iPedia Free Information Center

Information about Nikolay Semyonov

Enlarge picture
Semyonov (right) and Kapitsa, portrait by Boris Kustodiev, 1921.


Nikolay Nikolayevich Semyonov (Russian: Никола́й Никола́евич Семёнов) (April 15 (April 3, Old Style), 1896 – September 25, 1986) was a Russian/Soviet physicist and chemist. Semyonov was awarded the 1956 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work on the mechanism of chemical transformation.

Life

Semyonov was born in Saratov and graduated from the department of physics of Petrograd University (1913–1917), where he was a student of Abram Fyodorovich Ioffe. In 1918, he moved to Samara, where he was enlisted into Kolchak's White Army during Russian Civil War.

In 1920, he returned to Petrograd and took charge of the electron phenomena laboratory of the Petrograd Physico-Technical Institute. He also became he vice-director of the intstitute. In 1921, he married philologist Maria Boreishe-Liverovsky (student of Zhirmunsky). She died two years later. In 1923, Nikolay married Maria's niece Natalia Nikolayevna Burtseva. She brought Nikolay a son (Yuri) and a daughter (Lyudmila).

During that difficult time, Semyonov, together with Pyotr Kapitsa, discovered a way to measure the magnetic field of an atomic nucleus (1922). Later the experimental setup was improved by Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach and became known as Stern-Gerlach experiment.

In 1925, Semyonov, together with Yakov Frenkel, studied kinetics of condensation and adsorbtion of vapors. In 1927, he studied ionisation in gases and published an important book, Chemistry of the Electron. In 1928, he, together with Vladimir Fock, created a theory of thermal disruptive discharge of dielectrics.

He lectured at the Petrograd Polytechnical Institute and was appointed Professor in 1928. In 1931, he organized the Institute of Chemical Physics of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences (which has moved to Chernogolovka in 1943) and became its first director. In 1932, he became a full member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

Significant works

Semyonov's outstanding work on the mechanism of chemical transformation includes an exhaustive analysis of the application of the chain theory to varied reactions (1934–1954) and, more significantly, to combustion processes. He proposed a theory of degenerate branching, which led to a better understanding of the phenomena associated with the induction periods of oxidation processes.

Semyonov wrote two important books outlining his work. Chemical Kinetics and Chain Reactions was published in 1934 with an English edition in 1935. It was the first book in the U.S.S.R. to develop a detailed theory of unbranched and branched chain reactions in chemistry. Some Problems of Chemical Kinetics and Reactivity, first published in 1954, was revised in 1958; there are also English, American, German, and Chinese editions.

In 1956, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Sir Cyril Norman Hinshelwood) for this work. Semyonov also became a Hero of Socialist Labor twice, received two Stalin Prizes, five Orders of Lenin, and many other awards.

References

External links

 •  • [ e]
Nobel Prize in Chemistry Laureates
Edwin McMillan / Glenn T. Seaborg (1951) • Archer Martin / Richard Synge (1952) • Hermann Staudinger (1953) • Linus Pauling (1954) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1955) • Cyril Hinshelwood / Nikolay Semyonov (1956) • Alexander Todd (1957) • Frederick Sanger (1958) • Jaroslav Heyrovsk (1959) • Willard Libby (1960) • Melvin Calvin (1961) • Max Perutz / John Kendrew (1962) • Karl Ziegler / Giulio Natta (1963) • Dorothy Hodgkin (1964) • Robert Woodward (1965) • Robert S. Mulliken (1966) • Manfred Eigen / Norrish / George Porter (1967) • Lars Onsager (1968) • Derek Barton / Odd Hassel (1969) • Luis Federico Leloir (1970) • Gerhard Herzberg (1971) • Christian B. Anfinsen / Stanford Moore / William Stein (1972) • E.O.Fischer / Geoffrey Wilkinson (1973) • Paul Flory (1974) • John Cornforth / Vladimir Prelog (1975)
Russian}}} 
Writing system: Cyrillic (Russian variant)  
Official status
Official language of:  Abkhazia (Georgia)
 Belarus
 Commonwealth of Independent States (working)
 Crimea (de facto; Ukraine)
..... Click the link for more information.
April 15 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

Events


..... Click the link for more information.
April 3 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

Events

  • 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England.

..... Click the link for more information.
Julian calendar was a reform of the Roman calendar which was introduced by Julius Caesar in 46 BC and came into force in 45 BC (709 ab urbe condita). It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the
..... Click the link for more information.
18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1860s  1870s  1880s  - 1890s -  1900s  1910s  1920s
1893 1894 1895 - 1896 - 1897 1898 1899

:
Subjects:     Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.
September 25 is the 1st day of the year (2nd in leap years) in the Gregorian calendar. There are 0 days remaining.

Events


..... Click the link for more information.
19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1950s  1960s  1970s  - 1980s -  1990s  2000s  2010s
1983 1984 1985 - 1986 - 1987 1988 1989

Year 1986 (MCMLXXXVI
..... Click the link for more information.
Anthem
Hymn of the Russian Federation


Capital
(and largest city) Moscow

..... Click the link for more information.
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (abbreviated USSR, Russian: (help info ) ; tr.
..... Click the link for more information.
physicist is a scientist who studies or practices physics. Physicists study a wide range of physical phenomena spanning all length scales: from the sub-atomic particles from which all ordinary matter is made (particle physics) to the behavior of the material Universe as a whole
..... Click the link for more information.
Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
..... Click the link for more information.
Saratov (Russian: Сара́тов) is a major city in Russia. It is the administrative center of Saratov Oblast and a major port on the Volga River. Population: 873,055 (2002 Census).
..... Click the link for more information.
Physics is the science of matter[1] and its motion[2][3], as well as space and time[4][5] —the science that deals with concepts such as force, energy, mass, and charge.
..... Click the link for more information.
Saint Petersburg State University (Санкт-Петербургский государственный
..... Click the link for more information.
Abram Ioffe

Born September 29 1880(1880--)
Romny, Ukraine, Russian Empire
Died September 14 1960
Leningrad, USSR
..... Click the link for more information.
Самар? (Russian)
..... Click the link for more information.
Aleksandr Vasiliyevich Kolchak (Russian: Александр Васильевич Колчак, November 16 [O.S.
..... Click the link for more information.
Kievan Rus' Druzhina (862-1400s) Muscovy Streltsy (1400s-1721) Imperial Russia Army (1721-1917) White Movement White Guard (1917-1921) Soviet Union Red Army (1918-1991) Russian Federation Army (1991-Present)

..... Click the link for more information.
Civilian casualties probably over 13 million.
At least 1 million refugees left Russia permanently.
History of Russia
East Slavs
Rus' Khaganate
Khazars
Kievan Rus'
Vladimir-Suzdal
Novgorod Republic
Volga Bulgaria
Mongol invasion
Golden Horde
..... Click the link for more information.
Санкт-Петербург
Saint Petersburg
The English Embankment with Saint Isaac's Cathedral

Flag Coat of arms
Nickname
"Piter"
Location
..... Click the link for more information.
Electron

Theoretical estimates of the electron density for the first few hydrogen atom electron orbitals shown as cross-sections with color-coded probability density
Composition: Elementary particle
Family: Fermion
Group: Lepton
Generation: First
..... Click the link for more information.
Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute is one of Russia's largest research centers specialized in physics and technology. The institute was established in 1918 in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) and run for several decades by Abram Fedorovich Ioffe.
..... Click the link for more information.
Philology, etymologically, is the "love of words". It is most accurately defined as "an affinity toward the learning of the backgrounds as well as the current usages of spoken or written methods of human communication".
..... Click the link for more information.
Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa (Russian Пётр Леонидович Капица) (July 9, 1894 – April 8, 1984) was a Soviet physicist who discovered superfluidity with
..... Click the link for more information.
magnetic field is a field that permeates space and which exerts a magnetic force on moving electric charges and magnetic dipoles. Magnetic fields surround electric currents, magnetic dipoles, and changing electric fields.
..... Click the link for more information.
The nucleus of an atom is the very small dense region of an atom, in its center consisting of nucleons (protons and neutrons). The size (diameter) of the nucleus is in the range of 1.
..... Click the link for more information.
Otto Stern

Born 17 January 1888(1888--)
Sohrau, Kingdom of Prussia
Died July 17 1969 (aged 81)
Berkeley, California,
..... Click the link for more information.
Walter Gerlach or Walther Gerlach (1 August 1889 - 10 August 1979) was a German physicist who co-discovered space quantization in a magnetic field, the Stern-Gerlach effect.

Education

Gerlach was born in Biebrich, Rhineland Palatinate, Germany.
..... Click the link for more information.
Yakov Il'ich Frenkel, Russian: Яков Ильич Френкель (February 10, 1894, Rostov-on-Don – January 23, 1952, St.
..... Click the link for more information.
'Kinetics', derived from the Greek word κίνησις (kinesis) meaning "movement", may refer to:

Science

  • Chemical kinetics, the study of chemical reaction rates.

..... Click the link for more information.


This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus


page counter