Information about Pons
| Brain: | ||
|---|---|---|
| Diagram showing the positions of the three principal subarachnoid cisternæ. (Pons visible at center.) | ||
) | ||
| Anteroinferior view of the medulla oblongata and pons. | ||
| subject #187 785 | ||
| Part of | Brain stem | |
| Artery | pontine arteries | |
| NeuroNames | hier-538 | |
| MeSH | Pons | |
The pons (sometimes pons Varolii after Costanzo Varolio) is a structure located on the brain stem. It is rostral to the medulla oblongata, caudal to the midbrain, and ventral to the cerebellum. In humans and other bipeds this means it is above the medulla, below the midbrain, and anterior to the cerebellum.
Function
It is part of the central nervous system, and relays sensory information between the cerebellum and cerebrum. Aids in relaying messages in the brain, and contains the pneumotaxic centres that help regulate respiration. Also controls arousal. Some theories pose that it has a role in dreaming.[1]Anatomy of the pons
The "knob-like" process is 2 centimeters long and located on the anterior (front) of the brainstem. It is formed of nerves that travel from one side (left or right) to the other. Most other fibres in the brainstem travel up and down.The posterior (back) surface of the pons forms part of the wall of the fourth ventricle of the brain.
Most blood to the pons is supplied by pontine arteries. These are small arteries that branch off the basilar artery (of the Circle of Willis). Blood also comes from the anterior inferior, and superior cerebellar arteries.
There are two main domains in the pons for control of respiration:[2]
- the apneustic center - lower pons
- the pneumotaxic center - upper pons
Cranial nerve nuclei
A number of cranial nerve nuclei are present in the pons:- mid-pons: The chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V)
- mid-pons: the motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V)
- lower down in the pons: abducens nucleus (VI)
- lower down in the pons: facial nerve nucleus (VII)
- lower down in the pons: vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII)
Additional images
) Scheme showing the connections of the several parts of the brain. | Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Lateral view. | Superficial dissection of brain-stem. Ventral view. | Coronal section of the pons, at its upper part. |
Dissection showing the projection fibers of the cerebellum. | Sagittal section through right cerebellar hemisphere. The right olive has also been cut sagitally. | Scheme of roof of fourth ventricle. The arrow is in the foramen of Majendie. | Mesal aspect of a brain sectioned in the median sagittal plane. |
Coronal section of brain immediately in front of pons. | Hind- and mid-brains; postero-lateral view. | Median sagittal section of brain. | Dissection showing the course of the cerebrospinal fibers. |
Terminal nuclei of the cochlear nerve, with their upper connections. | Terminal nuclei of the vestibular nerve, with their upper connections. | The hypophysis cerebri in position. Shown in sagittal section. | ) Pituitary and pineal glands |
) Axial section of the Brainstem (Pons) at the level of the Facial Colliculus |
References
1. ^ The "Science of Dreaming" in Neurontic: Psychology for the Modern Mind..
2. ^ Physiology at MCG 4/4ch6/s4ch6_10
2. ^ Physiology at MCG 4/4ch6/s4ch6_10
External links
In sciences dealing with the anatomy of animals, precise anatomical terms of location are necessary for a variety of reasons. Non-scientists often wonder why zoological and human anatomists use complex terminology to describe locations on a body, when common terms like "up",
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The brain stem is the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. Most sources consider the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain all to be part of the brainstem.
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The pontine arteries are a number of small vessels which come off at right angles from either side of the basilar artery and supply the pons and adjacent parts of the brain.
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NeuroNames is a system of nomenclature for the human and/or macaque brain.
It is maintained by the University of Washington and is a part of a tool called "BrainInfo". BrainInfo helps one identify structures in the brain.
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It is maintained by the University of Washington and is a part of a tool called "BrainInfo". BrainInfo helps one identify structures in the brain.
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Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) is a huge controlled vocabulary (or metadata system) for the purpose of indexing journal articles and books in the life sciences. Created and updated by the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), it is used by the MEDLINE/PubMed
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The brain stem is the lower part of the brain, adjoining and structurally continuous with the spinal cord. Most sources consider the pons, medulla oblongata, and midbrain all to be part of the brainstem.
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Rostral can refer to:
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- Anatomical location or direction, front, as opposed to caudal (rear).
- Rostral bone.
- Rostral scale in scaled reptiles.
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The medulla oblongata is the lower portion of the brainstem.
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Location
By anatomical terms of location, it is rostral to the spinal cord and caudal to the pons, which is in turn ventral to the cerebellum...... Click the link for more information.
In sciences dealing with the anatomy of animals, precise anatomical terms of location are necessary for a variety of reasons. Non-scientists often wonder why zoological and human anatomists use complex terminology to describe locations on a body, when common terms like "up",
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The cerebellum (Latin: "little brain") is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. Many neural pathways link the cerebellum with the motor cortex—which sends information to the muscles causing them
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Bipedalism is standing, or moving for example by walking, running, or hopping, on two appendages (typically legs). An animal or machine that usually moves in a bipedal manner is known as a biped (/'baɪ.
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Anterior can refer to:
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- Anterior and posterior, both Anatomical terms of location
- Anterior (band), A Welsh Metal band
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The central nervous system (CNS) represents the largest part of the nervous system, including the brain and the spinal cord. Together with the peripheral nervous system, it has a fundamental role in the control of behavior.
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relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835.
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Senses are the physiological methods of perception. The senses and their operation, classification, and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields, most notably neuroscience, cognitive psychology (or cognitive science), and philosophy of perception.
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Information is the result of processing, gathering, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the receiver. In other words, it is the context in which data is taken.
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The cerebellum (Latin: "little brain") is a region of the brain that plays an important role in the integration of sensory perception and motor output. Many neural pathways link the cerebellum with the motor cortex—which sends information to the muscles causing them
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The telencephalon (IPA: /tɛlɛnˈsɛfəlɑn/) is the name for the forebrain, a large region within the brain to which many functions are attributed.
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DREAM may refer to:
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- DREAM (software), a tool for the verification and analysis of distributed real-time and embedded (DRE) systems
- DREAM (protocol), an ad hoc geographical data routing protocol
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The fourth ventricle is one of the four connected fluid-filled cavities within the human brain. These cavities, known collectively as the ventricular system, consist of the left and right lateral ventricles, the third ventricle, and the fourth ventricle.
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The pontine arteries are a number of small vessels which come off at right angles from either side of the basilar artery and supply the pons and adjacent parts of the brain.
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In human anatomy, the basilar artery is one of the arteries that supplies the brain with oxygen-rich blood.
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Course
It arises from the confluence of the two vertebral arteries at the junction between the medulla oblongata and the pons...... Click the link for more information.
The circle of Willis (also called the cerebral arterial circle or arterial circle of Willis) is a circle of arteries that supply blood to the brain. It is named after Thomas Willis (1621-1673), an English physician.
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The anterior inferior cerebellar artery passes backward to be distributed to the anterior part of the under surface of the cerebellum, anastomosing with the posterior inferior cerebellar branch of the vertebral. It supplies the anterior inferior quarter of the cerebellum.
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The superior cerebellar artery arises near the termination of the basilar.
It passes lateralward, immediately below the oculomotor nerve, which separates it from the posterior cerebral artery, winds around the cerebral peduncle, close to the trochlear nerve, and, arriving
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It passes lateralward, immediately below the oculomotor nerve, which separates it from the posterior cerebral artery, winds around the cerebral peduncle, close to the trochlear nerve, and, arriving
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Control of ventilation (control of respiration) refers to the physiological mechanisms involved in the control of ventilation (physiology).
The most important function of breathing is gas exchange (of oxygen and carbon dioxide).
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The most important function of breathing is gas exchange (of oxygen and carbon dioxide).
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The apneustic center of the lower pons appears to promote inspiration by stimulation of the I neurons in the medulla oblongata providing a constant stimulus.
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The pneumotaxic center, also known as the pontine respiratory group (PRG), is a network of neurons in the rostral dorsal lateral pons. It consists of the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus and the medial parabrachial nucleus.
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Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. Although thirteen cranial nerves in humans fit this description, twelve are conventionally recognized.
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