Information about Petrified Wood
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Petrified log at the Petrified Forest National Park
Petrified wood (from the Greek root "petro" meaning "rock" or "stone", literally "wood turned into stone") is a type of fossil: it consists of fossil wood where all the organic materials have been replaced with minerals (most often a silicate, such as quartz), while retaining the original structure of the wood. The petrifaction process occurs underground, when wood becomes buried under sediment. Mineral-rich water flowing through the sediment deposits minerals in the plant's cells and as the plant's lignin and cellulose decay away, a stone mould forms in its place. The wood is preserved due to a lack of oxygen.
Elements such as manganese, iron and copper in the water/mud during the petrification process give petrified wood a variety of color ranges. Pure quartz crystals are colorless, but when contaminants are added to the process the crystals take on a yellow, red or other tint.
Following is a list of contaminating elements and related color hues:
- carbon - black
- cobalt - green/blue
- chromium - green/blue
- copper - green/blue
- iron oxides - red, brown, and yellow
- manganese - pink/orange
- manganese oxides - black
Petrified wood has a Mohs hardness of 7, the same as quartz.
Petrified wood is also the state gem of Washington.
Locations
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Polished slice of petrified wood
- Argentina - Considered to be one of the world's best petrified reserves, the Petrified Forest National Monument in Santa Cruz in the Argentine Patagonia has many trees that measure more than 3 m (10 ft) in diameter and 30 m (100 ft) long. Compared to petrified trees in the United States that measure less than 1.8 m (6 ft) in diameter, the trees of the Central Steppes of Argentina are significantly larger.
- Belgium - Geosite Goudberg near Hoegaarden.[1]
- Canada - In the badlands of southern Alberta; petrified wood is the provincial stone of Alberta. Axel Heiberg Island in Nunavut has among the largest petrified forests in the world
- Czech Republic, Nová Paka - The most famous locality on Permian-Carboniferous rocks in the Czech Republic.
- Egypt petfified forest in Cairo-Suez road, declared a national protectorate by the minstery of environment, also in the area of New Cairo at the Extension of Nasr city.
- Greece - Petrified Forest of Lesvos, at the western tip of the island of Lesbos, is possibly the largest of the petrified forests, covering an area of over 150 km² and declared a National Monument in 1985. Large, upright trunks complete with root systems can be found, as well as trunks up to 22 m in length.
- Libya - Great Sand Sea - Hundreds of square miles of petrified trunks, branches and other debris mixed with Stone Age artifacts.
- United States - Some of the better known petrified wood sites include:
- Escalante Petrified Forest State Park in Utah.
- Ginkgo/Wanapum State Park in Washington State
- Grotto of the Redemption, a private park in Iowa.
- Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona
- Australia - Has vast deposits of petrified and opalised wood.
- India- A geological site famous for its petrified woods Thiruvakkarai Village in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The site is protected by the Geological Survey of India. Petrified woods covers a large area in this site.
- New Zealand - Curio Bay on the Catlins coast contains many petrified wood examples.
Artificial petrified wood
Artificial petrified wood has been produced in a Washington lab. In the process small cubes of pine were soaked in an acid bath for two days then in a silica solution for another two. The product was then cooked at 1400 °C in an argon atmosphere for two hours. The result was silicon carbide ceramic which preserved the intricate cell structure of the wood. Soaking in a tungsten solution produced a tungsten carbide petrified wood. [2][3]See also
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Petrified logs
References
1. ^ A petrified forrest near Hoegaarden.
2. ^ Petrified Wood in Days, Physorg.com, January 25, 2005 [1]
3. ^ Presto! Instant Petrified Wood Created in Lab, Live Science, 27 January 2005 [2]
2. ^ Petrified Wood in Days, Physorg.com, January 25, 2005 [1]
3. ^ Presto! Instant Petrified Wood Created in Lab, Live Science, 27 January 2005 [2]
External links
- The Petrified forest of Lesvos - Protected Natural Monument
- The Town Museum of Nová Paka
- The Mississippi Petrified Forest
- http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=8018
- For other uses of the term, see Fossil (disambiguation)
FOSSIL is a standard for allowing serial communication for telecommunications programs under the DOS operating system.
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Fossil wood is wood that is preserved in the fossil record. Over time the wood will usually be the part of a plant that is best preserved (and most easily found). Fossil wood may or may not be petrified.
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Organic life is life which is cellular, carbon-and-water-based with complex organization, having a metabolism, a capacity to grow, respond to stimuli, reproduce and—through natural selection—adapt.
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A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition, a highly ordered atomic structure and specific physical properties.
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silicate is a compound containing an anion in which one or more central silicon atoms are surrounded by electronegative ligands. This definition is broad enough to include species such as hexafluorosilicate ("fluorosilicate"), [SiF6]2−
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Quartz (from German Quarz [1]) is the second most common mineral in the Earth's continental crust, feldspar being the first.
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petrifaction or petrification is the process by which organic material is converted into stone or a similar substance. It is approximately synonymous with fossilization. Petrified wood is the most well known result of this process.
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Sediment is any particulate matter that can be transported by fluid flow and which eventually is deposited as a layer of solid particles on the bed or bottom of a body of water or other liquid. Sedimentation is the deposition by settling of a suspended material.
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Not to be confused with Lignan.
Lignin (sometimes "lignen") is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood and an integral part of the cell walls of plants.
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Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n. It is a structural polysaccharide derived from beta-glucose.[1][2] Cellulose is the primary structural component of green plants.
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Balanced Rock stands in Garden of the Gods park in Colorado Springs, CO]] A rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids. The Earth's lithosphere is made of rock. In general rocks are of three types, namely, igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
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The WOOD callsign may refer to:
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- WOOD-TV – an NBC-affiliated television station in Grand Rapids, Michigan
- WOOD (AM) – an AM radio station in Grand Rapids, Michigan
- WOOD-FM - an FM radio station in Grand Rapids, Michigan
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Preservation may mean:
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- Cultural Heritage Preservation, which includes:
- , the theory and practice of actively maintaining artifacts and the intellectual record.
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2, −1
(neutral oxide)
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 3388.3 kJmol−1
3rd: 5300.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 60 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(neutral oxide)
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 3388.3 kJmol−1
3rd: 5300.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 60 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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2, 3
(oxides: acidic, basic or amphoteric
depending on the oxidation state)
Electronegativity 1.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 717.3 kJmol−1
2nd: 1509.
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(oxides: acidic, basic or amphoteric
depending on the oxidation state)
Electronegativity 1.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 717.3 kJmol−1
2nd: 1509.
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3, 4, 6
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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CRYSTAL is a quantum chemistry ab initio program, designed primarily for calculations on crystals (3 dimensions), slabs (2 dimensions) and polymers (1 dimension) using translational symmetry, but it can be used for single molecules.[1] It is written by V.R. Saunders, R.
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4, 2
(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1086.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 70 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1086.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 2352.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 4620.5 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 70 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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2, 3
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.88 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 760.4 kJmol−1
2nd: 1648 kJmol−1
3rd: 3232 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.88 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 760.4 kJmol−1
2nd: 1648 kJmol−1
3rd: 3232 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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3, 2
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.66 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 652.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 1590.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 2987 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.66 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 652.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 1590.6 kJmol−1
3rd: 2987 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 1.90 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 745.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1957.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 3666 kJmol−1
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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- Ferruginous redirects here. For the bird, see Ferruginous Hawk
Altogether there are sixteen known iron oxides.[1] These compounds are either oxides (Wüstite, Hematite, β-Fe2O3, Maghemite, γ-Fe2O
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2, 3
(oxides: acidic, basic or amphoteric
depending on the oxidation state)
Electronegativity 1.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 717.3 kJmol−1
2nd: 1509.
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(oxides: acidic, basic or amphoteric
depending on the oxidation state)
Electronegativity 1.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 717.3 kJmol−1
2nd: 1509.
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Manganese(IV) oxide is the chemical compound MnO2, commonly called manganese dioxide. This blackish or brown solid occurs naturally as the mineral pyrolusite, which is the main ore of manganese. It is also present in manganese nodules.
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Dendrochronology or tree-ring dating is the method of scientific dating based on the analysis of tree-ring growth patterns. This technique was invented and developed during the 20th century originally by A. E.
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The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material. It was created in 1812 by the German mineralogist Friedrich Mohs and is one of several definitions of hardness in
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State geological symbols
Not every state has an official state mineral, rock, stone or gemstone. (Years, if listed in parentheses, are the years of the state's adoption.)State Mineral Rock Stone Gemstone
Alabama
Alaska Gold Jade
Arizona Petrified wood
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Herod_Archelaus
