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Information about Moot Hill

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A rare example of a moot hill still in use today for its original purpose: Tynwald Hill on the Isle of Man.
A Moot hill is a hill or mound historically used as a meeting place. In early mediaeval Britain, such hills were used for moots, meetings of local people to settle local business. Among other things, proclamations might be read; decisions might be taken; court cases might be settled at a moot. Although some moot hills were naturally occurring features or had been created long before as burial mounds, others were purpose-built.

Siting and purpose

Many moot (or mote) hills are known by that name today. Others have local names such as Court Hill, Justice Hill, Judgement Hill, Moat Hill, Bonfire Hill, etc. Many are also associated with names such as knock, knowe, or law.
Etymology
The word "moot" or "mote", of Old English origin, derives from the verb to meet. Initially referring to any popular gathering, in England the folkmoot in time came to be a more specific term for a local assembly with recognized legal rights.
Many other names are used for prominent earthworks, depending to some extent on their location within the United Kingdom. Tumulus, how, howe, low, tump, cnwc, pen, butt, toot, tot, cop, mount, mound, hill, knoll, mot, moot, knol, motte, and druid hill are just some of the terms used to describe these features, some of which are known to have served as moot hills at some point in their existence. Often the names are combined, as in Knockenlaw, Law Mount, etc.

Some hills known today as "moot hills" were actually historically mottes (from an unrelated French word meaning "mound"), the remains of a motte-and-bailey castle. (In this fortification, a wooden or stone keep was built atop a small mound, usually man-made, which was in turn surrounded by a ditch and an outer ward called the "bailey".) In some cases a mound built as a motte may have seen later use as a functioning moot hill.
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Silbury Hill
Moots may have met on existing archaeological mound sites such as tumuli or mottes; others on entirely natural mounds such as the one at Mugdock or natural mounds which were modified for the intended purpose. One common aid to identification is size, for most moot hills, in addition to lacking signs of defensive walls and ditches, are smaller than most mottes.[1]

Some known moot hill sites are surrounded by water, such as Mugdock, Mound Wood and Court Hill at the Hill of Beith; others may well have been, such as Hutt Knowe. Such inaccessibility would have required the use of a boat or raised walkway. Wood Mound is clearly man-made and therefore the relationship between these sites and water may have had some functional or religious significance. Silbury Hill is an example of how many Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments were built in liminal or cross-over points in the landscape, and close to water.[2]

The origins of the Moot hill

It is known that in Scotland, Brehons or Judges administered justice from 'Court Hills', especially in the highlands, where they were called a tomemoid - that is, the Court Hillock. Macintosh sees them as having superseded the stone circles of a more remote age.[3] In ancient times suitable buildings would rarely have existed and there was usually no alternative other than to use an outdoor gathering place. It is said that Irish colonists brought with them Brehon law, the use of Moot hills and the law of Tannistry.[4] Every baron had a moot hill and the chartularies of religious houses record that they too used moot hills for holding courts.[5]

The moot hills' part in the practice of law derives from the introduction of feudalism by the Normans in England or in Scotland by the Scottish kings such as David I 1125-1153 who introduced feudalism and delegated very extensive jurisdiction over large areas of land to men like the Walter the Steward (Renfrew & the northern half of Kyle) or de Morville (Cunningham) and they in turn delegated quite extensive powers to their own vassals. these invitees, largely of Norman, Fleming and Breton origin were, under feudal charter, given significant grants of land, were invited and did not come as conquerors as had been the case in England. There were in certain instances a close connection between the old Celtic thaneages (a hereditary non-military tenant of the crown) and the new feudal baronies.

There was therefore no wholesale displacement of native lords in Scotland. In 1200 all the earls north of Forth and Clyde were still of Celtic descent; and as late as 1286, eight of the earldoms in Scotland were still in the hands of those of native stock. Many native lords were granted or confirmed in their lands in feudal form. Within a few generations, regular intermarriage and the Wars of Independence had removed most of the differences between native and incomer, although not those between Highlander and Lowlander.[6]

Baronies

A Barony was an area of land, not always contiguous, granted by the Crown to a Tenant. Baronies became a unit in administration and law, however the actual size was variable and they merged or separated from time to time. The holder or Baron had power to hold courts which dealt with civil and criminal cases of less than major importance. Some crimes were reserved for royal courts, namely murder, rape, robbery with violence, fire raising and treason. To come under the jurisdiction of a baronial court, the crime had to have been committed within the barony or concerned its people or property.[7][8]

In England a Baron was a peerage title, this was not the case in Scotland. He or she held their land directly from the King or Queen. After c1700 the emphasis was on administration, a good neighbourhood and economic and other rules for the benefit of those living within the Barony. In 1747 the criminal jurisdiction of a Baron Court was much restricted. The Barony was largely a self-governing community, however there was a system of appeals to the Sheriff and the Central Courts.[7]

The term baron had simply meant "man" originally, later the term baron came to imply holding the barony lands immediately of the King. Finally baron came to mean one who held such lands "of the King" with accompanying rights and duties and the therefore the word came to mean one who held as 'tenant in chief' of the King's lands erected by Charter 'in free barony'. Sir John Skene in his glossary of Scots legal terms defines it as In this Realme he is called ane Barrone quha haldis his landes immediatlie in chiefe of the King and hes power of pit and gallow.[10] The Barons of Scotland continued to have the right to sit in the Scottish Parliament until 1594.[11]

Baronial courts

Baronies were social units and their courts a form of council which enabled the area of the barony to function effectively as an early form of self-government. The baron and the baron baillie, his deputy, and the Council, were concerned with such matters as: responsibility for repair to ditches and hedges, assessment of damage caused by cattle found on another's ground, under thirlage laws, the maintenance of the mill race in good order and free from weeds and the mending of the mill dam. Even cases of neighbours using "unreasonable language", and "miscalling one another" were brought before the court. The court might also regulated the rotation of crops and the manuring of the ground. Ecclesiastical courts also existed as shown by the example of the Abbot of Kilwinning's court hill near Beith. [10][11]

The feudal Baron appointed the Officers of a Baron Court. Barons therefore had public law executive and judicial authority over the public affairs of that Barony. The officers were:-

•The Baron-Baillie was the principal administrative officer; the Baillie's insignia of office was a Cap of Justice, a Black legal Robe, and a medal of office on a chain

•The Baron-Clerk acted as administrative secretary of the Barony.

•The Dempster or Deemster was responsible for executing the judicial decisions and announced the "doom" as the sentence was called.

•The Baron-Sergeant kept order, summoned the parties involved and enforced civil decrees of the Court; the Sergeant's insignia of office was a 37" white Ellwand and a Horn to summon attendance.

•The Procurator Fiscal operated as the civil and criminal prosecutor in matters before the Baron Court.[14]

By the Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1747 the powers of life and death were removed from the Baron Court and the criminal jurisdiction was very significantly reduced but not entirely abolished. The hereditary jurisdictions of Regality Courts and of the Sheriff Courts were abolished and the owners received significant sums in compensation.[10] It can be stated therefore that most moot and gallow hills ceased to have a role in the judicial process at that time.

The Land Registration (Scotland) Act 1979 removed all the remaining aspects of the feudal baronial system. The entire system whereby land was held by a vassal on perpetual tenure from a superior, was, on this appointed day, abolished.[10][11]

Pit and gallows

This phrase described the jurisdiction of a Baron in criminal cases. The pit was the drowning pool for women and the gallows for the men.[7] It is not clear why men were hanged and women drowned in a fen, river, pit or 'murder hole', however it may relate to ideas of decency. In Norse law the reason was that men, were sent to Wodan, and women were given to Ran (a sea goddess) or Hell. In Norse tradition the pit and gallows stood on the west of the moot-places or the prince's hall ready for use.[19]

The 'furca and fossa', or the 'pit and gallows', refers to the high justice including the capital penalty. The furca was a device for hanging slaves in ancient Rome and refers to the gallows for hanging men; the fossa was a ditch filled with water for the drowning of women. As previously stated, the hereditary right of high justice survived until 1747 when it was removed from the barons and from the holders of Regalities and sheriffdoms, by the Heritable Jurisdictions Act 1747.[10]

It is clear that the moot hill was usually not the actual site of executions, as indicated by folklore, tradition and the association of separate 'gallow' places names with moots. The Mugdock moot and gallow hills are a good example. Such gallows may have been built of worked timber or a Dule Tree may have been used.[21] RCAHMS records show that human bones have been frequently found in association with 'gallows' place name sites, but not at 'moot' sites. The term 'murder hole' may relate to the drowning sites, bones have been found close to some of these.[22]

The standard of Justice

An Ayrshire story tells of how an Ayrshire baron once strung up an innocent man, just because his visitor had never seen a man hanged before.[21] Hopefully this was an isolated example, however the system suffered from many faults due to bias, lack of legal training, etc., etc. As stated, a right of appeal to Regalities and sheriffdoms courts did exist.[11] Details of the sometimes shocking excesses of baron bailies can make painful reading. As their power was great and generally abused, so many of them enriched themselves. They had many ways of making money for themselves, such as (1) the bailie’s darak, as it was called, or a day’s labour in the year from every tenant on the estate; (2) confiscations, as they generally seized on all the goods and effects of such as suffered capitally; (3) all fines for killing game, blackfish, or cutting green wood were laid on by themselves, and went into their own pockets. These fines amounted to what they pleased almost. (4) Another very lucrative perquisite they had was what was called the Herial Horse, which was the best horse, cow, ox, or other article which any tenant on the estate possessed at the time of his death. This was taken from the widow and children for the bailie, at the time they had most need of assistance. This amounted to a great deal on a large estate.[25]

Summoning people to the moot

At times it would be necessary to summon people to come to the mote for judgement, proclamations, gatherings, etc. This was sometimes done by ringing a bell, which was fitted upon or beside the moot hill, especially when a date for the meeting had not been previously set.[26] At Greenhills near Barrmill in North Ayrshire a different method is said to have been employed, namely that of raising a flag at the Bore stone; a prominent site near the moot hill. It is likely that bonfires would have been lit as a signal, either from the smoke during the day or the light at night. A 'Bonfire hill' place name survives at Stewarton in East Ayrshire. The Tarbolton moot was still used for lighting bonfires up until the 19th-century at least and the name Shinny Hill is suggestive of traditional bonfires; a 'Shinicle' being a halloween bonfire.

The demise of moot hills

In Scotland feudalism and its bonds of allegiance to the local laird was associated with the Jacobite risings with the result that the Hanoverian Government took steps to undermine the system. After 1747 the moot hill was not used as a part of the baronial court process and the requirement for a gathering place for soldiers was also a thing of the past. The construction of Moot halls did away with the need to meet in the outdoors. Moot hills gradually ceased to have any significant role and many have suffered the final ignomy of being ploughed out and their existence almost or actually forgotten. Place names and local folklore have preserved the memory of a few, however records suggest that the majority have been destroyed. A few moot hills ended up with unlikely secondary uses, such as Knockenlaw, which was used as the 'blast wall' for a gunpowder magazine and Chapel Hill which was used as a viewing point for watching horse racing.

A few, notably the Tynwald Hill in the Isle of Man, continue to have a function in the 21st century. Some were built on and took on a secondary role, such as the moot hill at Riccarton near Kilmarnock, which had a church built on it in 1823.

Locating old moot hills

Many baronies lands were merged with other baronies at one time or other and therefore some of the associated moot hills would have ceased to have a role well before the demise of the baronial courts in 1747. Moot hills in this category may have remained as features of the landscape, but often without any local traditions relating to them being recorded. Place names are a guide, especially if local traditions have survided as well. Written records often survive, such as in 1346 a William Baillie, the Baillie of Lambistoun or Lambimtoun, vulgarly called Lamington is listed by Dalrymple[27] amongst the prisoners taken by the English at the Battle of Durham which had taken place on 17 October of that year. He was in the company of a Thomas Boyd of Kilmarnock and Andrew Campbell of Loudoun. This helps to confirm that modern day Lambroughton was a barony. Pre-reformation and other old gravestones often recorded the occupation of the individual, especially if they had held important roles such a baron baillie.

A list of Moot hills, Gallows hills, their associated Baronies and other details

Records of these sites have often been lost & therefore the barony and other associations have only been made where the evidence is credible, backed up by written records, place names or by oral folklore.

Scotland

Aberdeenshire

  • Court Hill (NJ 7075 4603), Braefoot. A small conical hill, entirely cultivated, situated on the south-west side of Braefoot. Tradition affirms this to have originally been an an ancient seat of the baronial court hence the name.[22]
  • Gallowhill, Banff and Macduff. In 1700 a Freebooter, James McPherson, was locked up in the tolbooth before being hanged, the clock in Banff was reputedly put forward one hour to ensure he was hanged because any possible reprieve arrived. He may have been hanged on the gallowhill.[29]
  • Gallows Hill (NK 065 365). Parish of Cruden. A small hill where criminals were executed and where human skeletons have been found. A deep pool in the Water of Cruden opposite is where others were drowned. The moot hill must have been nearby.[22]
  • Moat-head, Auchterless. Near the parish church. The Gallow hill is nearby.[31]
  • Moot Hill, Ellon. The site of the court of the Celtic Mormaers and the Norman Earls of Buchan is located next to the Riverside car park and today is marked with a small monument and seating area.[32]

Angus

  • Courthill (NO 6740 5140). Parish of Lunan. The nearby farm preserves the name of the moot hill where the barons of Redcastle held their courts.[22]
  • Court Hillock (NO 3798 5415), Kirriemuir. The Court Hillock, called a 'mote' in 1909, had been levelled by 1884.[22]

Argyll and Bute

  • Court Hills or Gallowhill (NS 3521 8793). Parish of Luss. About 1 3/4 miles from Rossdhu, are two natural mounds which were formerly the Courthill and Gallowshill of the Clan Colquhoun and the barony of Luss may still be seen near the gamekeeper's house about 2 miles (3 km) from Rossdhu.[22]

Ayrshire (East)

  • Bowie's Munt - Kilmaurs, East Ayrshire. A large wooded mound on the outskirts of the village, surrounded by a circular ditch and bank. The farms nearby are known are Knocklandside and Knocklandhill.
  • Chapel Hill, Chapeltoun, Stewarton. 20 feet (6 m) high on the low side and 7 feet on the high side. A flat top, 22 paces in diameter.[36] A likely Moot Hill as it is unclear where the chapel stood. Also known as the Monk's graveyard and Jockey's cap, as it was used as a viewing platform to watch horse races at festival times. A Moot Hill of Chapelton is recorded in the Register of the Great Seal of Scotland as being specifically excluded by King James from a grant of lands including Lainshaw, Robertland and Gallowberry to Alexander Hume in the 15th-century.[37]
  • Court Hill, a short distance to the south of Aiket Castle. Cunninghame family. Dunlop area.[38]The name applies to the vestiges of a small hill, which appears to have been much higher at one time. It is situated in the corner of a small field near the house called Aiket Mill. Local informants stated that this was where the feues due to the proprietor of Aiket Castle (NS34NE 1) were paid.[22]
  • Craighead Lea or Law hill, near Lugton. This is said to have been a place of trial and it had an arrangement of boulders on its summit until a farmer moved them to aid ploughing of the area.[38][22]
  • Craigie Moot - Smith records that a moot hill existed near the village of Craigie.[21]
  • Dalmellington Moat Hill (NS 482 058). Dalmellington's mound is 154 paces in circumference at the base, surrounded by a ditch, 9 feet (3 m) broad at the bottom, and 4 feet (1 m) deep. Measured from the bottom of this ditch, the mound is 28 feet (9 m) high; the top is 22 paces in diameter, the sides are very steep. A wooden stairs was fitted to the top in Smith's time (1890s).[22] He records that it may have been a fort at one time as well as being used as a moot hill later. A Gillies Knowe, possibly a corruption of Gallows Knowe, is nearby.[44]
  • Greenhill (NS 401 391), Knockentiber. The base is 140 paces in diameter; it is 15 feet 6 inches high, and measures 25 opaces across the circular top.[45]
  • Highlangside Moot hill - Smith records that a moot hill existed here in the Craigie district.[21]
  • Judgement Seat (NS 463 324), in the Carnell estate woods, Fiveways. It overlooks the Cessnock Water. It is close to the old tower of Cairnhill, now Carnell.The nearby Doller Hill Mound (Hill of Grief) may have been the Gallows Hill associated with the Judgement Seat.[47][22]
  • Judgement Seat in Riccarton near Kilmarnock. A church, built in 1823, now stands on the old justice mound.[49][50]
  • Justice Hill or Judas hill overlooking the Craufurdland Water. Near Dean castle, Kilmarnock. The Boyds, Lords of Kilmarnock, had this moot hill and their gallows was at Gallows-Knowe which stood in Wellington street, Kilmarnock. It is also said to be the burial site of men killed in battle.[51][52]
  • Knockenlaw (NS 425 396), Barony of Roberton, Kilmarnock.[45] A final traditional use of the mound was in the holding of a 'court' at Knockenlaw by the Earl of Glencairn when he was attempting to claim the Lordship of Kilmarnock from the Boyd's. In the event the supporters of the Boyd's turned up in force and the Earl had to abandon his attempt. A powder magazine was later built into the mound, of which little now remains (2007).
  • Knockmarloch in the Craigie district. Smith records that a moot hill existed here.[21]
  • Law Mount (NS 411 447), Barony of Lambroughton and / or Lainshaw by Stewarton. It is also known as Moat Hill[55] or a Moot Hill[56]overlooking Lainshaw House and above Castleton (previously Over or High Castleton). It is an artificial mound which was thought to have a bailey and therefore be a castle motte, hence the name of the farms. Linge [57] is of the opinion that the supposed bailey, clearly visible form the road under the appropriate light conditions, is a natural geographic feature. The mound is 19 m (62 ft) in diameter and 3.5 m (0 ft) in height. At the top its diameter is 12 m (39 ft) and seen by satellite imagery it is clearly too small to have been a motte. The secondary use of the mound and fits with its more recent local names, is that it was the site of the Justice Hill where proclamations of the Lainshaw Castle or possibly the Lambroughton Baronial Court's judgements were made.
  • Mote, now Carmelbank farm, Crosshouse. Carmel Bank House was formerly known as 'Mot' or 'Mote' House and was the site of a Moot Hill, possibly for the barony of Thorntoun.[58]
  • Shinny Hill (NS 525 367). Galston. A striking hill with a nearby cairn and Gallow Law overlooking it. The Scots name 'Shinicle' refers to a Halloween bonfire, but no local traditions appear to record this activity.[59] Saint Anne's well and the Burn Anne are nearby.

Ayrshire (North)

  • Court Hill (NS 292 495), Dalry. Barony of Ardrossan.[60][61] A barrow and a moot hill. Previously 290 ft (88 m) in circumference, 20 feet (6 m) high and the diameter of the flat top was 38 ft (12 m). Covered in pit refuse and then excavated and the results published. It had a wooden castle on its summit at one point in its history. A Gallow's stone is said to have stood a short distance to the east of the hill.[62]
  • Court Hill, near Hill of Beith in the Barony of Beith. Dobie states that the Abbot of Kilwinning used it to administered justice to his vassals & tenants. It is a sub-oval, flat-topped mound, measuring 15.0 by 14.5 metres (49.2 x 47.6 ft) over all, 10.0 by 8.0 metres (32.8 x 26.25 ft) across the top, and 2.0 m (0 ft) high, situated at the foot of a small valley. A number of large stones are visible in the sides of the mound. It is turf-covered, and probably situated on a low outcrop, it is mostly an artificial work. It pre-dates the channelling of the burn which detours around it, the mound was probably isolated in this once marshy outflow of the former Boghall Loch (see NS35SE 14).[22] It does not seem to lie in the area identified by Smith[64].
  • Glen Mount, West Kilbride.
  • Green Hill, Largs. known at one time as Moot Hill because it may have been used as a court or law area moot by local lairds during the Medieval times.[65]
  • Green hill, Barony of Giffen, Barrmill. The moot hill stood near to Greenhill farm.[66]This artificial mound was the site where proclamations of the Giffen Castle Baronial Court's judgements were made. No sign of the Moot hill seems to survive, however a bridge near to Greenhill is marked as 'Tappethillock', meaning a flat-topped hillock, which may refer to it.
  • Hutt Knowe or Hut Knol (NS 375 441), Bonshaw, Barony of Bollingshaw. 'Huit' in Scots is a heap or stack.[59] It also known as Bonshaw or Bollingshaw Mound, 17 m (56 ft) in diameter and 2.7 m (0 ft) high, variously described as a mounded corn-kiln or lime kiln.[57] Corn-drying kilns were often built into sloping ground or existing mounds.<re name="Fairhurst">Fairhurst, Horace (1967-68). Rosal : a Deserted Township in Strath Naver, Sutherland. Proc Soc Nat Hist V. 100. P. 152. It is said to have large integral basal stones and was described in 1890[56] as having culverts or 'penns' in its sides, although these are not visible today. This mound was been excavated on several occasions without enough evidence being uncovered to determine its purpose. It lies close to the Glazert; Stacklawhill is nearby. A limekiln and a rarely mentioned ice house are also present on the site and this seems to have resulted in some confusion arising over the description of Hutt Knowe. Satellite imagery clearly shows that the mound stands on a raised irregularly shaped platform.[70]
  • Irvine Moor had a possible moot hill with a gallows hill nearby. It was 20 paces in diameter, 2 feet 6 inches high on one side and 13 feet 8 inches on the other. Gallows muir is one name given to the site on the older maps of the area.[71][22]
  • Knockrivoch (NS 253 451), Saltcoats.
  • Law, Auchenmade. This mmot hill lay half a mile to the east of Pencote Hill, near Auchenmade & had been ploughed out by 1895.[73][22]
  • Law hill - Symington. Barony of Symington. This moot lay at the bottom of the village and was completely levelled as part of improvements, by a Mr. Boyd in around 1860. Iron arrowheads and combs of horn were found during the demolition.[75]
  • Law Mound, twelve paces in diameter, at Threepwood near Barcraigs Reservoir.[38]
  • Lawthorn Mount (NS 346 407), Perceton. Also a cairn or barrow. It is 21 paces in diameter at the base, and 14 feet (4 m) in diameter on the top, the height being 9 feet 8 inches. It is said by oral tradition to have been a Justice hill. Stanecastle castle is nearby.[77]
  • Mound Wood near Kennox House and moss. An oval mound with drystone walling around it. Gallowayford is situated nearby on the Glazert Water.[22]
  • Mount (NS 202 585), Largs. Situated near the old church of Largs. Said by some to be the moot hill for Largs, but others see it as a burial mound for Norwegians (norse).[5]
  • Stacklawhill near Bonshaw. Barony of Bollingshaw. Stewarton. A moot or gallows hill-like wooded mound (Dule Tree) set on high ground above the Hutt Knowe mound at Bonshaw. Hutt means heap or stack, so this may be the gallow hill of the stack law, ie. Hutt Knowe Moot. The Glazert Water runs nearby.[36]

Ayrshire (South)

  • Barons Stone - Parish of Girvan. At Killochan castle this stone, an erratic, once formed part of a cliff, 2000 feet over its present site, far away among the hills of Loch Doon. In historical times, it formed the "Hill of Justice" of the barons of Killochan, where they mustered their men, planned their raids, shared their booty, and hanged troublesome prisoners.[81]
  • Court Knowe (NX 121 836), Ballantrae.
  • Hall Of Auchincross or Court Hill (NS 5834 1407). Parish: New Cumnock. A court knowe near the Hall of Auchincross, on which criminals are said to have been tried by the laird of Auchincross. A low, rounded knoll, roughly 30 m by 20 m (100 x 65 ft), under pasture. The farmer at Hall of Auchincross stated that its profile was once sharper but that it has been reduced in recent years through land improvement.[22]
  • Hill of Justice (NX 185 980), see Knockushion, Girvan.
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The Hutt Knowe as drawn by Smith[56] in 1895
  • Knockushion (NX 1850 9807). This Hill of Justice in Girvan was a Law or Court Hill. [84] The existence of the mound is now marked by a modern pillar bearing the following inscription:-"Knockushion" (Hill of Justice) - From time immemorial the seat of the head - courts of the ancient jurisdiction of Carrick. King Robert the Bruce, Earl of Carrick, held court here and and granted charter to the Friars of Ayre". The rest of the inscription is weathered away. No mound is visible at the site.[22]
  • Mote-hill. Helenton, near Symington. Barony of Helenton. Some ruins were presnt on its summit.[75]
  • Tarbolton Mote or Hoodshill (NS 4323 2734). Parish of Tarbolton. A fairly substantial mound on a natural prominence on the outskirts of the village. It is classified as a motte and bailey. The artifical mound is 10 feet (3 m) high, 25 yards (23 m) wide at the base and is traditionally said to be a justice seat. It was formerly called the Mote, but now is more frequently named Hoodshill, from a schoolmaster called Hood, whose pupils played on it. It is the only common attached to the village of Tarbolton, and a bonfire was lit on it annually on the night preceeding the June Fair up until at least the 1860s.[22] A Gallow Hill is situated nearby overlooking what was the old Coilsfield estate. Paterson records that the moot hill bonfire was built from fuel collected from every house and then placed on a circular altar or fire-place of turf. He states that Tarbolton translates as the town at the Hill where Baal was worshipped.[75]
An Ayrshire gallery



A view of the Glazert at Gallowayford.

A distant view of the enigmatic Mound Wood on Kennox Moss in 2007.

The Chapel Moot Hill from the Annick Water.

Lawthorn mount Justice Hill.

The Moot Hill or Law Mount above the River Annick near Castleton Farm.

The possible moot or gallows hill at Stacklawhill

A close up view of Stacklawhill.

Craighead Law, possibly a Justice or Moot Hill.

The Knock, locally referred to in Kilmaurs as 'Bowie's Munt'

Bowie's munt from Knockland Hill road.

Bowie's munt from Knockland Hill road.

A view inside Bowie's munt.


Carrick

Smith states that their were no Moot Hills in Carrick.[89]

Dumfries and Galloway

  • Court Hill (NX 815 929). Parish of Tynron. A small hill where the Courts of the barony of Aird were held.[22]
  • Court Hill (NX 3765 4275). Parish of Glasserton. A considerable hill on the farm of Fell the soil of which is mostly rocky pasture covered with furze. Mr Cumming says that it has been handed down by tradition that a court of justice had been held here in ancient times by the Druids hence its name.[22]
  • Tinwald (NY 0030 8151) - alternative Names: Tynwald; Motte Of Tinwald; Tinwald Motte; Tinwald Mote. A bailey or motte.[22]

East Dunbartonshire

  • Mugdock Moot Hill - Pre the early 1700’s the Moot Hill was an island on Mugdock Loch. The loch was drained between 1710 and 1714 to claim land and construct avenues for the newly developing Craigend Estate. Gallowhill is nearby. Before 1747 prisoners of Mugdock Castle’s barony jail were rowed out to Moot Island for the trial, en-route to the gallows at Gallowhill if they were convicted. Gallowhill is located close to the Visitor Centre. In the SW trench the rock fell away quickly into deep peat deposits. A drystone revetment ran alongside the edge of the mound, which had been interpreted as a landing place or quay. Excavation and survey revealed that this was a stock-proof dyke, probably of 19th-century date.[22] The island was renamed Moot Hill when the loch was drained and became a feature for residents and visitors to Craigend House as it was, and still is, situated close to the main avenue. Excavation work at Moot Hill carried out by Glasgow University in 2003 confirmed that Moot Hill is made of solid rock and has deposits of dark coloured peat covering it.

Glasgow

  • Doomster Hill - Parish of Govan NS 554 658, a large earthen mound with a stepped profile and level summit. [94] It stood near the river Clyde, north of the present Govan Cross. It was removed in the early 19th-century and Reid's Dyeworks erected on the site. In 1996, a team from Channel 4's Time Team programme carried out a dig at the site. They suggested that it could be a 12th century Norman motte. The 'Doom' was the name given to the reading of the sentence of the court by the Deemster of the Baronial court.

Highland

  • Court Hill (NH 7356 5762), Rosemarkie. An apparently artificial mound of nearly a circular form, and level on the top. It is probably where the manor courts were held.
  • Courthill, Kishorn. A supposed moot-hill lies north of the burial-ground and chapel of Saint Donnan.
  • Moot Hill, Dingwall. The "D" of Dingwall is the Norse rune which represents the sound of "th", Dingwall being "thingvollr", the place of assembly of the Norse "thing" court. That court met on an earthen mound on a site which today is the Cromartie Car Park, adjacent to St Clement's kirkyard and the historic parish church of Dingwall.[95]

Inverclyde

Moray

  • Court Hillock (NJ 3815 6300), Upper Auchenreath. a cairn. Traditionally said to have been a hill of justice .

Perth and Kinross

  • Court Hill (NO 0773 3301), Parish of Auchtergaven. An earthen mound 40 ft (12 m) high, evidently artificial and traditionally the site of judicial courts held prior to 1745.
  • Loak Court Hill (NO 0773 3301). Parish of Auchergaven. A Barrow. An earthen mound 40 ft (12 m) high, evidently artificial and traditionally the site of judicial courts held prior to 1745.
  • Moot Hill, Struan. The assembly mound measures approx. 20 foot high and is approx. 75ft in diameter across the base and 55ft across the top. It is generally held to be an early stronghold of the Chiefs of Clan Donnachaidh. A number of factors that suggest that it may be a moot.[1]
  • Mote-hill or Torran Mhoid in Scottish Gaelic. Balliemore, near Castle Roy. The title of Laird of Abernethy went with the possession of the moot hill and a story is told of one Earl of Moray who feued out all the other lands of Abernethy, but would not part with the moot hill, even if the top was covered with golden guineas. Another story tells of a Baron Baillie of Balliemore who took earth from the local churchyard and spread it onto his fields. He was persuaded to stop but later died from apoplexy whilst on the moot hill, because although he had stopped stealing the earth, he was still stealing it in his heart and God had punished him accordingly. There was a Drowning pool here where witches and female criminals were drowned.[97][25]
  • Scone Moot Hill. The mons placiti or Scone mote hill is the inauguration site of the Scottish Kings. It is also called 'Boot Hill', possibly from an ancient tradition whereby emissaries swore fealty to their king by wearing the earth of their own lands in their foot-bindings or boots.[99]
Enlarge picture
The Scone "Moot hill" and its chapel today.

Stirling

  • Court Hill, Duntreath, Strathblane. What used to be known as "the Court Hill," now Park Hill, rises on the east side of the Blane Valley. The top has been levelled, possibly for a fort, or a "mons placiti" or Moot Hill where courts of justice were held. The feudal privileges attached to Duntreath, indicate its importance.

England

Buckinghamshire

Humberside

  • Rise (TA 1460 4170), Yorkshire .

Northumberland

Nottinghamshire

Wiltshire

Isle of Man

References

1. ^ Struan
2. ^ Field, David (2003). Silbury Hill. British Archaeology. V. 70.
3. ^ Macintosh, John (1894) Ayrshire Nights' Entertainments. Pub. Dunlop & Drennan. Kilmarnock. P. 194.
4. ^
5. ^ Dobie, James (1876) Cuninghame topographised by Timothy Pont. Pub. John Tweed, Glasgow. P. 35.
6. ^ Feudalism
7. ^ The Guardians of Clan Donald
8. ^ Donaldson, Gordon, et al. (1988) The Story of Scotland. Sunday Mail. P. 99.
9. ^ The Guardians of Clan Donald
10. ^ The Scottish Genealogist
11. ^ Barons and baronies.
12. ^ The Scottish Genealogist
13. ^ Barons and baronies.
14. ^ The Convention of the Barons of Scotland
15. ^ The Scottish Genealogist
16. ^ The Scottish Genealogist
17. ^ Barons and baronies.
18. ^ The Guardians of Clan Donald
19. ^ The Northvegr Foundation
20. ^ The Scottish Genealogist
21. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 128.
22. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
23. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 128.
24. ^ Barons and baronies.
25. ^ In the Days of the Baron Bailies.''
26. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 122.
27. ^ Dalrymple, Sir David (1776). Annals of Scotland. Pub. J. Murray. London. Vol. II. P. 327.
28. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
29. ^ banff and MacDuff
30. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
31. ^ Scottish History Website
32. ^ Ellon
33. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
34. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
35. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
36. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 85.
37. ^ Stewarton Historical Scociety records (2006).
38. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 84.
39. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
40. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 84.
41. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
42. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 128.
43. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
44. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 169.
45. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 95.
46. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 128.
47. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 127 - 128.
48. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
49. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 130.
50. ^ Adamson, Archibald (1875) Rambles round Kilmarnock. Pub T. Stevenson. Kilmarnock. P. 50.
51. ^ McKay, Archibald (1880). The History of Kilmarnock. Pub. Kilmarnock. P. 171–172.
52. ^ Adamson, Archibald (1875) Rambles round Kilmarnock. Pub T. Stevenson. Kilmarnock. P. 96.
53. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 95.
54. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 128.
55. ^ Aitken, John (1829). Survey of the Parishes of Cunningham. Pub. Beith.
56. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 85.
57. ^ Linge, John (1987). Re-discovering a landscape: the barrow and motte in North Ayrshire. Proc Soc Antiq Scot. V.117. P. 28.
58. ^ *McNaught, Duncan (1912). Kilmaurs Parish and Burgh. Pub. A.Gardner.
59. ^ Warrack, Alexander (1982). "Chambers Scots Dictionary". Chambers. ISBN 0-550-11801-2.
60. ^ Dobie, James (1876) Cuninghame topographised by Timothy Pont. Pub. John Tweed, Glasgow. P. 34
61. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 69.
62. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 70.
63. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
64. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 81.
65. ^ Largs Website
66. ^ Dobie, James (1876). Pont's Cunninghame topographized 1604-1608 with continuations and illustrative notices (1876). Pub. John Tweed. P.163.
67. ^ Warrack, Alexander (1982). "Chambers Scots Dictionary". Chambers. ISBN 0-550-11801-2.
68. ^ Linge, John (1987). Re-discovering a landscape: the barrow and motte in North Ayrshire. Proc Soc Antiq Scot. V.117. P. 28.
69. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock.
70. ^ Satellite Imagery
71. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 124.
72. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
73. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 72.
74. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
75. ^ Paterson, James (1863). History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton. Vol.1.-Kyle. Pub. James Stillie. Edinburgh. P. 737.
76. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 84.
77. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 123.
78. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
79. ^ Dobie, James (1876) Cuninghame topographised by Timothy Pont. Pub. John Tweed, Glasgow. P. 35.
80. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 85.
81. ^ The Baron's Stone
82. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
83. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock.
84. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 215.
85. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
86. ^ Paterson, James (1863). History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton. Vol.1.-Kyle. Pub. James Stillie. Edinburgh. P. 737.
87. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
88. ^ Paterson, James (1863). History of the Counties of Ayr and Wigton. Vol.1.-Kyle. Pub. James Stillie. Edinburgh. P. 750.
89. ^ Smith, John (1895). Prehistoric Man in Ayrshire. Pub. Elliot Stock. P. 181.
90. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
91. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
92. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
93. ^ RCAHMS Canmore archaeology site
94. ^ British Archaeology Magazine
95. ^ Dingwall
96. ^ Struan
97. ^ History of Scotland
98. ^ In the Days of the Baron Bailies.
99. ^ Scone and the Moot Hill.
100. ^ Bord, Janet & Colin (1973) Mysterious Britain. Pub. Garnstone Press. ISBN 0-85511-1801 P. 88.

External links

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Moot may refer to:
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"God and my right"
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motte-and-bailey is a form of castle. Many were built in Britain, Ireland and France in the 11th and 12th centuries.

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The motte in French is a raised earth mound, like a small hill, usually artificial and topped with a wooden or stone structure
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Silbury Hill (grid reference SU100685 ), part of the complex of Neolithic monuments around Avebury in the English county of Wiltshire (which includes the West Kennet Long Barrow), is the tallest prehistoric man-made mound in Europe[1] and one of the world's largest.
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Liminality (from the Latin word līmen, meaning "a threshold"[1]) is the quality of the second stage of a ritual in the theories of Arnold van Gennep, Victor Turner, and others.
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Stone circles are ancient monuments. They are not always circular and often form an ellipse, or a setting of 4 stones laid on an arc of a circle. The number of stones can vary between 4 and 60[1]
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Chartularium

A Cartularium or Chartularium, also called Pancarta and Codex Diplomaticus, is a medieval manuscript volume or roll (rotulus
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Thirlage was the term used for the law in regard of the milling of grain for personal or other uses. Vassals in a feudal barony were thirled to their local mill owned by the feudal superior.
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Beith

Population 6,346
OS grid reference NS349542
Council area North Ayrshire
Lieutenancy area Ayrshire and Arran
Constituent country Scotland
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Mugdock Country Park is a country park and historical site located in East Dunbartonshire and to the north of Glasgow, next to Milngavie.

The park includes Mugdock Castle, Allander River, Mugdock Loch, Craigend Castle, Mugdock Plantaria, Drumclog Muir.
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Dule or Dool trees in Britain were used as Gallows for public hangings.[1] They were also used a 'Gibbets' for the display of the corpse for a considerable period of time after such hangings.
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The Barony of Giffen and its associated 15th-century castle were in the parish of Beith in the former District of Cunninghame, now North Ayrshire. The site may be spelled Giffen or Giffin and lay within the Lordship of Giffin, which included the baronies of Trearne, Hessilhead,
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North Ayrshire
Sìorrachd Inbhir Air a Tuath

Location

Geography

Area Ranked 17th
 - Total 885 km²
 - % Water ?
Admin HQ Irvine
GB-NAY
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Population Ranked 15th
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Moot may refer to:
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Stewarton is a town located in East Ayrshire, Scotland. In comparison to other towns in the region it is comparatively large - bigger than the surrounding towns of Kilmaurs, Fenwick, Dunlop and Lugton, with a population of over 10,000.
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East Ayrshire

Location

Geography

Area Ranked 14th
 - Total 1,262 km²
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GB-EAY
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Population Ranked 16th
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