Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Information about Oppositional Defiant Disorder

"ODD" redirects here. ODD may also refer to optical disc drive in a computer.

**Oppositional defiant disorder**
*Classification & external resources*
ICD-10	F91.3
ICD-9	313.81

Oppositional defiant disorder is a controversial psychiatric category listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders where it is described as an ongoing pattern of disobedient, hostile, and defiant behavior toward authority figures which supposedly goes beyond the bounds of normal childhood behavior.

DSM criteria

To meet DSM-IV-TR criteria, certain factors must be taken into account. First, the defiance must interfere with the child’s ability to function in school, home, or the community. Second, the defiance cannot be the result of another disorder, such as depression, anxiety, or the more serious Conduct disorder. Third, the child's problem behaviors have been happening for at least six months. The diagnostic criteria for this disorder are as follows:

Losing temper
Arguing with adults
Refusing to follow the rules
Deliberately annoying people
Blaming others for own mistakes
Easily annoyed
Angry and resentful
Spiteful or even vengeful

If the child meets at least four of these criteria, and they are interfering with the child’s ability to function, then he or she technically meets the definition of Oppositionally defiant.^[1]

Prevalence

The DSM-IV cites a prevalence of between 2 & 16% for ODD.

Prognosis

Childhood Oppositional Defiant Disorder is strongly associated with later developing Conduct disorder.^[2] Untreated, about 52% of children with ODD will continue to meet the DSM-IV criteria up to three years later and about half of those 52% will progress into Conduct Disorder.^[3]

Treatment

There are a variety of approaches to the treatment of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). One evidence-based approach with empirical support is an approach developed by Russell A. Barkley, Ph.D.^[4]^[5]^[6] This approach uses a parent training model and begins by focusing on positive approaches to increase compliant behaviours. Only later in the program are methods introduced to extinguish negative or noncompliant behaviours.

Controversy

The category of Oppositional Defiant Disorder as outlined in the DSM has attracted criticism and controversy since DSM III-R where it was established that while Oppositional Defiant Disorder was one of only seven categories (out of more than 300) in that revision for which field trials had taken place, the results of those field trials are not reported in the DSM III-R and do not seem to be available for examination elsewhere ^[7].

In the course of trying to determine the possible extent of the effects of gender bias on the precision of categories in the DSM, Psychologist Paula J. Caplan, PhD and graduate student Kaye Lee Pantony wrote about whether the research confirmed the existence of such mental disorders as those represented by the labels of the categories they had chose to study, whether research had made it possible to discover the actual elements, or criteria, of each disorder; and whether research had made it possible to discover exactly how many criteria a person had to meet in order to belong clearly to a particular category.

Aiming for a wide variety of diagnoses, they chose to examine three categories that could be applied to people of either sex. One of the categories they selected was Oppositional Defiant Disorder^[8]. Their opinion was that, "In view of all of that research, we were frankly amazed to find that not a single empirically based article included any evidence of what the cutoff point for any of these three categories ought to be. In other words, there was no research on which to base the DSM's prescriptions about many criteria a person had to meet in order to be given any of those three labels: AD, ODD, or OCD. Those prescriptions cannot be said to have been derived from any scientific work whatsoever.^[9]"

They could only find seven articles that mentioned Oppositional Defiant Disorder at all, and none of them mentioned the selection of criteria, or the cutoff point, for ODD. Their opinion was that, "All told, then, there was little or no scientific evidence to justify the ways the criteria and cutoff points were chosen for a wide variety of DSM categories. It seems possible but highly unlikely that more rigorous standards were used for the categories that we happened not to study." ^[10].

References

1. ^ The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association
2. ^ Lahey, B., & Loeber, R. (1994), Framework for a developmental model of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. In D.K. Routh (Ed.) Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Childhood (pp. 139-180). NY: Plenum Press.
3. ^ Lahey, B., Loeber, R., Quay, H., Frick, P., & Grimm, J., (1992) Oppositional defiant and conduct disorders: Issues to be resolved for the DSM-IV. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 31, 539-546.
4. ^ Barkley, R., (1997) Defiant Children: A Clinician's Manual for Assessment and Parent Training, NY: Guilford Press
5. ^ Barkley, R., & Benton, C., (1998), Your Defiant Child, NY: Guilford Press
6. ^ Barkley, R., Edwards, G., & Robin, A., (1999), Defiant Teens: A Clinician's Manual for Assessment and Family Intervention, NY: Guilford Press
7. ^ Caplan, Paula J. (1995). They Say You're Crazy: How the World's Most Powerful Psychiatrists Decide Who's Normal. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley pages 202-203
8. ^ Caplan, Paula J. (1995). They Say You're Crazy: How the World's Most Powerful Psychiatrists Decide Who's Normal. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley pages 212-213
9. ^ Caplan, Paula J. (1995). They Say You're Crazy: How the World's Most Powerful Psychiatrists Decide Who's Normal. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley pages 213-214
10. ^ Caplan, Paula J. (1995). They Say You're Crazy: How the World's Most Powerful Psychiatrists Decide Who's Normal. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley pages 215

External links

• • [ e] WHO ICD-10 Mental and behavioural disorders (, )
Neurological/symptomatic	Dementia (Alzheimer's disease, Multi-infarct dementia, Pick's disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, AIDS dementia complex) - Delirium - Post-concussion syndrome
Psychoactive substance	Intoxication (Drunkenness) - Physical dependence (Alcohol dependence, Opioid dependency) - Withdrawal (Benzodiazepine withdrawal, Delirium tremens) - Amnesic (Korsakoff's syndrome)
Psychotic disorder	Schizophrenia (Disorganized schizophrenia) - Schizotypal personality disorder - Delusional disorder - Folie deux - Schizoaffective disorder
Mood (affective)	Mania - Bipolar disorder - Clinical depression - Cyclothymia - Dysthymia
Neurotic, stress-related and somatoform	Agoraphobia - Anxiety disorder - Panic disorder - Generalized anxiety disorder - Social Anxiety Disorder - OCD - Acute stress reaction - PTSD - Adjustment disorder - Conversion disorder (Ganser syndrome) - Somatoform disorder - Somatization disorder - Neurasthenia
Physiological/physical behavioural	Eating disorder (Anorexia nervosa, Bulimia nervosa) - Sleep disorder (Dyssomnia, Insomnia, Hypersomnia, Parasomnia, Night terror, Nightmare) - Sexual dysfunction (Erectile dysfunction, Premature ejaculation, Vaginismus, Dyspareunia, Hypersexuality) - Postpartum depression
Adult personality and behaviour	Personality disorder - Passive-aggressive behavior - Kleptomania - Trichotillomania - Voyeurism - Factitious disorder - Munchausen syndrome
Mental retardation	Mental retardation
Psychological development (developmental disorder)	Specific: speech and language (Expressive language disorder, Aphasia, Expressive aphasia, Receptive aphasia, Landau-Kleffner syndrome, Lisp) - scholastic skills (Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, Gerstmann syndrome) - motor function (Developmental Dyspraxia) Pervasive: Autism - Rett syndrome - Asperger syndrome
Behavioural and emotional, childhood and adolescence onset	ADHD - Conduct disorder - Oppositional defiant disorder - Separation anxiety disorder - Selective mutism - Reactive attachment disorder - Tic disorder - Tourette syndrome - speech (Stuttering, Cluttering)

optical disk drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses electromagnetic waves as part of the process of reading and writing data. It is a computer's peripheral device, that stores data on optical discs.
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For other uses of "ICD", see ICD (disambiguation).

The International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (most commonly known by the abbreviation ICD
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List of ICD-10 codes. The version for 2007 is available online at [1]

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