Information about Pandionidae

Osprey
A North American Osprey preparing to dive. A North American Osprey preparing to dive.
Conservation status
Least Concern
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Falconiformes Family: Pandionidae Sclater & Salvin, 1873 Genus: Pandion Savigny, 1809 Species: P. haliaetus
Binomial name
Pandion haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758)

The Osprey (Pandion haliaetus), also known colloquially as seahawk, fish hawk or fish eagle, is a medium-large fish-eating bird of prey or raptor. However, It is not the same as a sea-eagle. It is found on all continents except Antarctica although in South America it occurs only as a non-breeding migrant. It is widely distributed because it tolerates a wide variety of habitats, nesting in any location which is near a body of water and provides an adequate food supply. It is divided into four similar subspecies.

Because the Osprey has many unique characteristics, it has been given its own taxonomic genus, Pandion, and family, Pandionidae. It is a medium-sized raptor, reaching 60 cm (24 in) in length with a 1.8 m (6 ft) wingspan. It is brown on the upperparts and predominantly whitish on the head and underparts, with a brownish eyepatch and wings.

As its other common names suggest, the Osprey's diet consists almost exclusively of fish. It has evolved particular physical characteristics and exhibits some unique behaviours to assist in hunting and catching prey.

Taxonomy

The Osprey was one of the many species described by Carolus Linnaeus in his 18th century work, Systema Naturae; he named it Falco haliaeetus.^[1] The genus Pandion was described by the French zoologist Marie Jules César Lelorgne de Savigny in 1809.^[1]

The Osprey differs in several respects from other diurnal birds of prey. Its toes are of equal length, its tarsi are reticulated, and its talons are rounded, rather than grooved. The Osprey is the only raptor whose outer toe is reversible, allowing it to grasp its prey with two toes in front.^[1] It has always presented something of a riddle to taxonomists. Here it is treated as the sole member of the family Pandionidae, and the family listed in its traditional place as part of the order Falconiformes. Other schemes place it alongside the hawks and eagles in the family Accipitridae—which itself can be regarded as making up the bulk of the order Accipitriformes or else be lumped with the Falconidae into Falconiformes. The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy has placed it together with the other diurnal raptors in a greatly enlarged Ciconiiformes, but this results in an unnatural paraphyletic classification.^[2]

Classification

The Osprey is unusual insofar as a single species occurs nearly worldwide. Even the few subspecies are not unequivocally separable. There are four generally recognised subspecies, although differences are small, and ITIS only lists the first two.^[1]

• P. h. haliaetus (Linnaeus, 1758), Eurasia.^[1]
• P. h. carolinensis (Gmelin, 1788), North America. This form is larger, darker bodied and has a paler breast than nominate haliaetus.^[3]
• P. h. ridgwayi (Maynard, 1887), Caribbean islands. This form has a very pale head and breast compared to nominate haliaetus, with only a weak eye mask.^[3] It is non-migratory. Its scientific name commemorates American ornithologist Robert Ridgway.^[4]
• P. h. cristatus (Vieillot, 1816), coastline and some large rivers of Australia and Tasmania. The smallest subspecies, also non-migratory.^[3]

  Etymology

  The genus name Pandion is after the mythical Greek king Pandion of Athens and grandfather of Theseus, who was transformed into an eagle.^[6] The specific epithet haliaetus is derived from the Greek αλιάετος "sea-eagle/osprey".^[7]
  
  The origins of osprey are obscure;^[8] the word itself was first recorded around 1460, derived via the Anglo-french ospriet and the Medieval Latin avis prede "bird of prey," from the Latin avis praedæ^[9][10] though the Oxford English Dictionary notes a connection with the Latin ossifraga or "bone breaker" of Pliny the Elder. However, this term referred to the Lammergeier.^[11]

  Description

  The Osprey is 1400–2000 g (3-4.4 lb) and 52–60 cms (20–24 in) long with a 150–180 cm (5–6 ft) wingspan. The upperparts are a deep, glossy brown, while the breast is white and sometimes streaked with brown, and the underparts are pure white. The head is white with a dark mask across the eyes,reaching to the sides of the neck.^[11] The irises of the eyes are golden to brown. The bill is black, with a blue cere, and the feet are white with black talons.^[1] A short tail and long, narrow wings with four long, fingerlike feathers, and a shorter fifth, give it a very distinctive appearance.
  
  The sexes appear fairly similar, but the adult male can be distinguished from the female by its slimmer body and narrower wings. The breast band of the male is also weaker than that of the female, or is non-existent, and the underwing coverts of the male are more uniformly pale. It is straightforward to determine the sex of breeding pair, but harder with individual birds.
  
  Juvenile Osprey may be identified by buff fringes to the plumage of the upperparts, a buff tone to the underparts, and a streaked feathers on the head. During spring, barring on the underwings and flight feathers is a better indicator of a young bird, due to wear on the upperparts.^[11]
  
  In flight, the Osprey has arched wings and drooping "hands", giving it a gull-like appearance. The call is a series of sharp whistles, described as cheep, cheep or yewk, yewk. Near the nest, the call is a frenzied cheereek! ^[14]Osprey call (helpinfo)

  Distribution and habitat

  The Osprey has a worldwide distribution. It is found in temperate and tropical regions of all continents except Antarctica. In North America it breeds from Alaska and Newfoundland south to the Gulf Coast and Florida, wintering further south from the southern United States through to Argentina.^[15] The Osprey is found throughout Europe north into Scandinavia and Scotland, though not Iceland, in summer and wintering in North Africa.^[16] In Australia it is sedentary and found around the coastline, though only a non-breeding visitor to eastern Victoria and Tasmania.^[17] In the islands of the Pacfic it is found in the Bismarck Islands, Solomon Islands and New Caledonia, and fossil remains of adults and juveniles have been found in Tonga, where it probably was wiped out by arriving humans.^[18] It is possible it may once have ranged across Vanuatu and Fiji as well. It is an uncommon to fairly common winter visitor to all parts of South Asia,^[19] Southeast Asia including Myanmar through to Indochina and southern China, Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.^[20]
  
  The Osprey is highly successful due to its tolerance of a wide range of habitats. It may nest in any location which is near a body of water and which provides safety and an abundance of fish. Nests are generally found within 3 to 5 km of a body of water, which may be a salt marsh, mangrove swamp, cypress swamp, lake, bog, reservoir or river.^[21] Even during migration, Ospreys stay close to water, often following river valleys. ^[1]

  Behavior

  Diet

  

  An Osprey holding its meal
  Fish comprise 99 percent of the Osprey's diet.^[22] It typically takes fish weighing 150–300 g (5–10 oz) and about 25–35 cm (10–14 in) in length, but the weight can range from 50 to 2000 g (2–68 oz). Prey is first sighted when the Osprey is 10-40 m (32-131 ft) above the water, after which the bird hovers momentarily then plunges feet first into the water.^[23] It is able to dive to a depth of one m (3.3 ft). The angle of entry into the water varies with the nature of the prey; steeper, slower dives are used when pursuing deeper, slow-moving fish, while long, quick dives are used for faster surface fish. After catching the fish considerable effort is needed to get airborne again. As it rises back into flight the fish is turned head-forward to reduce drag.
  
  The Osprey is particularly well adapted to this diet, with reversible outer toes, sharp spicules on the underside of the toes,^[24] closable nostrils to keep out water during dives, and backwards facing scales on the talons which act as barbs to help hold its catch. Its 'barbed' talons are such effective tools for grasping fish that, on occasion, an Osprey may be unable to release a fish that is heavier than expected. This can cause the Osprey to be pulled into the water, where it may either swim to safety or succumb to hypothermia and drown. Rarely, the Osprey may prey on other wetland animals, such as aquatic rodents, salamanders, other birds, and reptiles as large as young alligators.
  
  
  

  A pair of nesting Ospreys in an artificial nest near Fern Ridge Reservoir, Oregon

  Reproduction

  The Osprey breeds by freshwater lakes, and sometimes on coastal brackish waters. Rocky outcrops just offshore are used in Rottnest Island off the coast of Western Australia, where there are 14 or so similar nesting sites of which five to seven are used in any one year. Many are renovated each season, and some have been used for 70 years. The nest is a large heap of sticks, driftwood and seaweed built in forks of trees, rocky outcrops, telephone poles, artificial platforms or offshore islets.^[24][22] Generally Ospreys reach sexual maturity and begin breeding around the age of three to four years, though in some regions with high Osprey densities, such as Chesapeake Bay in the U.S., they may not start breeding until five to seven years old, and there may be a shortage of suitable tall structures. If there are no nesting sites available, young Ospreys may be forced to delay breeding. To ease this problem, posts may be erected to provide more sites suitable for nest building.
  

  An Osprey repairing the nest
  
  
  Ospreys usually mate for life. In spring the pair begins a five-month period of partnership to raise their young. The female lays two to four eggs within a month, and relies on the size of the nest to conserve heat. The eggs are whitish with bold splotches of reddish-brown and are about 62 x 45 mm (2.4 x 1.8 in) and weigh about 65 g (2.4 oz).^[24] The eggs are incubated for about 5 weeks to hatching.
  
  The newly-hatched chicks weigh only 50–60 g (2 oz), but fledge within eight weeks. When food is scarce, the first chicks to hatch are most likely to survive. The typical lifespan is 20–25 years. Bubo owls and Bald Eagles (and possibly other eagles of comparable size) are the only major predators of both nests and adults. Ospreys have rarely been known to be preyed on by crocodiles when they dive into the water.
  
  The breeding season varies according to latitude; spring (September-October) in southern Australia, April to July in northern Australia and winter (June-August) in southern Queensland.^[24]
  
  European breeders winter in Africa. American and Canadian breeders winter in South America, although some stay in the southernmost U.S. states such as Florida and California. Australasian Ospreys tend not to migrate.

  Conservation

  Osprey populations declined drastically in many areas in the 1950s and 1960s; this appeared to be in part due to the toxic effects of insecticides such as DDT on reproduction.^[26] The pesticide interfered with the bird's calcium metabolism which resulted in thin-shelled, easily broken or infertile eggs.^[15] Possibly because of the banning of DDT in many countries in the early 1970s, together with reduced persecution, the Osprey, as well as other affected bird of prey species have made significant recoveries.^[22]

  Cited references

  1. ^ (Latin) Linnaeus, C (1758). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata.. Holmiae. (Laurentii Salvii)., 824. 
  2. ^ Salzman, Eric (December, 1993). "Sibley's Classification of Birds". Birding. Retrieved on 2007-09-05. 
  3. ^ Pandion haliaetus . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
  4. ^ Barrow, M. V. (1998). A passion for Birds: American ornithology after Audubon. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691044023. 
  5. ^

Tesky, Julie L. (1993). Pandion haliaetus . U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Retrieved on 2007-09-06.
6. ^ Graves, R (1955). "The Sons of Pandion", Greek Myths. London: Penguin, 320-323. ISBN 0-14-001026-2. 
7. ^ Liddell, Henry George and Robert Scott (1980). A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition). United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-910207-4. 
8. ^ Livingston, CH (February 1943). "(abstract) Osprey and Ostril". Modern Language Notes 58 (2): 91-98. DOI:10.2307/2911426. Retrieved on 2007-07-02. 
9. ^ Morris, W (1969). The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Boston: American Heritage Publishing Co., Inc. and Houghton Mifflin Company. 
10. ^ Osprey. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved on 2007-06-29.
11. ^ "Osprey". Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition). (1989). Ed. J. Simpson, E. Weiner (eds). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-861186-2. 
12. ^ Terres, J. K. (1980). The Audubon Society Encyclopedia of North American Birds. New York, NY: Knopf, 644-646. ISBN 0394466519. 
13. ^ Osprey. Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (1999). Retrieved on 2007-09-30.
14. ^ Peterson, Roger Tory (1999). A Field Guide to the Birds. Houghton Mifflin Company, 136. ISBN 978-0395911761. 
15. ^ Bull J, Farrand, J Jr (1987). Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Birds:Eastern Region. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 469. ISBN 0-394-41405-5. 
16. ^ Hume R (2002). RSPB Birds of Britain and Europe. London: Dorling Kindersley, 89. ISBN 0-7513-1234-7. 
17. ^ Simpson K, Day N, Trusler P (1993). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Ringwood, Victoria: Viking O'Neil, 66. ISBN 0-670-90478-3. 
18. ^ Steadman D, (2006). Extinction and Biogeography in Tropical Pacific Birds, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-77142-7
19. ^ Rasmussen, P. C. & J. C. Anderton (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vols 1 & 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions.. 
20. ^ Strange M (2000). A Photographic Guide to the Birds of Southeast Asia including the Philippines and Borneo. Singapore: Periplus, 70. ISBN 962-593-403-0. 
21. ^ Kirschbaum, K.; Watkins P. Pandion haliaetus. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. Retrieved on 2007-06-28.
22. ^ Evans DL. "Status Reports on Twelve Raptors:Special Scientific Report Wildl. No. 238". U.S. Dept. Interior, Fish and Wildl. Serv..
23. ^ Poole, A. F., R. O. Bierregaard, and M. S. Martell. (2002). Osprey (Pandion haliaetus). In The Birds of North America, No. 683 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.
24. ^ Clark, W. S. & B. K. Wheeler 1987. A field guide to Hawks of North America. Houghton Mifflin, Boston. ISBN 0395360013
25. ^ Beruldsen, G (2003). Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs. Kenmore Hills, Qld: self, 196. ISBN 0-646-42798-9. 
26. ^ Ames, P (1966). "DDT Residues in the eggs of the Osprey in the North-eastern United States and their relation to nesting success". J. Appl. Ecol. 3 ((Suppl.)): 87-97.