Information about Pharmacogenomics
Pharmacogenomics is the branch of pharmacology which deals with the influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity. By doing so, pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimise drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Such approaches promise the advent of "personalized medicine", in which drugs and drug combinations are optimised for each individual's unique genetic makeup.
Pharmacogenomics is the whole genome application of pharmacogenetics, which examines the single gene interactions with drugs.
Gene expression is the process by which the inheritable information in a gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA.
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Pharmacogenomics is the whole genome application of pharmacogenetics, which examines the single gene interactions with drugs.
See also
External links
- Genomics @ FDA FDA's resource on genomics
- Nature pharmacogenomics gateway
- PharmGKB The Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics Knowledge Base, an online free tool for Pharmacogenomics research
- NCBI Primer on Pharmacogenomics, a quick introduction to the promise of customised drugs.
- Pharmacogenomics: Drugs Designed for You, an accessible and comprehensive look at pharmacogenomics research, from the University of Utah's Genetic Science Learning Center
- A Drug to Call One's Own : Will medicine finally get personal? - Scientific American Magazine (August 2005
| Genomics topics |
| Genome project | Paleopolyploidy | Glycomics | Human Genome Project | Proteomics |
| Chemogenomics | Structural genomics | Pharmacogenetics | Pharmacogenomics | Toxicogenomics | Computational genomics |
| Bioinformatics | Cheminformatics | Systems biology |
Pharmacology is the study of how drugs interact with living organisms to produce a change in function.[1] If substances have medicinal properties, they are considered pharmaceuticals.
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Genetics is the science of heredity and variation in living organisms.[1][2] Knowledge of the inheritance of characteristics has been implicitly used since prehistoric times for improving crop plants and animals through selective breeding.
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- For vocabulary, see Glossary of gene expression terms
Gene expression is the process by which the inheritable information in a gene, such as the DNA sequence, is made into a functional gene product, such as protein or RNA.
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single nucleotide polymorphism, or SNP (pronounced snip), is a DNA sequence variation occurring when a single nucleotide - A, T, C, or G - in the genome (or other shared sequence) differs between members of a species (or between paired chromosomes in an individual).
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Efficacy is the ability to produce a desired amount of a desired effect.
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Explanation
Medical
In a medical context it indicates that the therapeutic effect of a given intervention (e.g. intake of a medicine, an operation, or a public health measure) is acceptable...... Click the link for more information.
Toxicity is the degree to which something is able to produce illness or damage to an exposed organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as a human or a bacterium or a plant, or to a substructure, such as a cell (cytotoxicity) or an organ (organotoxicity
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Genotype describes the genetic constitution of an individual, that is the specific allelic makeup of an individual, usually with reference to a specific character under consideration [1].
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In medicine, an adverse effect is a harmful and undesired effect resulting from a medication or other intervention such as chemotherapy or surgery. An adverse effect may be termed a "side-effect" (when judged to be secondary to a main or therapeutic effect) and may result from an
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In biology the genome of an organism is its whole hereditary information and is encoded in the DNA (or, for some viruses, RNA). This includes both the genes and the non-coding sequences of the DNA.
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The terms pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics tend to be used interchangeably, and a precise, consensus definition of either remains elusive. Pharmacogenetics is generally regarded as the study or clinical testing of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to
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Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts.
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Chemogenomics can be defined as a genomic response to chemical compounds. The goal is the rapid identification of novel drugs and drug targets embracing multiple early phase drug discovery technologies ranging from target identification and validation, over compound design and
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Structural genomics consists in the determination of the three dimensional structure of all proteins of a given organism, by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy or computational approaches such as homology modelling.
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The terms pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics tend to be used interchangeably, and a precise, consensus definition of either remains elusive. Pharmacogenetics is generally regarded as the study or clinical testing of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to
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Toxicogenomics is a form of analysis by which the activity of a particular toxin or chemical substance on living tissue can be identified based upon a profiling of its known effects on genetic material.
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A pharmaceutical company, or drug company, is a commercial business whose focus is to research, develop, market and/or distribute drugs, most commonly in the context of healthcare. They can deal in generic and/or brand medications.
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Genomics is the study of an organism's entire genome. The field includes intensive efforts to determine the entire DNA sequence of organisms and fine-scale genetic mapping efforts.
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Genome projects are scientific endeavours that ultimately aim to determine the complete genome sequence of an organism (be it an animal, a plant, a fungus, a bacterium, an archaean, a protist or a virus).
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Paleopolyploidy refers to ancient genome duplications which occurred at least several million years ago (mya). The genome doubling event could either be an autopolyploidy or an allopolyploidy.
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Glycomics, an analogous term to genomics and proteomics, is the comprehensive study of glycomes, including genetic, physiologic, pathologic, and other aspects. The term glycomics is derived from the chemical prefix for sweetness or a sugar, "glyco-", and was formed to follow the
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Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins, particularly their structures and functions.[1][2] Proteins are vital parts of living organisms, as they are the main components of the physiological pathways of cells.
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Chemogenomics can be defined as a genomic response to chemical compounds. The goal is the rapid identification of novel drugs and drug targets embracing multiple early phase drug discovery technologies ranging from target identification and validation, over compound design and
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Structural genomics consists in the determination of the three dimensional structure of all proteins of a given organism, by experimental methods such as X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy or computational approaches such as homology modelling.
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The terms pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics tend to be used interchangeably, and a precise, consensus definition of either remains elusive. Pharmacogenetics is generally regarded as the study or clinical testing of genetic variation that gives rise to differing response to
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Toxicogenomics is a form of analysis by which the activity of a particular toxin or chemical substance on living tissue can be identified based upon a profiling of its known effects on genetic material.
..... Click the link for more information.
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Computational genomics is the study of deciphering biology from genome sequences using computational analysis.[1], including both DNA and RNA. Computational genomics focuses on understanding the human genome, and more generally the principles of how DNA controls the
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Bioinformatics and computational biology involve the use of techniques including applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, chemistry, and biochemistry to solve biological problems usually on the molecular level.
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Cheminformatics (also known as chemoinformatics and chemical informatics) is the use of computer and informational techniques, applied to a range of problems in the field of chemistry.
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