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Information about Pedro Ii Of Brazil

Pedro II of Brazil
Emperor of Brazil
Reign7 April, 1831 - 15 November, 1889
Coronation18 July, 1841
Born2 December, 1825
Palácio Imperial, Rio de Janeiro
Died5 December, 1891
Paris, France
PredecessorPedro I of Brazil
SuccessorIsabel of Brazil
ConsortTeresa of the Two Sicilies
IssueAfonso de Bourbon e Bragança
Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil
Princess Leopoldina of Brazil
Pedro de Bourbon e Bragança
Royal HouseHouse of Braganza
Royal anthemIndependence Hymn
FatherPedro I of Brazil
MotherMaria Leopoldina of Austria


Emperor Pedro II, KG (pron. IPA ['pedɾu se'gũdu]; December 2, 1825 – December 5, 1891) was the second and last Emperor of Brazil. His name in full was Pedro de Alcântara João Carlos Leopoldo Salvador Bibiano Francisco Xavier de Paula Leocádio Miguel Gabriel Rafael Gonzaga de Bragança e Habsburgo, By the Grace of God and Unanimous Acclamation of the People, Constitutional Emperor and Perpetual Defender of Brazil.

He was born on December 2, 1825 in Rio de Janeiro, making him Brazil's only native-born monarch.

The Regency

Enlarge picture
Pedro II at age 12
When he was a boy of five, Pedro became the Emperor of Brazil. His father Pedro I abdicated the Throne on April 7, 1831, after violent protests in Brazil against his careless handling of internal affairs, to fight a civil war in Portugal. The aim of the war in Portugal was to restore the throne of Portugal to Maria II, elder sister of Pedro II.

As a result of caring for his children's interests, in 1834, his father, Pedro I of Brazil (and Pedro IV of Portugal), had a daughter on the throne of Portugal (who was only 15 years old) and a son, namely Pedro II himself, who was Emperor of Brazil, at age 9.

During the Emperor's childhood, a series of regents administered the government, in accordance with Constitution. In 1840, the Brazilian Imperial Parliament, or General Assembly, abolished the regency and declared Pedro to be of age to govern. Though only 14, Pedro already had a reputation as a judicious ruler, and the Imperial Parliament hoped that his popularity would quell the regional revolts that had rocked Brazil in the 1830s. Emperor Pedro II was consecrated and crowned on July 18, 1841.

Family life

Dom Pedro II was married on September 4, 1842 to Princess Teresa of the Two Sicilies (1822–1889), the youngest daughter of King Francis I of the Two Sicilies (1777–1830) and Maria Isabella of Spain. It was quite difficult for Brazilian monarchs to find a bride abroad, since their country was very far from Europe, and all the marriages they contracted when reigning were with princesses of small political importance. (Pedro I had been married to Leopoldina of Austria when he was Crown Prince of Portugal but, once widowed, he could only get the hand of a granddaughter of Eugene de Beauharnais, an origin which was not highly appraised at the time of his second marriage). Pedro II and Teresa Cristina had four children:

Emperor of Brazil



Pedro II reigned as Emperor of Brazil for 49 years, (under the slogan "União e Indústria" [Union and Industry]). The period saw the beginnings of industrialization, the first paved roads, the first steam-engine railway, a submarine telegraphy cable, and the introduction of the telephone. He traveled to the United States and attended the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876, where Alexander Graham Bell showed him his new telephone. Pedro II probably was the first Brazilian to use the invention. He recited Shakespeare's classic line from Hamlet, "To be or not to be" into it, and exclaimed, "This thing speaks!".

Liberal in outlook, Pedro II took steps to end slavery; the final abolition edict, the Golden Law, was signed in his absence by his daughter Princess Isabel, on May 13, 1888. Pedro II also took pains to learn Guarani, the most widely spoken indigenous language in nineteenth-century Brazil. He was widely respected by Brazilians of all social levels as an enlightened monarch who ruled in a principled, rational, moderate fashion. Historian Thomas Skidmore has compared Pedro II to Queen Victoria, another nineteenth-century monarch who was popular for similar reasons.

Though an enlightened monarch, Pedro II nonetheless retained extensive power over the Brazilian government. Under the Brazilian Constitution of 1824, the Emperor possessed Poder Moderador (Moderating Power), i.e. the power to temper the will of Brazil's representative government. In practice, this meant that Pedro II had the right to veto legislation, dissolve the lower house of the legislature (the only one that was elected), and call new elections at his pleasure. Pedro II generally respected the wishes of the electorate, but his favoritism towards the Conservative party in 1868 marred his reputation for evenhandedness. The unexpectedly long and costly Paraguayan War of 1865-1870 also diminished his popularity.

In the wake of the Paraguayan War, a war not started by Brazil, the monarchy was seen by some to be an obstacle to modernization and economic growth. Liberals called both for greater regional autonomy. The abolition of slavery caused much freedom in Brazil but irritated the wealthy elite. A military coup d'etat on November 15, 1889 overthrew the monarchy. He and his family went into exile in Portugal, and Brazil created a new federalist, republican government under the Brazilian Constitution of 1891.

Pedro II died on December 5, 1891 in Paris, France. His and his wife's remains were taken from Portugal to Brazil in 1922, and were reburied in Petrópolis, their former summer residence, in 1939.
Enlarge picture
The Imperial Mausoleum at Petrópolis Cathedral.

Books

  • Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. 1999.
  • Brown, Rose. American Emperor: Dom Pedro II of Brazil. 1945.
  • da Costa, Emilia Viotti. The Brazilian Empire: Myths and Histories. 2000; 1985.
  • Harding, Bertita. Amazon Throne. London: Harrap, 1942.
  • Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz. The Emperor's Beard: Dom Pedro II and His Tropical Monarchy in Brazil. Trans. John Gledson. 2003.
  • Skidmore, Thomas. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

See also

External links

Pedro II of Brazil
Cadet branch of the House of Aviz
Born: December 2 1825 Died: December 5 1891
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Peter I		Emperor of Brazil
April 7, 1831 – December 5, 1889		Monarchy abolished
Republic established under
President Deodoro da Fonseca
Titles in pretence
Republic
declared		— TITULAR —
Emperor of Brazil
December 5, 1889 – December 5, 1891		Succeeded by
Princess Isabel
Pretenders to the Brazilian
throne since 1889
Empire of Brazil
Emperor Pedro II (1889-1891)
Princess Isabel (1891-1921)
Prince Pedro (1921-1981)
Prince Pedro (1940-)
Prince Lus (1981-)
See also Brazilian Imperial House



 
Imperial Family of Brazil
Forefathers - John VI of Portugal - Queen Carlota Joaquina First generation - Pedro I - Empress Leopoldina - Princess Amlie of Leuchtenberg
Second Generation - Pedro II - Empress Teresa Cristina - Maria II da Glria - Princess Januria of Braganza - Princess Francisca of Braganza
Third generation - Princess Isabel the Redeemer - Gaston of Orleans, Count d'Eu
The Vassouras Branch (dynastic)
Fourth generation - Prince Luiz of Orleans-Braganza - Princess Maria Pia
Fifth generation - Prince Pedro Henrique of Orleans-Braganza - Princess Maria Elisabeth
Sixth generation - Prince Luiz of Orleans-Braganza - Prince Bertrand of Orleans-Braganza - Prince Antonio of Orleans-Braganza - Christine, Princess de Ligne
Seventh generation - Prince Pedro Lus of Orleans-Braganza - Prince Rafael of Orleans-Braganza - Princess Amlia of Orleans-Braganza
The Petrpolis Branch (non-dynastic)
Fourth generation - Prince Pedro de Alcantara of Orlans-Braganza - Countess Elisabeth Dobrzensky
Fifth generation - Prince Pedro Gasto of Orleans-Braganza - Princess Isabel of Orleans-Braganza - Princess Francisca of Orleans-Braganza - Prince Joo of Orleans-Braganza
Sixth generation - Prince Pedro Carlos of Orleans-Braganza - Princess Maria da Gloria of Orlans-Braganza - Princess Cristina of Orleans-Braganza - Prince Jan Sapieha-Roznski
Seventh generation - Prince Pedro Thiago of Orleans-Braganza - Princess Paula Maria Sapieha - Princess Ana Tereza Sapieha
The Brazilian monarchs were the rulers of Brazil from the time of the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500 until 1889. There are three main stages in the dynastical history of Brazil: Brazil as part of the Kingdom of Portugal (1500–1815), the Kingdom of Brazil (1815–1822)
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Coordinates: The National Museum of Brazil ("Museu Nacional" in Portuguese) is a centenarian museum and research institution, located in the Quinta da Boa Vista park in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio at night.

Flag
Seal
Nickname: Cidade Maravilhosa ("The Marvelous City") or simply, Rio
Location of Rio de Janeiro
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Ville de Paris

City flag City coat of arms

Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur
(Latin: "Tossed by the waves, she does not sink")

The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro.
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Motto
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"


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Pedro I of Brazil
Emperor of Brazil
King of Portugal and the Algarves

Reign 12 October, 1822 - 7 April, 1831 (Brazil)
10 March, 1826 - 28 May, 1826 (Portugal)
Coronation 1 December, 1822
Born 12 October, 1798
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Isabel, Empress of Brazil

Born 29 July 1846
Palácio Imperial, Rio de Janeiro
Died 14 November 1921
Château d’Eu, Eu

Title(s) Princess Imperial of Brazil
Throne(s) claimed Brazil
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Teresa Cristina of Brazil
Empress Consort of Brazil

Reign 4 September, 1842 - 15 November, 1889
Full name Teresa Cristina Maria Josefa Gaspar Baltazar Melquior Januária Rosália Lúcia Francisca de Assis Isabel Francisca de Pádua Donata
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Isabel, Empress of Brazil

Born 29 July 1846
Palácio Imperial, Rio de Janeiro
Died 14 November 1921
Château d’Eu, Eu

Title(s) Princess Imperial of Brazil
Throne(s) claimed Brazil
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Princess Leopoldina of Brazil, Princess of Kohary, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, Duchess in Saxony (São Cristóvão Palace, July 13, 1847 - Vienna, Austria, February 7, 1871).
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The Royal House of Braganza (Portuguese: Casa Real de Bragança, pron. IPA: [bɾɐ.'ɣɐ̃.sɐ]
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The Hino da Independência (Portuguese: Anthem of Independence) is a Brazilian official patriotic song, commemorating the declaration of the country's independence from Portugal. It was composed by the first emperor, Dom Pedro I, with lyrics by Evaristo da Veiga.
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Pedro I of Brazil
Emperor of Brazil
King of Portugal and the Algarves

Reign 12 October, 1822 - 7 April, 1831 (Brazil)
10 March, 1826 - 28 May, 1826 (Portugal)
Coronation 1 December, 1822
Born 12 October, 1798
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Maria Leopoldina of Austria
Empress Consort of Brazil
Queen Consort of Portugal
Archduchess of Austria

Reign 1 December, 1822 - 11 December, 1826
Full name Maria Leopoldina Josefa Carolina de Habsburgo
Born 22 January 1797
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The Most Noble Order of the Garter is a medieval English order of chivalry or knighthood, and the pinnacle of the British honours system. Membership in it is limited to the Sovereign, the Prince of Wales and no more than twenty-four members, or Companions; men are known as Knights
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Pronunciation refers to:
  • the way a word or a language is usually spoken;
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A word can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups, depending on many factors, such as:

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History
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IPA for English The
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Events

  • 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens.

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1822 1823 1824 - 1825 - 1826 1827 1828

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  • 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations.

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