Information about Nato Phonetic Alphabet
The NATO phonetic alphabet, more formally the international radiotelephony spelling alphabet, is the most widely used spelling alphabet. Though often called "phonetic alphabets", spelling alphabets have no connection to phonetic transcription systems like the International Phonetic Alphabet. Instead, the NATO alphabet assigns code words to the letters of the English alphabet acrophonically so that critical combinations of letters (and numbers) can be pronounced and understood by those who transmit and receive voice messages by radio or telephone regardless of their native language, especially when the safety of navigation or persons is essential. The paramount reason is to ensure intelligibility of voice signals over radio links.
It is used by many national and international organizations, including the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases.[1] The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the IMO uses compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone).
The alphabet's common name (NATO phonetic alphabet) arose because it appears in Allied Tactical Publication ATP-1, Volume II: Allied Maritime Signal and Maneuvering Book used by all allied navies in NATO, which adopted a modified form of the International Code of Signals. Because the latter allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code, it naturally called the code words used to spell out messages by voice its "phonetic alphabet". The name NATO phonetic alphabet became widespread because the signals used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of the United States and NATO have become global.[2] However, ATP-1 is marked NATO Confidential (or the lower NATO Restricted) so it is not publicly available. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed to make it publicly available.
Most of the words are recognizable by native English speakers because English must be used upon request for communication between an aircraft and a control tower whenever two nations are involved, regardless of their native languages. English is not required domestically, thus if both parties to a radio conversation are from the same country, then another phonetic alphabet of that nation's choice may be used.
In most versions of the alphabet, the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are found. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages. The English and French spelling alpha would not be properly pronounced by speakers of other languages—native speakers of those languages would not know that ph should be pronounced as f. Juliett is spelled with a tt for the benefit of native French speakers because they will treat a single t as silent. In English versions of the alphabet, like that from ANSI, one or both may revert to their standard English spelling.
The spelling and pronunciation given is that officially prescribed by the ICAO, ITU, IMO, and the FAA. The ICAO indicates unstressed numeric syllables in lower case (stressed in UPPER CASE), unlike its own alphabet, where stressed syllables are UNDERLINED UPPER CASE (unstressed in UPPER CASE). In the interests of uniformity, the IMO/FAA style of stressed syllables in BOLD will be used here (underlines might be confused with links).
Wherever the agencies (ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA, ANSI) differ, each agency's preferred pronunciations or spellings are also given in the table. The ICAO, ITU, and IMO give an alternate pronunciation for a couple of letter-words. The FAA gives the alternate pronunciations in one publication as shown by the image on this page, but in other publications it does not. The FAA gives different spellings for their pronunciations depending on the publication consulted. These are from the FAA Flight Services manual (§ 14.1.5) and the ATC manual (§ 2-4-16). ANSI gives English spellings, but does not give pronunciations or numbers. The ICAO, NATO, and FAA use the common English number words (with stress), which are also the second component of the more complex ITU and IMO number words (no stress).[3][4][5][6][7]
Only the ICAO prescribes any kind of IPA pronunciation (and then only for letters, not numbers). It is a broad transcription because many different pronunciations of each code word are allowed, depending on the language habits of the speakers. Thus only a generic 'e' is indicated, rather than its various shades; 'r' indicates an English r, rather than a trilled r; 'i' indicates either a long or short i. Several differences are apparent between the Latin alphabet pronunciation and the IPA pronunciation (indicated via sic): no 'r' is shown in the IPA forms of CHAR LEE, SHAR LEE, NOVEMBER, or YOU NEE FORM, but is shown in OO NEE FORM; the ŋ phoneme ('ng') in the IPA forms of TANG GO and YANG KEE is shown as an 'n'; the IPA form of GOLF implies it is pronounced 'gulf'; and the IPA form of BRAH VOH has both syllables stressed. These alternatives may indicate the wide variations in pronunciation that are acceptable.[7]
During World War II (specifically in 1941), the requirements of joint Allied operations led to the development of the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet:
Several RAF phonetic alphabets were also used. After the war, with many aircraft and ground personnel drawn from the allied armed forces, "Able Baker" continued to be used in civil aviation. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO in 1947 which had sounds common to English, French, and Spanish. After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was implemented November 1, 1951:
Immediately, problems were found with this list—some users felt they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States. Confusion among words like Delta, Nectar, Victor, and Extra, or omission of other words under poor receiving conditions were the main problems. After much study, only five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on March 1, 1956,[8] and was undoubtedly adopted shortly thereafter by the ITU, because it appears in the 1959 Radio Regulations as an established phonetic alphabet.[9] Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by all radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur (ARRL). It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965. In 1947 the ITU adopted the compound number words (Nadazero Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO in 1965.
In addition to the traditional military usage, civilian industry uses the alphabet to combat similar problems in the transmission of messages over telephone systems. For example, it is often used in the retail industry where customer or site details are spoken over the telephone (in order to authorize a credit agreement or confirming stock codes), although ad hoc coding is often used in that instance. It has found heavy usage in the information technology industry to accurately and quickly communicate serial/reference codes (which can be and are frequently extremely long) or other specialised information by voice.
Several letter codes and abbreviations using the phonetic alphabet have become well-known, such as Bravo Zulu (letter code BZ) for "well done",[10] Checkpoint Charlie (Checkpoint C) in Berlin, and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War, Viet Cong guerrillas and the group itself were referred to as VC, or Victor Charlie; the name "Charlie" has thus become synonymous with this force.
The phonetic alphabet is frequently used in popular culture to evoke a military environment or situation. For example, in the movie Meet the Parents, Robert de Niro plays a former CIA operative who repeatedly utters phrases using the phonetic alphabet. Other notable examples of usage include the UK television series Juliet Bravo which wasn't the character's name but her callsign, The Bill and Robert Ludlum's novel The Bourne Identity which repeatedly uses the system - the phrase Cain is for Charlie and Delta is for Cain is repeated, always italicized, to symbolize the messages relayed to the main character during the Vietnam War.
Slang uses include euphemisms for swear words, such as Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ("What the fuck?")[11], Charlie Foxtrot (American military slang referring to any sort of mass confusion as a "cluster fuck" or "completely fucked"), Foxtrot Uniform ("Fuck up")[12], and Foxtrot Oscar ("Fuck off").[13] In Australia, the term "overtime" is often abbreviated to OT and is therefore tagged Oscar Tango.. This phonetic alphabet was largely popularised by the German version of the TV gameshow Wheel of Fortune.
Denmark is also a member of NATO, and according to Gwillim Law, its military has added Ægir for <Æ>, Ødis for <Ø>, and Åse for <Å>, which in its alphabet are separate letters that follow <z>. The Norwegian phonetic alphabet uses Ærlig ("honest") for <Æ>, Østen ("the East") for <Ø>, and Åse for <Å>.
Basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd
Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj
Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp
Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv
Ww Xx Yy Zz
..... Click the link for more information.
It is used by many national and international organizations, including the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), and the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). It is a subset of the much older International Code of Signals (INTERCO), which originally included visual signals by flags or flashing light, sound signals by whistle, siren, foghorn, or bell, as well as one, two, or three letter codes for many phrases.[1] The same alphabetic code words are used by all agencies, but each agency chooses one of two different sets of numeric code words. NATO uses the regular English numeric words (Zero, One, with some alternative pronunciations), whereas the IMO uses compound numeric words (Nadazero, Unaone).
The alphabet's common name (NATO phonetic alphabet) arose because it appears in Allied Tactical Publication ATP-1, Volume II: Allied Maritime Signal and Maneuvering Book used by all allied navies in NATO, which adopted a modified form of the International Code of Signals. Because the latter allows messages to be spelled via flags or Morse code, it naturally called the code words used to spell out messages by voice its "phonetic alphabet". The name NATO phonetic alphabet became widespread because the signals used to facilitate the naval communications and tactics of the United States and NATO have become global.[2] However, ATP-1 is marked NATO Confidential (or the lower NATO Restricted) so it is not publicly available. Nevertheless, a NATO unclassified version of the document is provided to foreign, even hostile, militaries, even though they are not allowed to make it publicly available.
Most of the words are recognizable by native English speakers because English must be used upon request for communication between an aircraft and a control tower whenever two nations are involved, regardless of their native languages. English is not required domestically, thus if both parties to a radio conversation are from the same country, then another phonetic alphabet of that nation's choice may be used.
In most versions of the alphabet, the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are found. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages. The English and French spelling alpha would not be properly pronounced by speakers of other languages—native speakers of those languages would not know that ph should be pronounced as f. Juliett is spelled with a tt for the benefit of native French speakers because they will treat a single t as silent. In English versions of the alphabet, like that from ANSI, one or both may revert to their standard English spelling.
Alphabet and pronunciation
The pronunciation of the words in the alphabet as well as numbers may vary according to the language habits of the speakers. In order to eliminate wide variations in pronunciation, posters illustrating the pronunciation desired are available from the ICAO.| Letter | Code word | Pronunciation | IPA from ICAO |
|---|---|---|---|
| A | Alfa (ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA) Alpha (ANSI) | AL FAH | ˈælfɑ |
| B | Bravo | BRAH VOE | ˈbrɑːˈvo (sic) |
| C | Charlie | CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE | ˈtʃɑːli (sic) or ˈʃɑːli (sic) |
| D | Delta | DELL TAH | ˈdeltɑ |
| E | Echo | ECK OH | ˈeko |
| F | Foxtrot | FOKS TROT | ˈfɔkstrɔt |
| G | Golf | GOLF | gʌlf (sic) |
| H | Hotel | HO TELL (ICAO) HOH TELL (ITU, IMO, FAA) | hoːˈtel |
| I | India | IN DEE AH | ˈindiˑɑ |
| J | Juliett (ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA) Juliet (ANSI) | JEW LEE ETT | ˈdʒuːliˑˈet |
| K | Kilo | KEY LOH | ˈkiːlo |
| L | Lima | LEE MAH | ˈliːmɑ |
| M | Mike | MIKE | mɑik |
| N | November | NO VEM BER | noˈvembə (sic) |
| O | Oscar | OSS CAH | ˈɔskɑ |
| P | Papa | PAH PAH | pəˈpɑ |
| Q | Quebec | KEH BECK | keˈbek |
| R | Romeo | ROW ME OH | ˈroːmiˑo |
| S | Sierra | SEE AIR RAH (ICAO, ITU, IMO) SEE AIR AH (FAA) | siˈerɑ |
| T | Tango | TANG GO | ˈtængo (sic) |
| U | Uniform | YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM | ˈjuːnifɔːm (sic) or ˈuːnifɔrm |
| V | Victor | VIK TAH | ˈviktɑ |
| W | Whiskey | WISS KEY | ˈwiski |
| X | X-ray or Xray | ECKS RAY (ICAO, ITU) ECKS RAY (IMO, FAA) | ˈeksˈrei |
| Y | Yankee | YANG KEY | ˈjænki (sic) |
| Z | Zulu | ZOO LOO | ˈzuːluː |
| 0 | Zero (FAA) Nadazero (ITU, IMO) | ZE RO (ICAO, FAA) NAH-DAH-ZAY-ROH (ITU, IMO) | ? |
| 1 | One (FAA) Unaone (ITU, IMO) | WUN (ICAO, FAA) OO-NAH-WUN (ITU, IMO) | ? |
| 2 | Two (FAA) Bissotwo (ITU, IMO) | TOO (ICAO, FAA) BEES-SOH-TOO (ITU, IMO) | ? |
| 3 | Three (FAA) Terrathree (ITU, IMO) | TREE (ICAO, FAA) TAY-RAH-TREE (ITU, IMO) | ? |
| 4 | Four (FAA) Kartefour (ITU, IMO) | FOW ER (ICAO, FAA) KAR-TAY-FOWER (ITU, IMO) | ? |
| 5 | Five (FAA) Pantafive (ITU, IMO) | FIFE (ICAO, FAA) PAN-TAH-FIVE (ITU, IMO) | ? |
| 6 | Six (FAA) Soxisix (ITU, IMO) | SIX (ICAO, FAA) SOK-SEE-SIX (ITU, IMO) | ? |
| 7 | Seven (FAA) Setteseven (ITU, IMO) | SEV EN (ICAO, FAA) SAY-TAY-SEVEN (ITU, IMO) | ? |
| 8 | Eight (FAA) Oktoeight (ITU, IMO) | AIT (ICAO, FAA) OK-TOH-AIT (ITU, IMO) | ? |
| 9 | Nine (FAA) Novenine (ITU, IMO) (No 'r' in spellings) | NIN ER (ICAO, FAA) NO-VAY-NINER (ITU, IMO) | ? |
Wherever the agencies (ICAO, ITU, IMO, FAA, ANSI) differ, each agency's preferred pronunciations or spellings are also given in the table. The ICAO, ITU, and IMO give an alternate pronunciation for a couple of letter-words. The FAA gives the alternate pronunciations in one publication as shown by the image on this page, but in other publications it does not. The FAA gives different spellings for their pronunciations depending on the publication consulted. These are from the FAA Flight Services manual (§ 14.1.5) and the ATC manual (§ 2-4-16). ANSI gives English spellings, but does not give pronunciations or numbers. The ICAO, NATO, and FAA use the common English number words (with stress), which are also the second component of the more complex ITU and IMO number words (no stress).[3][4][5][6][7]
Only the ICAO prescribes any kind of IPA pronunciation (and then only for letters, not numbers). It is a broad transcription because many different pronunciations of each code word are allowed, depending on the language habits of the speakers. Thus only a generic 'e' is indicated, rather than its various shades; 'r' indicates an English r, rather than a trilled r; 'i' indicates either a long or short i. Several differences are apparent between the Latin alphabet pronunciation and the IPA pronunciation (indicated via sic): no 'r' is shown in the IPA forms of CHAR LEE, SHAR LEE, NOVEMBER, or YOU NEE FORM, but is shown in OO NEE FORM; the ŋ phoneme ('ng') in the IPA forms of TANG GO and YANG KEE is shown as an 'n'; the IPA form of GOLF implies it is pronounced 'gulf'; and the IPA form of BRAH VOH has both syllables stressed. These alternatives may indicate the wide variations in pronunciation that are acceptable.[7]
History
The first internationally recognized alphabet was adopted by the ITU in 1927. The experience gained with that alphabet resulted in several changes being made in 1932 by the ITU. The resulting alphabet was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation, the predecessor of the ICAO, and was used in civil aviation until World War II. It continued to be used by the IMO until 1965:Amsterdam Baltimore Casablanca Denmark Edison Florida Gallipoli Havana Italia Jerusalem Kilogramme Liverpool Madagascar New_York Oslo Paris Quebec Roma Santiago Tripoli Upsala Valencia Washington Xanthippe Yokohama Zurich
During World War II (specifically in 1941), the requirements of joint Allied operations led to the development of the Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet:
Able Baker Charlie Dog Easy Fox George How Item Jig King Love Mike Nan Oboe Peter Queen Roger Sugar Tare Uncle Victor William X-ray Yoke Zebra
Several RAF phonetic alphabets were also used. After the war, with many aircraft and ground personnel drawn from the allied armed forces, "Able Baker" continued to be used in civil aviation. But many sounds were unique to English, so an alternative "Ana Brazil" alphabet was used in Latin America. But the International Air Transport Association (IATA), recognizing the need for a single universal alphabet, presented a draft alphabet to the ICAO in 1947 which had sounds common to English, French, and Spanish. After further study and modification by each approving body, the revised alphabet was implemented November 1, 1951:
Alfa Bravo Coca Delta Echo Foxtrot Golf Hotel India Juliett Kilo Lima Metro Nectar Oscar Papa Quebec Romeo Sierra Tango Union Victor Whisky Extra Yankee Zulu
Immediately, problems were found with this list—some users felt they were so severe that they reverted to the old "Able Baker" alphabet. To identify the deficiencies of the new alphabet, testing was conducted among speakers from 31 nations, principally by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States. Confusion among words like Delta, Nectar, Victor, and Extra, or omission of other words under poor receiving conditions were the main problems. After much study, only five words representing the letters C, M, N, U, and X were replaced. The final version given in the table above was implemented by the ICAO on March 1, 1956,[8] and was undoubtedly adopted shortly thereafter by the ITU, because it appears in the 1959 Radio Regulations as an established phonetic alphabet.[9] Because the ITU governs all international radio communications, it was also adopted by all radio operators, whether military, civilian, or amateur (ARRL). It was finally adopted by the IMO in 1965. In 1947 the ITU adopted the compound number words (Nadazero Unaone, etc.), later adopted by the IMO in 1965.
Usage
The alphabet is used to spell out parts of a message or call sign that are critical or otherwise hard to recognize during voice communication. For instance the message "proceed to map grid DH98" could be transmitted as "proceed to map grid Delta-Hotel-Niner-Eight" and a C-130 Hercules airplane directly ahead might be described as a "Charlie One Three Zero in your twelve o'clock".In addition to the traditional military usage, civilian industry uses the alphabet to combat similar problems in the transmission of messages over telephone systems. For example, it is often used in the retail industry where customer or site details are spoken over the telephone (in order to authorize a credit agreement or confirming stock codes), although ad hoc coding is often used in that instance. It has found heavy usage in the information technology industry to accurately and quickly communicate serial/reference codes (which can be and are frequently extremely long) or other specialised information by voice.
Several letter codes and abbreviations using the phonetic alphabet have become well-known, such as Bravo Zulu (letter code BZ) for "well done",[10] Checkpoint Charlie (Checkpoint C) in Berlin, and Zulu Time for Greenwich Mean Time or Coordinated Universal Time. During the Vietnam War, Viet Cong guerrillas and the group itself were referred to as VC, or Victor Charlie; the name "Charlie" has thus become synonymous with this force.
The phonetic alphabet is frequently used in popular culture to evoke a military environment or situation. For example, in the movie Meet the Parents, Robert de Niro plays a former CIA operative who repeatedly utters phrases using the phonetic alphabet. Other notable examples of usage include the UK television series Juliet Bravo which wasn't the character's name but her callsign, The Bill and Robert Ludlum's novel The Bourne Identity which repeatedly uses the system - the phrase Cain is for Charlie and Delta is for Cain is repeated, always italicized, to symbolize the messages relayed to the main character during the Vietnam War.
Slang uses include euphemisms for swear words, such as Whiskey Tango Foxtrot ("What the fuck?")[11], Charlie Foxtrot (American military slang referring to any sort of mass confusion as a "cluster fuck" or "completely fucked"), Foxtrot Uniform ("Fuck up")[12], and Foxtrot Oscar ("Fuck off").[13] In Australia, the term "overtime" is often abbreviated to OT and is therefore tagged Oscar Tango.
Variants
- The letter "Delta" is replaced by "Dixie" or "David" at airports that have a majority of Delta Air Lines flights, such as Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport.
- "Foxtrot" is commonly abbreviated to "Fox" at North American airports and some European ones.
- Amateur radio and citizens' band radio operators will occasionally use "Kilowatt" in lieu of simply "Kilo", and "Radio" instead of "Romeo".
Additions in German, Danish and Norwegian
Certain languages write their vowels with diacritics, such as umlauts. Each of their countries has had containing words for these vowels decades before the ICAO had their alphabet. To the above NATO series has been added Ärger ("anger") for <Ä>, Öse ("grommet") for <Ö>, and Übel ("evil") for <Ü>. These additions are not in the ICAO alphabet and are used only in the German-speaking world. Three other special words commonly used in German radiotelephonic alphabets were not added: one for <ch>, one for <sch>, and one for <ß>, which is instead encoded asDenmark is also a member of NATO, and according to Gwillim Law, its military has added Ægir for <Æ>, Ødis for <Ø>, and Åse for <Å>, which in its alphabet are separate letters that follow <z>. The Norwegian phonetic alphabet uses Ærlig ("honest") for <Æ>, Østen ("the East") for <Ø>, and Åse for <Å>.
Older phonetic alphabets
In addition to the alphabets referred to above, numerous other phonetic alphabets have been used in the past.- World War I western front trench slang: Ack Beer Charlie Don Edward Freddie Gee Harry Ink Johnnie King London Emma Nuts Oranges Pip Queen Robert Esses Toc Uncle Vic William X-ray Yorker Zebra
This appears to be the origin of the RAF slang phrases such as ack emma for morning, pip emma for afternoon and ack-ack for anti-aircraft. Ack Emma was also used for 'Air Mechanic' in the Royal Flying Corps (1914-18). An oft-quoted origin regarding the term "Ack Ack" is that it comes from the German 'acht-acht' (for "88",) but since the phrase originated in WWI when the Germans employed mainly 75mm anti-aircraft guns (as opposed to the 88 mm guns of WWII,) it would seem to be nothing more than an attractive myth. - British Royal Navy during World War I: Apples Butter Charlie Duff Edward Freddy George Harry Ink Johnnie King London Monkey Nuts Orange Pudding Queenie Robert Sugar Tommy Uncle Vinegar Willie Xerxes Yellow Zebra
Recordings
- Problems playing the files? See .
| "Phonetic Alphabet Nato" | |
| "Phonetic Alphabet Nato" from The Conet Project | |
References
1. ^ International Code of Signals, United States Edition, 1969 Edition (Revised 2003), Chapter 1, pages 18-19, 148.
2. ^ Globalization and Sea Power
3. ^ Aeronautical Telecommunications: Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Volume II, Chapter 5.
4. ^ ITU Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code
5. ^ ICAO Phonetics by the FAA
6. ^ American National Standard T1.523-2001, Telecom Glossary 2000
7. ^ ICAO phonetic alphabet by Canada
8. ^ L.J. Rose, "Aviation's ABC: The development of the ICAO spelling alphabet", ICAO Bulletin 11/2 (1956) 12-14.
9. ^ International Telecommunication Union, "Appendix 16: Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code", Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1959) 430-431.
10. ^ Where does the term "Bravo Zulu" originate?
11. ^ Jack L. Saunders, Bukowski Never Did This: A Year in the Life of an Underground Writer and His Family, LitVision Press, p106, ISBN 097671535X
12. ^ Fred J. Pushies, Terry Griswold, U. S. Counter-Terrorist Forces, p239, Crestline Imprints, 2002, ISBN 0760313636
13. ^ Ray Puxley, Britslang: an uncensored A-Z of the people's language including rhyming slang, p187, Robson 2004, ISBN 1861057288
2. ^ Globalization and Sea Power
3. ^ Aeronautical Telecommunications: Annex 10 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Volume II, Chapter 5.
4. ^ ITU Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code
5. ^ ICAO Phonetics by the FAA
6. ^ American National Standard T1.523-2001, Telecom Glossary 2000
7. ^ ICAO phonetic alphabet by Canada
8. ^ L.J. Rose, "Aviation's ABC: The development of the ICAO spelling alphabet", ICAO Bulletin 11/2 (1956) 12-14.
9. ^ International Telecommunication Union, "Appendix 16: Phonetic Alphabet and Figure Code", Radio Regulations (Geneva, 1959) 430-431.
10. ^ Where does the term "Bravo Zulu" originate?
11. ^ Jack L. Saunders, Bukowski Never Did This: A Year in the Life of an Underground Writer and His Family, LitVision Press, p106, ISBN 097671535X
12. ^ Fred J. Pushies, Terry Griswold, U. S. Counter-Terrorist Forces, p239, Crestline Imprints, 2002, ISBN 0760313636
13. ^ Ray Puxley, Britslang: an uncensored A-Z of the people's language including rhyming slang, p187, Robson 2004, ISBN 1861057288
See also
External links
- CodeThatWord - Web based phonic code as-you-type
- Most comprehensive collection of phonetic alphabets
- Public ICAO site
- Google Gadgets:
- NATO phonetic alphabet Google Gadget cheat sheet
- Spell It Out! (Alpha Bravo Charlie)
A spelling alphabet or radio alphabet is a set of words which are used to stand for the letters of an alphabet. Each word in the spelling alphabet typically replaces the name of the letter with which it starts.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Phonetic transcription (or phonetic notation) is the visual system of symbolization of the sounds occurring in spoken human language. The most common type of phonetic transcription uses a phonetic alphabet (such as the International Phonetic Alphabet).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
International Phonetic Alphabet
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
..... Click the link for more information.
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
..... Click the link for more information.
The modern English alphabet consists of the 26 letters[1] of the Latin alphabet:
Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Minuscule Forms (also called
..... Click the link for more information.
Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Minuscule Forms (also called
..... Click the link for more information.
Acrophony refers to naming letters in an alphabetic writing system using words whose initial sounds (Greek: acro uppermost, head + phonos sound) are represented by the respective letters.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
International Civil Aviation Organization
The ICAO flag
Formation April 1947
Headquarters Montreal, Canada
Membership 190 member states
Official languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
Secretary General Taïeb Chérif
..... Click the link for more information.
The ICAO flag
Formation April 1947
Headquarters Montreal, Canada
Membership 190 member states
Official languages Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
Secretary General Taïeb Chérif
..... Click the link for more information.
International Telecommunication Union
International Telecommunication Union emblem
Formation May 17 1865
Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
Membership United Nations
Official languages French, English, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Chinese
..... Click the link for more information.
International Telecommunication Union emblem
Formation May 17 1865
Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland
Membership United Nations
Official languages French, English, Spanish, Russian, Arabic, Chinese
..... Click the link for more information.
The International Maritime Organization (IMO), formerly known as the Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization (IMCO), was established in 1948 through the United Nations to coordinate international maritime safety and related practices.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord
Flag of NATO
NATO countries shown in blue
Formation 4 April 1949
Type Military alliance
Headquarters Brussels, Belgium
Membership 26 member states
..... Click the link for more information.
Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord
Flag of NATO
NATO countries shown in blue
Formation 4 April 1949
Type Military alliance
Headquarters Brussels, Belgium
Membership 26 member states
..... Click the link for more information.
Federal Aviation Administration
Agency overview
Formed August 23, 1958
Preceding Agency Civil Aeronautics Administration
Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States
Agency Executive
..... Click the link for more information.
Agency overview
Formed August 23, 1958
Preceding Agency Civil Aeronautics Administration
Jurisdiction Federal government of the United States
Agency Executive
..... Click the link for more information.
American National Standards Institute or ANSI (IPA pronunciation: [ænsiː]) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes,
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The International Code of Signals (INTERCO) is a signal code to be used by merchant and naval vessels to communicate important messages about the state of a vessel and the intent of its master or commander when there are language barriers.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Morse code is a method for transmitting telegraphic information, using standardized sequences of short and long elements to represent the letters, numerals, punctuation and special characters of a message.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
French (français, pronounced [fʁɑ̃ˈsɛ]) is a Romance language originally spoken in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland, and today by about 300 million people around the world as either
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
International Phonetic Alphabet
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
..... Click the link for more information.
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
..... Click the link for more information.
Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in any of the world's writing systems. Developed in tandem with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
International Phonetic Alphabet
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
..... Click the link for more information.
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
..... Click the link for more information.
A is the first letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is a[1] (IPA: /eɪ/), plural aes, as, or a's.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
B is the second letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled bee or occasionally be (IPA: /biː/), plural bees.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Sic is a Latin word that means "thus" or, in writing, "it was thus in the source material".
Sic may also refer to:
..... Click the link for more information.
Sic may also refer to:
- Sic, Cluj, a commune in Romania
- SiC, Silicon carbide, a semiconducting material, also used to make metalworking tools from
..... Click the link for more information.
C in copyright mark]]
..... Click the link for more information.
- This article is about the letter. For other uses, see C (disambiguation).
- For technical reasons, C# redirects here.
..... Click the link for more information.
- For the emoticon :D'', see Emoticon. (For technical reasons, :D brings you here.)
Basic Latin alphabet
Aa Bb Cc Dd
Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj
Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp
Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv
Ww Xx Yy Zz
..... Click the link for more information.
E is the fifth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled e (IPA: /iː/), plural es or ees (also written E's, Es, e's, etc.).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
F is the sixth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled ef (IPA: /ɛf/), or eff when used as a verb.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
G is the seventh letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled gee or occasionally ge (IPA /dʒiː/).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
H is the eighth letter in the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled aitch,[1] pronounced IPA /eɪtʃ/ in most dialects, though in Irish and Indian English it is generally haitch
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
I is the ninth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is i [aɪ].
Egyptian hieroglyph ˁ Proto-Semitic Y Phoenician Y Etruscan I Greek Iota
..... Click the link for more information.
History
Egyptian hieroglyph ˁ Proto-Semitic Y Phoenician Y Etruscan I Greek Iota
..... Click the link for more information.
J is the tenth letter in the modern Latin alphabet; it was the last of the 26 letters to be added. Its name in English is jay IPA: /dʒeɪ/.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
K is the eleventh letter of the modern Latin alphabet. Its name in English is spelled kay (IPA /keɪ/).[1]
..... Click the link for more information.
History and usage
..... Click the link for more information.
L is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. Its name in English is el (IPA: /ɛl/).[1]
..... Click the link for more information.
History
The letter L..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
