Information about Nobel Prize In Chemistry
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Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff (1852 – 1911) was the first person to receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions.
In 2007 the prize was awarded to Gerhard Ertl for his studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces. Below is a list of Nobel Prize laureates in Chemistry from 1901 to the present.[1]
Award ceremony
The committee and institution serving as the selection board for the prize typically announce the names of the laureates in October. The prize is then awarded at formal ceremonies held annually on December 10, the anniversary of Alfred Nobel's death. The Nobel Banquet is the banquet that is held every year in Stockholm City Hall in connection with the Nobel Prize.
A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected. The award can be given to a maximum of three recipients per year. It consists of a gold medal, a diploma, and a cash grant. The grant is currently approximately 10 million SEK, slightly more than €1 million (US$1.4 million). The original purpose of the grant was to fund laureates' further work, although nowadays many are retired at the time of award.
Nomination and selection
Compared with some other prizes, the Prize nomination and selection process is long and rigorous. This is a key reason why the Prizes have grown in importance over the years to become the most important prize in chemistry.
The Nobel Laureates in chemistry are selected by a committee that consists of five members elected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In its first stage, several thousand people are asked to nominate candidates. These names are scrutinized and discussed by experts until only the winners remain. This slow and thorough process, insisted upon by Alfred Nobel, is arguably what gives the prize its importance.
Forms, which amount to a personal and exclusive invitation, are sent to about three thousand selected individuals to invite them to submit nominations. The names of the nominees are never publicly announced, and neither are they told that they have been considered for the Prize. Nomination records are sealed for fifty years. In practice some nominees do become known. It is also common for publicists to make such a claim, founded or not.
The nominations are screened by committee, and a list is produced of approximately two hundred preliminary candidates. This list is forwarded to selected experts in the field. They remove all but approximately fifteen names. The committee submits a report with recommendations to the appropriate institution.
While posthumous nominations are not permitted, awards can occur if the individual died in the months between the nomination and the decision of the prize committee.
The award in chemistry require that the significance of achievements being recognized is "tested by time." In practice it means that the lag between the discovery and the award is typically on the order of 20 years and can be much longer. As a downside of this approach, not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognized. Some important scientific discoveries are never considered for a Prize, as the discoverers may have died by the time the impact of their work is realized.
Laureates
1901-1925
| Year | Name | Country | Topics |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1901 | Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff | Netherlands | "for his discovery of the laws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure in solutions" |
| 1902 | Hermann Emil Fischer | ){kind=small} German Empire | "for his work on sugar and purine syntheses" |
| 1903 | Svante August Arrhenius | ){kind=small} Sweden | "for his electrolytic theory of dissociation" |
| 1904 | Sir William Ramsay | ){kind=small} United Kingdom | "for his discovery of the inert gaseous elements in air" |
| 1905 | Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Adolf von Baeyer | German Empire | "for his work on organic dyes and hydroaromatic compounds" |
| 1906 | Henri Moissan | ){kind=small} France | "for his investigation and isolation of the element fluorine, and for the electric furnace named after him" |
| 1907 | Eduard Buchner | German Empire | "for his biochemical research and his discovery of cell-free fermentation" |
| 1908 | Ernest Rutherford | New Zealand United Kingdom | "for his investigations into the disintegration of the elements, and the chemistry of radioactive substances" |
| 1909 | Wilhelm Ostwald | German Empire | "his work on catalysis and for his investigations into chemical equilibria and rates of reaction" |
| 1910 | Otto Wallach | German Empire | "for his work in the field of alicyclic compounds" |
| 1911 | Maria Skłodowska-Curie | ){kind=small} Poland France | "for her discovery of radium and polonium " |
| 1912 | Victor Grignard | France | "for his the discovery of the Grignard reagent" |
| Paul Sabatier | France | "for his method of hydrogenating organic compounds" | |
| 1913 | Alfred Werner | Switzerland | "for his work on the linkage of atoms in molecules" |
| 1914 | Theodore William Richards | United States | "for his determinations of the atomic weight of a large number of elements" |
| 1915 | Richard Martin Willstätter | German Empire | "for his research on plant pigments" |
| 1916 | no award | ||
| 1917 | no award | ||
| 1918 | Fritz Haber | German Empire | "for his synthesis of ammonia" |
| 1919 | no award | ||
| 1920 | Walther Hermann Nernst | "for his work in thermochemistry" | |
| 1921 | Frederick Soddy | United Kingdom | "for his work on the chemistry of radioactive substances and investigations into isotopes" |
| 1922 | Francis William Aston | United Kingdom | "for his discovery of isotopes in a large number of non-radioactive elements, and for his whole-number rule" |
| 1923 | Fritz Pregl | .svg.png')){kind=spacer} Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes | "for his invention of the method of micro-analysis of organic substances" |
| 1925 | Richard Adolf Zsigmondy | "for his demonstration of the heterogeneous nature of colloid solutions and the methods used" |
1926-1950
| Year | Name | Country | Topics |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | Theodor Svedberg | Sweden | "for his work on disperse systems" |
| 1927 | Heinrich Otto Wieland | "for his investigations of the bile acids and related substances" | |
| 1928 | Adolf Otto Reinhold Windaus | "for his research into sterols and their connection with vitamins" | |
| 1929 | Arthur Harden Hans Karl August Simon von Euler-Chelpin | United Kingdom | "for their investigations on the fermentation of sugar and fermentative enzymes" |
| 1930 | Hans Fischer | "for his research into haemin and chlorophyll" | |
| 1931 | Carl Bosch, Friedrich Bergius | "for their contributions to chemical high pressure methods" | |
| 1932 | Irving Langmuir | United States | "for his work in surface chemistry" |
| 1934 | Harold Clayton Urey | United States | "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen" |
| 1935 | Frédéric Joliot Irene Joliot-Curie | France France | "for their synthesis of new radioactive elements" |
| 1936 | Petrus (Peter) Josephus Wilhelmus Debye | Netherlands | "for his work on molecular structure through investigations on dipole moments and the diffraction of X-rays and electrons in gases" |
| 1937 | Walter Norman Haworth | United Kingdom | "for his work on carbohydrates and vitamin C" |
| Paul Karrer | Switzerland | "for his work on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B2" | |
| 1938 | Richard Kuhn | "for his work on carotenoids and vitamins" | |
| 1939 | Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt | "for his work on sex hormones" | |
| Lavoslav Ružička | Switzerland | "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes" | |
| 1940 | no award | ||
| 1941 | no award | ||
| 1942 | no award | ||
| 1943 | George de Hevesy | Hungary | "for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers to study chemical processes" |
| 1944 | Otto Hahn | "for his discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei" | |
| 1945 | Artturi Ilmari Virtanen | Finland | "for his research and inventions in agricultural and nutrition chemistry, especially for his fodder preservation method" |
| 1946 | James Batcheller Sumner | United States | "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized" |
| John Howard Northrop Wendell Meredith Stanley | United States United States | "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form" | |
| 1947 | Sir Robert Robinson | United Kingdom | "for his investigations on plant products, especially the alkaloids" |
| 1948 | Arne Wilhelm Kaurin Tiselius | Sweden | "for his research on electrophoresis and adsorption analysis" |
| 1949 | William Francis Giauque | United States | "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics" |
| 1950 | Otto Paul Hermann Diels Kurt Alder | "for their discovery and development of the diene synthesis. Diels-Alder reaction." |
1951-1975
| Year | Name | Country | Topics |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1951 | Edwin Mattison McMillan Glenn Theodore Seaborg | United States United States | "for their discoveries in the chemistry of transuranium elements" |
| 1952 | Archer John Porter Martin Richard Laurence Millington Synge | United Kingdom United Kingdom | "for their invention of partition chromatography" |
| 1953 | Hermann Staudinger | "for his discoveries in the field of macromolecular chemistry" | |
| 1954 | Linus Carl Pauling | United States | "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond" |
| 1955 | Vincent du Vigneaud | United States | "for his work on sulphur compounds, especially the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone" |
| 1956 | Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood Nikolay Nikolaevich Semenov (Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов) | United Kingdom Soviet Union | "for their research into the mechanism of chemical reactions" |
| 1957 | Sir Alexander Todd | United Kingdom | "for his work on nucleotides and nucleotide co-enzymes" |
| 1958 | Frederick Sanger | United Kingdom | "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially insulin" |
| 1959 | Jaroslav Heyrovskı | ){kind=small} Czechoslovakia | "for his discovery and development of the polarographic methods of analysis" |
| 1960 | Willard Frank Libby | United States | "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination" |
| 1961 | Melvin Calvin | United States | "for his research on carbon dioxide assimilation in plants" |
| 1962 | Max Ferdinand Perutz John Cowdery Kendrew | United Kingdom United Kingdom | "for their studies of the structures of globular proteins" |
| 1963 | Karl Ziegler Giulio Natta | ){kind=small} Italy | "for their discoveries relating to high polymers" |
| 1964 | Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin | United Kingdom | "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances" |
| 1965 | Robert Burns Woodward | United States | "for his achievements in organic synthesis" |
| 1966 | Robert Sanderson Mulliken | United States | "for his work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules" |
| 1967 | Manfred Eigen Ronald George Wreyford Norrish George Porter | United Kingdom United Kingdom | "for their studies of extremely fast chemical reactions" |
| 1968 | Lars Onsager | United States){kind=small} Norway | "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name" |
| 1969 | Derek Harold Richard Barton Odd Hassel | United Kingdom Norway | "for their contributions to the development of the concept of conformation" |
| 1970 | Luis F. Leloir | Argentina | "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates" |
| 1971 | Gerhard Herzberg | ){kind=small} Canada | "for his contributions to electronic structure and the geometry of molecules, particularly free radicals" |
| 1972 | Christian B. Anfinsen | United States | "for his work on ribonuclease" |
| Stanford Moore William H. Stein | United States United States | "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the ribonuclease molecule" | |
| 1973 | Ernst Otto Fischer Geoffrey Wilkinson | United Kingdom | "for their work on the chemistry of organometallic compounds" |
| 1974 | Paul J. Flory | United States | "for his fundamental work, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of macromolecules" |
| 1975 | John Warcup Cornforth | United Kingdom){kind=small} Australia | "for his work on the stereochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions" |
| Vladimir Prelog | Switzerland | "for his research into the stereochemistry of organic molecules and reactions" |
1976-2000
| Year | Name | Country | Topics |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1976 | William Nunn Lipscomb, Jr. | United States | "for his studies on the structure of boranes" |
| 1977 | Ilya Prigogine | Belgium | "for his contributions to non-equilibrium thermodynamics" |
| 1978 | Peter D. Mitchell | United Kingdom | "for his formulation of the chemiosmotic theory" |
| 1979 | Herbert C. Brown Georg Wittig | United States | "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into reagents in organic synthesis" |
| 1980 | Paul Berg | United States | "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA" |
| Walter Gilbert Frederick Sanger | United States United Kingdom | "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids" | |
| 1981 | Kenichi Fukui (福井謙一) Roald Hoffmann | ){kind=small} JapanUnited States | "for their theories concerning the course of chemical reactions" |
| 1982 | Aaron Klug | United Kingdom){kind=small} South Africa | "for his development of crystallographic electron microscopy and his structural elucidation of biologically important nucleic acid-protein complexes" |
| 1983 | Henry Taube | United States | "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions" |
| 1984 | Robert Bruce Merrifield | United States | "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix" |
| 1985 | Herbert A. Hauptman Jerome Karle | United States United States | "for their achievements in developing direct methods for the determination of crystal structures" |
| 1986 | Dudley R. Herschbach Yuan T. Lee (李遠哲) John C. Polanyi | United States){kind=small} Republic of ChinaUnited States Canada | "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes" |
| 1987 | Donald J. Cram Jean-Marie Lehn Charles J. Pedersen | United States France United States | "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity" |
| 1988 | Johann Deisenhofer Robert Huber Hartmut Michel | "for their determination of the three-dimensional structure of a photosynthetic reaction centre" | |
| 1989 | Sidney Altman Thomas R. Cech | Canada United States United States | "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA" |
| 1990 | Elias James Corey | United States | "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis" |
| 1991 | Richard R. Ernst | Switzerland | "for his contributions to the development of high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy" |
| 1992 | Rudolph A. Marcus | United States | "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems" |
| 1993 | Kary B. Mullis Michael Smith | United States Canada | "for contributions to the developments of methods within DNA-based chemistry" |
| 1994 | George A. Olah | United States | "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry" |
| 1995 | Paul J. Crutzen Mario J. Molina F. Sherwood Rowland | Netherlands Mexico United States | "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, in particular ozone depletion" |
| 1996 | Robert Curl Sir Harold Kroto Richard Smalley | United States United Kingdom United States | "for their discovery of fullerenes" |
| 1997 | Paul D. Boyer John E. Walker | United States United Kingdom | "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate" |
| Jens C. Skou | Denmark | "for his discovery of an ion-transporting enzyme, Na+/K+-ATPase" | |
| 1998 | Walter Kohn | United States | "for his development of the density functional theory" |
| John A. Pople | United Kingdom | "for his development of computational methods in quantum chemistry" | |
| 1999 | Ahmed H. Zewail (أحمد زويل) | ){kind=small} EgyptUnited States | "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy" |
| 2000 | Alan J. Heeger Alan G MacDiarmid Hideki Shirakawa (白川英樹) | United States New Zealand United States Japan | "for their discovery and development of conductive polymers" |
2001-2007
Ranking by nations
A nation can only be counted once per year. Counting based on German Wikipedia.| Nation | Number of awards |
|---|---|
| United States | 45 |
){kind=small} Germany (and predecessor-states) | 24 |
| United Kingdom | 22 |
| France | 6 |
| Switzerland | 6 |
| Japan | 4 |
| Canada | 4 |
| Sweden | 4 |
| Netherlands | 3 |
| Argentina | 1 |
| Australia | 1 |
| Egypt | 1 |
| Belgium | 1 |
| Denmark | 1 |
| Finland | 1 |
| Israel | 1 |
| Italy | 1 |
| Mexico | 1 |
| Norway | 1 |
| Austria | 1 |
| Republic of China | 1 |
| Poland | 1 |
| Soviet Union | 1 |
| Hungary | 1 |
References
See also
External links
| Nobel Prizes |
|---|
| Chemistry Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine |
| Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel: Economics |
Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates | |
|---|---|
| 1901-1925 |
van 't Hoff (1901) •
E.Fischer (1902) •
Arrhenius (1903) •
Ramsay (1904) •
von Baeyer (1905) •
Moissan (1906) •
Buchner (1907) •
Rutherford (1908) •
Ostwald (1909) •
Wallach (1910) •
Curie (1911) •
Grignard / Sabatier (1912) •
Werner (1913) •
Richards (1914) •
Willsttter (1915) •
Haber (1918) •
Nernst (1920) •
Soddy (1921) •
Aston (1922) •
Pregl (1923) •
Zsigmondy (1925)
|
| 1926-1950 |
Svedberg (1926) •
Wieland (1927) •
Windaus (1928) •
Harden / von Euler‑Chelpin (1929) •
H.Fischer (1930) •
Bosch / Bergius (1931) •
Langmuir (1932) •
Urey (1934) •
F.Joliot-Curie / I.Joliot-Curie (1935) •
Debye (1936) •
Haworth / Karrer (1937) •
Kuhn (1938) •
Butenandt / Ružička (1939) •
de Hevesy (1943) •
Hahn (1944) •
Virtanen (1945) •
Sumner / Northrop / Stanley (1946) •
Robinson (1947) •
Tiselius (1948) •
Giauque (1949) •
Diels / Alder (1950)
|
| 1951-1975 |
McMillan / Seaborg (1951) •
Martin / Synge (1952) •
Staudinger (1953) •
Pauling (1954) •
du Vigneaud (1955) •
Hinshelwood / Semyonov (1956) •
Todd (1957) •
Sanger (1958) •
Heyrovsk (1959) •
Libby (1960) •
Calvin (1961) •
Perutz / Kendrew (1962) •
Ziegler / Natta (1963) •
Hodgkin (1964) •
Woodward (1965) •
Mulliken (1966) •
Eigen / Norrish / Porter (1967) •
Onsager (1968) •
Barton / Hassel (1969) •
Leloir (1970) •
Herzberg (1971) •
Anfinsen / Moore / Stein (1972) •
E.O.Fischer / Wilkinson (1973) •
Flory (1974) •
Cornforth / Prelog (1975)
|
| 1976-2000 |
Lipscomb (1976) •
Prigogine (1977) •
Mitchell (1978) •
Brown / Wittig (1979) •
Berg / Gilbert / Sanger (1980) •
Fukui / Hoffmann (1981) •
Klug (1982) •
Taube (1983) •
Merrifield (1984) •
Hauptman / Karle (1985) •
Herschbach / Lee / Polanyi (1986) •
Cram / Lehn / Pedersen (1987) •
Deisenhofer / Huber / Michel (1988) •
Altman / Cech (1989) •
Corey (1990) •
Ernst (1991) •
Marcus (1992) •
Mullis / Smith (1993) •
Olah (1994) •
Crutzen / Molina / Rowland (1995) •
Curl / Kroto / Smalley (1996) •
Boyer / Walker / Skou (1997) •
Kohn / Pople (1998) •
Zewail (1999) •
Heeger / MacDiarmid / Shirakawa (2000)
|
| 2001-2025 | |
Swedish}}}
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Official language of: European Union
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Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization which acts to promote the sciences, primarily the natural sciences and mathematics.
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Gerhard Ertl
Born September 10 1936
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Born September 10 1936
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December 10 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.
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(October 21, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden – December 10, 1896, Sanremo, Italy) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite.
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banquet is a large public meal or feast, complete with main courses and desserts. It usually serves a purpose, such as a charitable gathering, a ceremony, or a celebration. Sometimes a banquet consists of only desserts, but it is advisable to include main courses as well.
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All current krona notes (including the old 50 kr and 1000 kr notes)
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Winners of the Nobel Prize are scientists, writers and peacemakers who have been awarded in their field of endeavour, and who are known collectively as either Nobel laureates or Nobel Prize winners.
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Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences or Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien is one of the Royal Academies of Sweden. The Academy is an independent, non-governmental scientific organization which acts to promote the sciences, primarily the natural sciences and mathematics.
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(October 21, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden – December 10, 1896, Sanremo, Italy) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and the inventor of dynamite.
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Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Born August 30, 1852
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Died March 1 1911 (aged 60)
Steglitz, Berlin, Germany
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Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff
Born August 30, 1852
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Died March 1 1911 (aged 60)
Steglitz, Berlin, Germany
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Motto
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"Ik zal handhaven" (Dutch)
"I shall stand fast"1
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"Je maintiendrai" (French)
"Ik zal handhaven" (Dutch)
"I shall stand fast"1
Anthem
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Osmotic pressure is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a solution in a space divided by a semipermeable membrane due to a differential in the concentrations of solute.
Osmotic potential
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Osmotic potential
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Emil Fischer
Hermann Emil Fischer
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Emil Fischer
Hermann Emil Fischer
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German Empire is the name used in English to describe the first 47 years of the German Reich when it was a semi-constitutional monarchy: beginning with the unification of Germany and proclamation of Wilhelm I of Prussia as German Emperor (January 18, 1871), effectively
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Sugars, brown
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 0 kcal 0 kJ
Carbohydrates 97.33 g
- Sugars 96.21 g
- Dietary fiber 0 g
Fat 0 g
Protein 0 g
Water 1.77 g
Thiamin (Vit. B1) 0.
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Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 0 kcal 0 kJ
Carbohydrates 97.33 g
- Sugars 96.21 g
- Dietary fiber 0 g
Fat 0 g
Protein 0 g
Water 1.77 g
Thiamin (Vit. B1) 0.
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Purine (1) is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound, consisting of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring. Purines make up one of the two groups of nitrogenous bases. Pyrimidines make up the other group.
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Svante Arrhenius
Svante August Arrhenius
Born January 19 1859
Vik, Sweden
Died September 2 1927 (aged 68)
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Svante August Arrhenius
Born January 19 1859
Vik, Sweden
Died September 2 1927 (aged 68)
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Motto
(Royal) "För Sverige - I tiden" 1
"For Sweden – With the Times" ²
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Du gamla, Du fria
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(Royal) "För Sverige - I tiden" 1
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Herod_Archelaus
