Information about Morphophonology
B>Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies:
To some extent English orthography reflects the etymology of its words, and as such it is partially morphophonemic. This explains not only cats /s/ and dogs /z/, but also science /saɪ/ vs. unconscious /ʃ/, prejudice /prɛ/ vs. prequel /pri/, chased /t/ vs. loaded /əd/, sign /saɪn/ signature /sɪɡn/, nation /neɪ/ vs. nationalism /næ/, and special /spɛ/ vs. species /spi/, etc.
Most morphophonemic orthographies, however, reflect only active morphology, like cats vs. dogs, or chased vs. loaded. Turkish and German both have broadly phonemic writing systems, but while German is morphophonemic, transcribing the "underlying" phonemes, Turkish is purely phonemic, transcribing surface phonemes only (at least traditionally; this appears to be changing). For example, Turkish has two words, /et/ 'meat' and /et/ 'to do', which in isolation appear to be homonyms. However, when a vowel follows, the roots diverge: /eti/ 'his meat', but /edir/ 'he does'. In Turkish when a root that ends in a /d/ appears without a following vowel, the /d/ becomes /t/, and that is reflected in the spelling: et, et, eti, edir.
German has a similar relationship between /t/ and /d/. The words for 'bath' and 'advice' are /bat/ and /rat/, but the verbal forms are /badən/ 'to bathe' and /ratən/ 'to advise'. However, they are spelled Bad, baden and Rat, raten as if the consonants didn't change at all. Indeed, a speaker may perceive that the final consonant in Bad is different from the final consonant of Rat because the inflections differ, even though they are pronounced the same. A morphophonemic orthography such as this has the advantage of maintaining the orthographic shape of the root regardless of the inflection, which aids in recognition while reading.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pipes (| |) are used to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation.
- The phonological structure of morphemes.
- The combinatory phonic modifications of morphemes which happen when they are combined
- The alternative series which serve a morphological function.
- Plurals "-es" and "-s", as in "bus, buses", vs. "bun, buns".
- Plural of "-f" is "-ves", as in "leaf, leaves"
- Different pronunciations for the past tense marker "-ed".
Orthographic context
The English plural morpheme s is written the same regardless of its pronunciation: cats, dogs. This is a morphophonemic spelling. If English used a purely phonemic orthography, these would instead be spelled cats and dogz, because /s/ and /z/ are separate phonemes in English.To some extent English orthography reflects the etymology of its words, and as such it is partially morphophonemic. This explains not only cats /s/ and dogs /z/, but also science /saɪ/ vs. unconscious /ʃ/, prejudice /prɛ/ vs. prequel /pri/, chased /t/ vs. loaded /əd/, sign /saɪn/ signature /sɪɡn/, nation /neɪ/ vs. nationalism /næ/, and special /spɛ/ vs. species /spi/, etc.
Most morphophonemic orthographies, however, reflect only active morphology, like cats vs. dogs, or chased vs. loaded. Turkish and German both have broadly phonemic writing systems, but while German is morphophonemic, transcribing the "underlying" phonemes, Turkish is purely phonemic, transcribing surface phonemes only (at least traditionally; this appears to be changing). For example, Turkish has two words, /et/ 'meat' and /et/ 'to do', which in isolation appear to be homonyms. However, when a vowel follows, the roots diverge: /eti/ 'his meat', but /edir/ 'he does'. In Turkish when a root that ends in a /d/ appears without a following vowel, the /d/ becomes /t/, and that is reflected in the spelling: et, et, eti, edir.
German has a similar relationship between /t/ and /d/. The words for 'bath' and 'advice' are /bat/ and /rat/, but the verbal forms are /badən/ 'to bathe' and /ratən/ 'to advise'. However, they are spelled Bad, baden and Rat, raten as if the consonants didn't change at all. Indeed, a speaker may perceive that the final consonant in Bad is different from the final consonant of Rat because the inflections differ, even though they are pronounced the same. A morphophonemic orthography such as this has the advantage of maintaining the orthographic shape of the root regardless of the inflection, which aids in recognition while reading.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pipes (| |) are used to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation.
- Table. The underlying, phonemic, and phonetic representations of German and Turkish words. The forms in boldface are the ones chosen for the official orthographies.
word morpho-
phonemicphonemic phonetic German Bad |bad| /bat/ [bat] baden |badən| /badən/ [badən] Rat |rat| /rat/ }|}|}|}|} For the journal, see .Linguistics is the scientific study of language, which can be theoretical or applied. Someone who engages in this study is called a linguist.
..... Click the link for more information.An isolating language is any language where the vast majority of morphemes are free morphemes and are considered to be full-fledged "words", rather than particles that are agglutinated. The degree of isolation is defined by the morphemes-per-word ratio.
..... Click the link for more information.Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation, in which consonants alternate between various "grades". It is found in some Finno-Lappic languages such as Finnish, Estonian and Sámi, as well as in the Samoyed language Nganasan.
..... Click the link for more information.Etymology is the study of the history of words - when they entered a language, from what source, and how their form and meaning have changed over time.
In languages with a long written history, etymology makes use of philology, the study of how words change from culture to
..... Click the link for more information.inflection or inflexion is the modification or marking of a word (or more precisely lexeme) to reflect grammatical (that is, relational) information, such as gender, tense, number or person.
..... Click the link for more information.International Phonetic Alphabet
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
The International
Phonetic Alphabet
History
Nonstandard symbols
Extended IPA
Naming conventions
IPA for English The
..... Click the link for more information.emphasis is the exaggeration of words in a text with a font in a different style from the rest of the text—to emphasize them.Methods & use of emphasis
The human eye is very receptive to differences in brightness within a text body.
..... Click the link for more information.
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