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Information about Photosynthetic Pigment

A photosynthetic pigment or antenna pigment is a pigment that is present in chloroplasts or photosynthetic bacteria and captures the light energy necessary for photosynthesis.

Plants

Green plants have five closely-related photosynthetic pigments (in order of increasing polarity): Chlorophyll a is the most common of the five, present in every plant that performs photosynthesis. The reason that there are so many pigments is that each absorbs light more efficiently in a different part of the spectrum. Chlorophyll a absorbs well at a wavelength of about 400-450 nm and at 650-700 nm; chlorophyll b at 450-500 nm. Xanthophyll absorbs well at 400-530 nm. However, none of the pigments absorbs well in the green-yellow region, which is responsible for the abundant green we see in nature.

Bacteria

Like plants, the cyanobacteria use water as an electron donor for photosynthesis and therefore liberate oxygen; they also use chlorophyll as a pigment. In addition, most cyanobacteria use phycobiliproteins to capture light energy and pass it on to the chlorophylls. (Some cyanobacteria, the prochlorophytes, use chlorophyll b instead of phycobilin.) It is thought that the chloroplasts in plants and algae all evolved from cyanobacteria.

Several other groups of bacteria use the bacteriochlorophyll pigments (similar to the chlorophylls) for photosynthesis. Unlike the cyanobacteria, these bacteria do not produce oxygen; they typically use hydrogen sulfide rather than water as the electron donor.

Recently, a very different pigment has been found in some marine γ-proteobacteria: proteorhodopsin. It is similar to and probably originated from bacteriorhodopsin (see below under archaea).

Algae

Green algae, red algae and glaucophytes all use chlorophylls. Red algae and glaucophytes also use phycobiliproteins, but green algae do not.

Archaea

Photosynthesis in archaea is quite different from the systems in other domains of life. Photosynthetic archaea (the halobacteria) use the pigment bacteriorhodopsin which acts directly as a proton pump when exposed to light.
pigment is a material that changes the color of light it reflects as the result of selective color absorption. This physical process differs from fluorescence, phosphorescence, and other forms of luminescence, in which the material itself emits light.
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Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct photosynthesis. Chloroplasts absorb sunlight and use it in conjunction with water and carbon dioxide to produce sugars, the raw material for energy and biomass production in all green plants
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Bacteria

Phyla

Actinobacteria
Aquificae
Chlamydiae
Bacteroidetes/Chlorobi
Chloroflexi
Chrysiogenetes
Cyanobacteria
Deferribacteres
Deinococcus-Thermus
Dictyoglomi
Fibrobacteres/Acidobacteria
Firmicutes
Fusobacteria
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Light is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light). In a scientific context, the word "light" is sometimes used to refer to the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
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Plantae
Haeckel, 1866[1]

Divisions

Green algae
  • Chlorophyta
  • Charophyta
Land plants (embryophytes)
  • Non-vascular land plants (bryophytes)

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Carotene is responsible for the orange colour of the carrots and many other fruits and vegetables.]] The term carotene is used for several related substances having the formula C40H56.
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Xanthophylls (originally phylloxanthins) are yellow pigments from the carotenoid group. Their molecular structure is based on carotenes; contrary to the carotenes, some hydrogen atoms are substituted by hydroxyl groups and/or some pairs of hydrogen atoms are substituted by
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Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from ancient Greek: chloros = green and phyllon = leaf.
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Chlorophyll is a green pigment found in most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. Its name is derived from ancient Greek: chloros = green and phyllon = leaf.
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Phaeophytin (see also pheophytin) is a grey pigment that appears in chromatographs of photosynthetic pigments. Phaeophytin has the same structure as chlorophyll; excluding the central magnesium ion, which is replaced by two protons. The Rf value for Phaeophytin is 0.83.
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electromagnetic (EM) spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. The "electromagnetic spectrum" (usually just spectrum) of an object is the frequency range of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from thousands of kilometers down to fractions of
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Cyanobacteria

Orders

The taxonomy is currently under revision.[1]

Cyanobacteria (Greek: κυανόs (kyanós) = blue + bacterium) also known as Cyanophyta
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2, −1
(neutral oxide)
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 3388.3 kJmol−1
3rd: 5300.5 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 60 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble proteins present in cyanobacteria and certain algae (rhodophytes, cryptomonads, glaucocystophytes) that capture light energy which is then passed on to chlorophylls during photosynthesis.
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Bacteriochlorophylls are photosynthetic pigments that occur in various phototrophic bacteria. They are related to chlorophylls, which are the primary pigments in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.
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Hydrogen sulfide (hydrogen sulphide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula H2S. This colorless, toxic and flammable gas is responsible for the foul odor of rotten eggs and flatulence.
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Proteobacteria
Stackebrandt et al., 1986

Orders

Alpha Proteobacteria
   Caulobacterales - e.g. Caulobacter
   Parvularculales
   Rhizobiales - e.g.
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Proteorhodopsin is a photoactive retinylidene protein in marine bacterioplanktons. Just like the homologous pigment bacteriorhodopsin found in some archaea, it consists of a transmembrane protein bound to a retinal molecule and functions as a light-driven proton pump.
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Green algae are microscopic protists; found in all aquatic environments, including marine, freshwater and brackish water.

The green algae (singular: green alga) are the large group of algae from which the embryophytes (higher plants) emerged.
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Rhodophyta
Wettstein, 1922

Possible classes
  • Florideophyceae
  • Bangiophyceae
  • Cyanidiophyceae
The red algae (Rhodophyta, IPA:
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Glaucophyta

Possible genera
  • Glaucocystis
  • Cyanophora
  • Gloeochaete


The glaucophytes, also referred to as glaucocystophytes or glaucocystids, are a tiny group of freshwater algae.
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Phycobiliproteins are water-soluble proteins present in cyanobacteria and certain algae (rhodophytes, cryptomonads, glaucocystophytes) that capture light energy which is then passed on to chlorophylls during photosynthesis.
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Archaea
Woese, Kandler & Wheelis, 1990

Phyla

Crenarchaeota
Euryarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanoarchaeota
ARMAN
The Archaea (
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Note: The word "halobacteria" is also the plural form of the word "halobacterium". Halobacteria are more correctly called Haloarchaea, but halobacteria remains in common usage as they were originally designated as such before the existence of the domain Archaea was realised.
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Bacteriorhodopsin is a photosynthetic pigment used by archaea, most notably halobacteria. It acts as a proton pump, i.e. it captures light energy and uses it to move protons across the membrane out of the cell.
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proton pump is an integral membrane protein that is capable of moving protons across the membrane of a cell, mitochondrion, or other subcellular compartment.

Function


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