Information about Photographic Paper
Until the advent of digital photographic processes, the sole meaning of photographic paper was paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals.
So-called photo papers of today are often specially coated papers for use in inkjet or laser printers to make digital prints . This article focuses on traditional photographic papers.
Photographic paper may be exposed to light in a controlled manner either by placing a negative in contact with the paper directly (contact printing) or by using an enlarger to create a latent image. Photographic papers are subsequently developed to create a visible image.
Traditional photographic papers are still sold commercially today.
II. Papers used for positive-positive photographic processes in which the "film" is the same as the final image (e.g. the Polaroid process).
III. Papers used for positive-positive film-to-paper photographic processes in which a positive image is enlarged and copied onto a photographic paper (e.g. the Cibachrome process).
A) Photographic emulsion
Even though different photographic processes use different chemical mixtures to record the exposure of the paper(s) to light, all photographic papers use a sensitised metal as a reactant to the exposure of light, suspended in gelatin which is called the photographic emulsion. The metal is usually silver, but alternative processes exist that use iron (cyanotype), platinum or palladium (platinotype), uranium (uranotype), or other metals. Photographic emulsion can be sensitised for any wavelengths of light. In traditional black-and-white photographic papers, the photographic emulsion is sensitised for green/blue light which allows processing under red/orange safelighting.
B) Paper base
Photographic papers are made up mainly of a paper base which can have a number of different surface characteristics. Classical surfaces are glossy, stipple/lustre, and matte. Specialised papers with unusual surface characteristics such as watercolour paper are also produced commercially (e.g. Kentmere's Art Document). If the printer produces his/her own photographic paper, any paper surface that permits the application of photographic emulsion is available. The thickness of the paper base is specified by its "weight" (single, double or triple weights are available).
Fibre-based (FB) photographic papers (2) consist of a paper base covered with a baryta layer that whitens the paper and holds the photographic emulsion.
Supercoated fibre-based photographic papers (3) include a clear gelatin layer made up of hardened gelatin which protects the photographic emulsion underneath against scratches etc. especially during processing. Photographic emulsion is particularly vulnerable when it expands after contact with water.
Fibre-based papers are mainly used for exclusively high-quality prints and to maximise archival stability.
The paper base of resin-coated photographic papers (4) is sealed against the chemicals used for processing the paper by two polyethylene layers. Since no chemicals and no water is soaked into the paper base the time needed for processing, washing and drying of the paper is significantly shorter than the time needed for fibre-based papers. In a traditional black-and-white darkroom, an RC print can be finished and dried within 10-15 min, whereas the washing time of an FB print alone may take up to 60 min.
Most resin-coated photographic papers are also supercoated.
The emulsion layers include the colour dyes (Ilfochrome) or "colour couplers" which react with colour developers to produce colour dyes (Type C prints).
Photographic papers are distinguished by the characteristics inherent in their different photographic emulsions. Black-and-white photographic paper is available in different grades which are usually numbered 0 to 5, with 0 being the softest, or least contrastful paper grade and 5 being the hardest, or most contrastful paper grade.
Photographic emulsions are also produced in a variable contrast type which permits the selection of any grade between 00 and 5. Variable contrast photographic paper is actually coated with a mixture of two types of emulsion, one of which is very low in contrast (0 or 00) and one of which is very high in contrast (5). The low contrast layer is activated by green light, the high contrast layer by blue light. The use of filters activates each layer in different proportions, thereby creating all contrast grades from 0 (or 00) to 5.
The trade names of variable contrast photographic papers are Variocontrast (Tetenal), Multigrade (Ilford) and Polygrade (Kodak). Other companies usually designate variable contrast type papers with the words variable or polycontrast.
The contrast of photographic papers can also be controlled during processing or by the use of bleaches or toners.
Fibre-based black-and-white photographic paper that has been processed archivally (archival processing) is considered archivally "stable" and should last at least 70 years (the life-span of a typical resin-coated print is usually around 30-40 years.) Some special processes include photographic emulsions that are, if processed correctly, inherently more stable than the paper base they are printed upon, such as platinum prints.
Gelatin (also gelatine , from French gélatine) is a translucent, colourless, brittle, nearly tasteless solid substance, extracted from the collagen inside animals' connective tissue.
..... Click the link for more information.
So-called photo papers of today are often specially coated papers for use in inkjet or laser printers to make digital prints . This article focuses on traditional photographic papers.
Photographic paper may be exposed to light in a controlled manner either by placing a negative in contact with the paper directly (contact printing) or by using an enlarger to create a latent image. Photographic papers are subsequently developed to create a visible image.
History
Photographic papers have been used since the beginning of all negative-positive photographic processes as invented by Nicéphore Niépce (France/1824-Heliography) and popularised by William Fox Talbot (Great Britain/1841-calotype).Traditional photographic papers are still sold commercially today.
Types of photographic papers
I. Papers used for negative-positive photographic processes. (e.g. the gelatin-silver process). This is the most common form of analogue photography. Even though slide film produces a positive image of a positive scene, the common process for the development of photographic transparencies (E-6) is actually a positive-negative process applied twice.II. Papers used for positive-positive photographic processes in which the "film" is the same as the final image (e.g. the Polaroid process).
III. Papers used for positive-positive film-to-paper photographic processes in which a positive image is enlarged and copied onto a photographic paper (e.g. the Cibachrome process).
I. Papers used for negative-positive processes
)
Basic structure
Basic photographic paper (1) consists of at least two layers:A) Photographic emulsion
Even though different photographic processes use different chemical mixtures to record the exposure of the paper(s) to light, all photographic papers use a sensitised metal as a reactant to the exposure of light, suspended in gelatin which is called the photographic emulsion. The metal is usually silver, but alternative processes exist that use iron (cyanotype), platinum or palladium (platinotype), uranium (uranotype), or other metals. Photographic emulsion can be sensitised for any wavelengths of light. In traditional black-and-white photographic papers, the photographic emulsion is sensitised for green/blue light which allows processing under red/orange safelighting.
B) Paper base
Photographic papers are made up mainly of a paper base which can have a number of different surface characteristics. Classical surfaces are glossy, stipple/lustre, and matte. Specialised papers with unusual surface characteristics such as watercolour paper are also produced commercially (e.g. Kentmere's Art Document). If the printer produces his/her own photographic paper, any paper surface that permits the application of photographic emulsion is available. The thickness of the paper base is specified by its "weight" (single, double or triple weights are available).
Traditional black-and-white papers
Fibre-based papers (FB)
Fibre-based (FB) photographic papers (2) consist of a paper base covered with a baryta layer that whitens the paper and holds the photographic emulsion.
Supercoated fibre-based photographic papers (3) include a clear gelatin layer made up of hardened gelatin which protects the photographic emulsion underneath against scratches etc. especially during processing. Photographic emulsion is particularly vulnerable when it expands after contact with water.
Fibre-based papers are mainly used for exclusively high-quality prints and to maximise archival stability.
Resin-coated papers (RC)
The paper base of resin-coated photographic papers (4) is sealed against the chemicals used for processing the paper by two polyethylene layers. Since no chemicals and no water is soaked into the paper base the time needed for processing, washing and drying of the paper is significantly shorter than the time needed for fibre-based papers. In a traditional black-and-white darkroom, an RC print can be finished and dried within 10-15 min, whereas the washing time of an FB print alone may take up to 60 min.
Most resin-coated photographic papers are also supercoated.
Colour papers
All colour photographic materials available today are coated on either RC (resin coated) paper or on solid polyester. The photographic emulsion used for colour photographic materials consists of three colour emulsion layers (cyan, yellow and magenta) along with other supporting layers. The colour layers are sensitised to their corresponding colours and shielded against the intrusion of light of a different wavelength than the actual layer by colour filters which dissolve during processing.The emulsion layers include the colour dyes (Ilfochrome) or "colour couplers" which react with colour developers to produce colour dyes (Type C prints).
Emulsion characteristics
The emulsion itself is made up from light sensitive silver halide crystals suspended in gelatin.Photographic papers are distinguished by the characteristics inherent in their different photographic emulsions. Black-and-white photographic paper is available in different grades which are usually numbered 0 to 5, with 0 being the softest, or least contrastful paper grade and 5 being the hardest, or most contrastful paper grade.
Photographic emulsions are also produced in a variable contrast type which permits the selection of any grade between 00 and 5. Variable contrast photographic paper is actually coated with a mixture of two types of emulsion, one of which is very low in contrast (0 or 00) and one of which is very high in contrast (5). The low contrast layer is activated by green light, the high contrast layer by blue light. The use of filters activates each layer in different proportions, thereby creating all contrast grades from 0 (or 00) to 5.
The trade names of variable contrast photographic papers are Variocontrast (Tetenal), Multigrade (Ilford) and Polygrade (Kodak). Other companies usually designate variable contrast type papers with the words variable or polycontrast.
The contrast of photographic papers can also be controlled during processing or by the use of bleaches or toners.
Archival stability
The actual life span of any given photographic paper will vary with the environment the paper is stored within and how well the paper was processed.Fibre-based black-and-white photographic paper that has been processed archivally (archival processing) is considered archivally "stable" and should last at least 70 years (the life-span of a typical resin-coated print is usually around 30-40 years.) Some special processes include photographic emulsions that are, if processed correctly, inherently more stable than the paper base they are printed upon, such as platinum prints.
See also
Major players include
Digital photography, as opposed to film photography, uses electronic devices to record and capture the image as binary data. As such, the images can be displayed, printed, stored, manipulated, transmitted and archived using various kinds of digital technology, including personal
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Coated paper is paper which has been coated by an inorganic compound to impart certain qualities to the paper, including weight and surface gloss, smoothness or ink absorbency. Kaolinite is the compound most often used for coating papers used in commercial printing.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A computer printer, or more commonly a printer, produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper transparencies.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Digital printing is the reproduction of digital images on physical surface, such as common or photographic paper, film, cloth, plastic, etc.
It can be differentiated from litho printing in many ways, some of which are;
..... Click the link for more information.
It can be differentiated from litho printing in many ways, some of which are;
..... Click the link for more information.
negative may refer to three different things, although they are all related.
..... Click the link for more information.
A negative
Film for common 35mm cameras comes in long narrow strips of chemical coated plastic...... Click the link for more information.
An enlarger is a specialized transparency projector used to produce photographic prints from film or glass negatives. Prints made with an enlarger are known as enlargements.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Conventional photographic films and papers need to be chemically processed after they have been exposed in order to produce the desired negative or positive image. The general process is similar whatever the make of film or paper.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Photography [fә'tɑgrәfi:],[foʊ'tɑgrәfi:] is the process of recording pictures by means of capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a film or electronic sensor.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Joseph Nicéphore Niépce, also spelled Niepce (March 7, 1765 – July 5, 1833) was a French inventor, most noted as a pioneer in photography.
He began experimenting with processes to set optical images in 1793.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biography
Niépce was born in Chalon-sur-Saône.He began experimenting with processes to set optical images in 1793.
..... Click the link for more information.
Motto
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"
..... Click the link for more information.
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"
..... Click the link for more information.
18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1790s 1800s 1810s - 1820s - 1830s 1840s 1850s
1821 1822 1823 - 1824 - 1825 1826 1827
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
1790s 1800s 1810s - 1820s - 1830s 1840s 1850s
1821 1822 1823 - 1824 - 1825 1826 1827
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
William Henry Fox Talbot (February 11, 1800 – September 17, 1877) was the inventor of the negative/positive photographic process, the precursor to most photographic processes of the 19th and 20th centuries.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This page is protected from moves until disputes have been resolved on the .
The reason for its protection is listed on the protection policy page. The page may still be edited but cannot be moved until unprotected.
..... Click the link for more information.
The reason for its protection is listed on the protection policy page. The page may still be edited but cannot be moved until unprotected.
..... Click the link for more information.
18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s
1838 1839 1840 - 1841 - 1842 1843 1844
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
1810s 1820s 1830s - 1840s - 1850s 1860s 1870s
1838 1839 1840 - 1841 - 1842 1843 1844
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
Calotype or talbotype is an early photographic process introduced in 1841 by William Fox Talbot, using paper coated with silver iodide. The term calotype comes from the Greek κάλο for 'good', and
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The gelatin-silver process is the photographic process used with currently available black-and-white films and printing papers. A suspension of silver salts in gelatin is coated onto acetate film or fiber-based or resin coated paper and allowed to dry (hence the term dry plate).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
In photography, a reversal film is a still, positive image created on a transparent base using photochemical means. The terms slide and transparency are also used. Contrast with negative and print.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The E-6 process (often abbreviated to just E-6) is a process for developing Ektachrome, Fujichrome, and other color reversal (slide) photographic film.
Unlike some other color reversal processes (such as Kodachrome K-14) that produce positive transparencies, E-6
..... Click the link for more information.
Unlike some other color reversal processes (such as Kodachrome K-14) that produce positive transparencies, E-6
..... Click the link for more information.
Polaroid Corporation was founded in 1937 by Edwin H. Land. It is most famous for its instant film cameras, which reached the market in 1948, and continue to be the company's flagship product line.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Ilfochrome, (formerly known as Cibachrome) is a dye destruction positive-to-positive photographic process used for the reproduction of slides on photographic paper. The prints are made on a dimensionally stable tri-acetate polyester base, essentially a plastic base opposed
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The Macro Expansion Template Attribute Language complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across template files. Both were created for Zope but are used in other Python projects as well.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Light is electromagnetic radiation of a wavelength that is visible to the eye (visible light). In a scientific context, the word "light" is sometimes used to refer to the entire electromagnetic spectrum.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Suspension is a heterogenous fluid containing solid particles that are sufficiently large for sedimentation. Usually they must be larger than 1 micrometre [1]. Unlike colloids, suspensions will eventually settle. An example of a suspension would be sand in water.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
For the art collective, see .
Gelatin (also gelatine , from French gélatine) is a translucent, colourless, brittle, nearly tasteless solid substance, extracted from the collagen inside animals' connective tissue.
..... Click the link for more information.
3, 4, 6
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
Cyanotype is an old monochrome photographic printing process that gives a cyan-blue print.
The English scientist and astronomer Sir John Herschel discovered this procedure in 1842.
..... Click the link for more information.
The English scientist and astronomer Sir John Herschel discovered this procedure in 1842.
..... Click the link for more information.
4, 5, 6
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.28 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 870 kJ/mol
2nd: 1791 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.28 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 870 kJ/mol
2nd: 1791 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
Palladium (IPA: /pəˈleɪdiəm/) is a chemical element with symbol Pd and atomic number 46. It is a rare silver white transition metal of the platinum group, resembling platinum chemically.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Platinotype is a monochrome photographic printing process, based on the light-sensitivity of ferric oxalate.
Ferric oxalate is reduced to ferrous oxalate by light. The ferrous oxalate then reacts with platinum (II) (or palladium II) reducing it to basic platinum, which
..... Click the link for more information.
Ferric oxalate is reduced to ferrous oxalate by light. The ferrous oxalate then reacts with platinum (II) (or palladium II) reducing it to basic platinum, which
..... Click the link for more information.
Uranium (IPA: /jʊˈreɪniəm/)is a white/black metallic chemical element in the actinide series of the periodic table that has the symbol U and atomic number 92.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
