science and social science journals. It is frequently used as a proxy for the importance of a journal to its field.
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    The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) was founded by Eugene Garfield in 1960. It was acquired by Thomson Scientific & Healthcare in 1992, became known as Thomson ISI and now as Thomson Scientific.
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    American Chemical Society

    Formation 1876
    Headquarters Washington, DC
    Location  United States
    Membership 160,000
    Official languages English
    President Katie Hunt
    Website [1] The American Chemical Society
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    Eugene "Gene" Garfield (born September 16 1925 in New York City) is an American scientist, one of the founders of bibliometrics and scientometrics.

    Following ideas inspired by Vannevar Bush's famous 1945 article As We May Think, Garfield undertook the development of a
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