Information about Mashhad
Subscript text
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد, literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Persia and one of the holiest cities in the Shiah world. It is located 850 kilometers (500 miles) east of Tehran, Iran (Persia), at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province. Its population is 2,387,734 people (2006).[6] It was also the source of religious persecution of Jews in the 19th Century.
The city is located at 36.20º latitude and 59.35º east longitude, in the valley of the Kashaf River near Turkmenistan, between the two mountain ranges of Binalood and Hezar-masjed. The city benefits from the proximity of the mountains, having very cold winters, pleasant springs, mild summers, and beautiful autumns. It is only 1290 km (800 miles) from Ashgabat, Turkmenistan.
Greater Mashhad or Metropolitan Mashhad is composed of four municipalities 1)City of Mashhad which is further divided into 11 administration districts 2)Municipality of Torghabeh 3)Municipality of Razaviyeh and 4) Municipality of Ahmadabad. In the past, Greater Mashhad also included Chenaran, Fariman and Kalat-e-Naderi. However these three regions have been promoted to Shahrestan a major administrative center of an Iranian province.
Mashhad has a population of almost 3 million whose population consists mainly of people of Iranian descent. There are also over 20 million pilgrims who visit the city every year.
Mashhad is notably known as the resting place of the Imam Reza (Ali ibn Musa al-Rida). Before the passing of the Imam, Mashhad was a small village by the name of Sanabad, in the country of Tus. A shrine was later built there to commemorate the Imam, which in turn gave rise to increasing demographical development.
Among the first major structures built in Mashhad was a mausoleum built by Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi. It was not considered a great city until Mongol raids caused the destruction of many large cities in the Greater Khorasan territories, leaving Mashhad relatively intact. Later on, during the Shahrokh era, it became one of the main cities of the Timurid dynasty. Reputedly, the wife of the Timurid emperor Shāh Rukh, Goharshad, funded the construction of an outstanding mosque beside the shrine. The mosque remains relatively intact to this date, its great size an indicator to the status the city held in the 15th century.
Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty, conquered Mashhad after the death of Husayn Bayqarah and the decline of the Timurid dynasty. Mashhad was later captured by the Uzbeks during the reign of Shah Abbas I, only to be retaken by the Shah Abbas in the year of 1597 after a long and severe struggle, defeating the Uzbeks in a great battle near Herat as well as managing to drive them beyond the Oxus River. Shah Abbas I wanted to encourage Iranians to go to Mashhad for pilgrimage: he himself is known to have walked from Isfahan to Mashhad. During the Safavid era Mashhad gained even more religious recognition, becoming the most important city of the Greater Khorasan as several Madrasah and other structures were built beside the shrine of the Imam Reza.
Besides its religious significance, Mashhad has played an important political role as well. It saw its greatest glory under Nadir Shah, ruler of Iran from 1736 to 1747 and also a great benefactor of the shrine of the Imam Reza, making the city his capital. It remained the capital of the Afsharid dynasty until Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar conquered the then larger region of Khorasan in 1796.
In 1912, the sanctuary of the Imam Reza was bombed by the Russian forces, causing widespread and persisting resentment in the Shiite Muslim world.
On June 20, 1994, an explosion from a bomb occurred in a prayer hall of the shrine of the Imam Reza[1] The bomb that killed at least 25 people on June 20 in Mashhad exploded at Ashura.[2] Mehdi Nahvi, a member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MKO), an Iraqi-based opposition group, claimed responsibility. The MKO stated that the bombing was carried out to commemorate the anniversary of the group's founding on June 20, 1981. Although government blamed the Mujahedin-e-Khalq in a TV show to avoid sectarian conflict between Shia and Sunni, the Pakistani daily "News" of March 27, 1995 reported, "Pakistani investigators have identified a 24-year-old religious fanatic Abdul Shakoor residing in Lyari in Karachi, as an important Pakistani associate of Ramzi Yousef. Abdul Shakoor had intimate contacts with Ramzi Ahmed Yousef and was responsible for the June 20, 1994, massive bomb explosion at the shrine Imam Ali Reza in Mashhad."[3]
Though primarily a Muslim city, Mashhad has harbored a number of religious minorities over the centuries. Among these were Jews, who in 1839 were forcibly converted to Islam. However, in truth they lived a double life: outwardly they conformed to Islamic ways, and were known as "Jadid al-Islam" or "New Muslims," but secretly they preserved a Jewish identity and Jewish traditions. [4] The Baha'i Faith has a history of victory and religious persecutions in this city. The latest was the executions of two Baha'is in 1998.
Today the holy shrine and its museum hold one of the most extensive cultural and artistic treasuries of Iran, in particular manuscript books and paintings. Several important theological schools are associated with the shrine of the Eighth Imam.
As a city of great religious significance, it is also a place of pilgrimage. It is said that the rich go to Mecca but the poor journey to Mashhad. Thus, even as those who complete the pilgrimage to Mecca receive the title of Haji, those who make the pilgrimage to Mashhad – and especially to the Imam Reza shrine – are known as Mashtee, a term employed also of its inhabitants. It is thought that over 20 million Muslims a year make the pilgrimage to Mashhad.
Long a center of secular as well as of religious learning, Mashhad has been a center for the arts and for the sciences. The large Ferdowsi University of Mashad, named after the great Iranian poet, is located here. The Madrassa of Ayatollah Al-Khoei, originally built in the seventeenth century and recently replaced with modern facilities, is the city’s foremost traditional centre for religious learning. The Razavi University of Islamic Sciences, founded in 1984, stands at the centre of town, within the shrine complex. The prestige of traditional religious education at Mashhad attracts students, known as talaban, internationally.
Mashhad is also home to one of the oldest libraries of the Middle-East called the Central Library of Astan-e Quds Razavi with a history of over six centuries. The Astan-e Quds Razavi Museum, which is part of the Astan-e Quds Razavi Complex, is home to over 70,000 rare manuscripts from various historical eras. There are some six million historical documents in the foundation’s central library.
In 1569 (977 H), `Imad al-Din Mas`ud Shirazi, a physician at the Mashhad hospital, wrote the earliest Islamic treatise on syphilis, one influenced by European medical thought.
Kashmar rug is a type of Persian rug indigenous to this region.
The second largest holy city in the world, Mashhad attracts more than 20 million tourists and pilgrims every year, many of whom come to pay homage to the tomb of Imam Reza (the eighth Shi'ite Imam). It has been a magnet for travellers since medieval times, when the famous world traveller Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta visited the town.
Apart from a number of beautiful large parks and the tombs of historical celebrities in nearby Tus and Neyshabour, the tomb of Nadir Shah and Kooh Sangi park and mellat park that have modern attractions for children such as the biggest ferris wheel or fanfar (چرخ و فلک) in iran and Koohestan park e shadi complex that includes a zoo, where many wild animals are kept and which attracts many visitors to Mashhad. It is also home to the Mashhad Airbase (formerly Imam Reza airbase), jointly a military installation housing Mirage aircraft, and a civilian international airport.
Some points of interest lie outside the city: the tomb of Khajeh Morad, along the road to Tehran; the tomb of Khajeh Rabi' located 6 kilometers north of the city where there are some inscriptions by the renowned Safavid calligrapher Reza Abbasi; and the tomb of Khajeh Abasalt, a distance of 20 kilometers from Mashhad along the road to Neishabur. (The three were all disciples of Imam Reza).
Among the other sights are the tomb of the great poet Ferdowsi in Tus, 24 kilometers distance, and the summer resorts at Torghabeh, Torogh, Akhlamad, Zoshk, and Shandiz.
The Shah Public Bath, built during the Safavid era in 1648, is an outstanding example of the architecture of that period. It was recently restored, and is to be turned into a museum.
The major shopping precincts are:
Kiyanid Dynasty
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| Mashhad مشهد | |
) Imam Reza A.S. shrine | |
) Mashhad (Iran) Mashhad | |
| Coordinates: | |
|---|---|
| Mashhad | 818 AD (Martyrdom Of Imam Reza) |
| Government | |
| - Mayor | Saeed-Hashem Hashemy |
| Area | |
| - City | 27478 [1] km (0 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 985 [2] m (0 ft) |
| Population (02/10/2005) | |
| - City | 2,247,996(inhabitant)[3] |
| - Density | 82/km (0/sq mi) |
| - Urban | about 562,000 |
| - Metro | about 1,686,000 |
| Over 12 million pilgrims and tourists per year[4] | |
| Time zone | IRST () |
| - Summer (DST) | not observed () |
| Website: [5] | |
Mashhad (Persian: مشهد, literally the place of martyrdom) is the second largest city in Persia and one of the holiest cities in the Shiah world. It is located 850 kilometers (500 miles) east of Tehran, Iran (Persia), at the center of the Razavi Khorasan Province. Its population is 2,387,734 people (2006).[6] It was also the source of religious persecution of Jews in the 19th Century.
Geography and demographics
)
Mashhad from space, January 2003
Greater Mashhad or Metropolitan Mashhad is composed of four municipalities 1)City of Mashhad which is further divided into 11 administration districts 2)Municipality of Torghabeh 3)Municipality of Razaviyeh and 4) Municipality of Ahmadabad. In the past, Greater Mashhad also included Chenaran, Fariman and Kalat-e-Naderi. However these three regions have been promoted to Shahrestan a major administrative center of an Iranian province.
Mashhad has a population of almost 3 million whose population consists mainly of people of Iranian descent. There are also over 20 million pilgrims who visit the city every year.
History and notable events
)
Imam Reza A.S. shrine, center of activity in Mashhad.
)
Molla Heydar mosque, a fine example of 19th century local Iranian architecture.
Among the first major structures built in Mashhad was a mausoleum built by Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi. It was not considered a great city until Mongol raids caused the destruction of many large cities in the Greater Khorasan territories, leaving Mashhad relatively intact. Later on, during the Shahrokh era, it became one of the main cities of the Timurid dynasty. Reputedly, the wife of the Timurid emperor Shāh Rukh, Goharshad, funded the construction of an outstanding mosque beside the shrine. The mosque remains relatively intact to this date, its great size an indicator to the status the city held in the 15th century.
Shah Ismail I, founder of the Safavid dynasty, conquered Mashhad after the death of Husayn Bayqarah and the decline of the Timurid dynasty. Mashhad was later captured by the Uzbeks during the reign of Shah Abbas I, only to be retaken by the Shah Abbas in the year of 1597 after a long and severe struggle, defeating the Uzbeks in a great battle near Herat as well as managing to drive them beyond the Oxus River. Shah Abbas I wanted to encourage Iranians to go to Mashhad for pilgrimage: he himself is known to have walked from Isfahan to Mashhad. During the Safavid era Mashhad gained even more religious recognition, becoming the most important city of the Greater Khorasan as several Madrasah and other structures were built beside the shrine of the Imam Reza.
Besides its religious significance, Mashhad has played an important political role as well. It saw its greatest glory under Nadir Shah, ruler of Iran from 1736 to 1747 and also a great benefactor of the shrine of the Imam Reza, making the city his capital. It remained the capital of the Afsharid dynasty until Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar conquered the then larger region of Khorasan in 1796.
In 1912, the sanctuary of the Imam Reza was bombed by the Russian forces, causing widespread and persisting resentment in the Shiite Muslim world.
On June 20, 1994, an explosion from a bomb occurred in a prayer hall of the shrine of the Imam Reza[1] The bomb that killed at least 25 people on June 20 in Mashhad exploded at Ashura.[2] Mehdi Nahvi, a member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MKO), an Iraqi-based opposition group, claimed responsibility. The MKO stated that the bombing was carried out to commemorate the anniversary of the group's founding on June 20, 1981. Although government blamed the Mujahedin-e-Khalq in a TV show to avoid sectarian conflict between Shia and Sunni, the Pakistani daily "News" of March 27, 1995 reported, "Pakistani investigators have identified a 24-year-old religious fanatic Abdul Shakoor residing in Lyari in Karachi, as an important Pakistani associate of Ramzi Yousef. Abdul Shakoor had intimate contacts with Ramzi Ahmed Yousef and was responsible for the June 20, 1994, massive bomb explosion at the shrine Imam Ali Reza in Mashhad."[3]
Though primarily a Muslim city, Mashhad has harbored a number of religious minorities over the centuries. Among these were Jews, who in 1839 were forcibly converted to Islam. However, in truth they lived a double life: outwardly they conformed to Islamic ways, and were known as "Jadid al-Islam" or "New Muslims," but secretly they preserved a Jewish identity and Jewish traditions. [4] The Baha'i Faith has a history of victory and religious persecutions in this city. The latest was the executions of two Baha'is in 1998.
Current religious situation
)
Shrine of Imam Ali Reza in Mashad, Iran
As a city of great religious significance, it is also a place of pilgrimage. It is said that the rich go to Mecca but the poor journey to Mashhad. Thus, even as those who complete the pilgrimage to Mecca receive the title of Haji, those who make the pilgrimage to Mashhad – and especially to the Imam Reza shrine – are known as Mashtee, a term employed also of its inhabitants. It is thought that over 20 million Muslims a year make the pilgrimage to Mashhad.
Culture
)
Relief in Tus depicting popular stories of Persian mythology, from the book of Shahnameh of Ferdowsi.
Mashhad is also home to one of the oldest libraries of the Middle-East called the Central Library of Astan-e Quds Razavi with a history of over six centuries. The Astan-e Quds Razavi Museum, which is part of the Astan-e Quds Razavi Complex, is home to over 70,000 rare manuscripts from various historical eras. There are some six million historical documents in the foundation’s central library.
In 1569 (977 H), `Imad al-Din Mas`ud Shirazi, a physician at the Mashhad hospital, wrote the earliest Islamic treatise on syphilis, one influenced by European medical thought.
Kashmar rug is a type of Persian rug indigenous to this region.
Attractions
)
Tomb of Nadir Shah Afshar, a popular tourist attraction in Mashad.
)
Hotel Homa in Mashhad.
Apart from a number of beautiful large parks and the tombs of historical celebrities in nearby Tus and Neyshabour, the tomb of Nadir Shah and Kooh Sangi park and mellat park that have modern attractions for children such as the biggest ferris wheel or fanfar (چرخ و فلک) in iran and Koohestan park e shadi complex that includes a zoo, where many wild animals are kept and which attracts many visitors to Mashhad. It is also home to the Mashhad Airbase (formerly Imam Reza airbase), jointly a military installation housing Mirage aircraft, and a civilian international airport.
Some points of interest lie outside the city: the tomb of Khajeh Morad, along the road to Tehran; the tomb of Khajeh Rabi' located 6 kilometers north of the city where there are some inscriptions by the renowned Safavid calligrapher Reza Abbasi; and the tomb of Khajeh Abasalt, a distance of 20 kilometers from Mashhad along the road to Neishabur. (The three were all disciples of Imam Reza).
Among the other sights are the tomb of the great poet Ferdowsi in Tus, 24 kilometers distance, and the summer resorts at Torghabeh, Torogh, Akhlamad, Zoshk, and Shandiz.
The Shah Public Bath, built during the Safavid era in 1648, is an outstanding example of the architecture of that period. It was recently restored, and is to be turned into a museum.
Transportation
)
Traffic in one of Mashhad's highways.
Airport
Iran's holiest city is served by the Mashhad International Airport which handles domestic flights to Iranian cities and international flights to mostly Asia.Metro
The Mashhad Urban Railway Corporation (MURCO) is constructing a metro system for the city of Mashhad. It is planned to be finished by 2008.Rail
Mashhad is connected via rail to three major rail terminals: Tehran, Bandar Abbas and Almaty. Rail services are operated by Raja Trains.Shopping
)
The Almas-e-Shargh Shopping Center
- Almas-e-Shargh Shopping Center
- Vesal Complex (under construction)
- Zist-e-Khavar Shopping Center
- Proma Shopping Center
- Jennat Street Mall
- International Bazaar Shopping Complex
- Bazaar Reza
- Bazaar Markazi
Consulates
| Flag | Country | Address |
|---|---|---|
){kind=small} | Afghanistan | Imam Khomeini Avenue Doshahid Street Sevom Isfand Sq. Mashad Iran Tel: +98-511-8544829, +98-511-8597552 Fax:+98-511-8544404,E-mail: Afghanistan_ge_con_mashad@samanir.net |
){kind=small} | Iraq | |
){kind=small} | Kazakhstan | Rahnemai Street 10, 41 h. Mashad Iran Tel:+98-511-8417716 Fax: +98-511 8401293 E-mail: gcomrk@aftab.ws |
){kind=small} | Kyrgyzstan | No.209,next to Gas station,Abkooh Ave. 91839 Mashhad Iran Tel:+98-511-8418444 Fax:+98-511-8418444 |
| Pakistan | Khyaban-e-Imam Khomeini Opposite Bagh-e- Milli P.O. Box No.91375-1733 Mashad Iran Tel:+98-511-2229845 Fax:+98-511-2227045 E-mail: pcmi@persiannet.net | |
){kind=small} | Tajikistan | Darvazeh Quchan Sq. 91379 Mashhad Iran Tel:+98-511-7275480 Fax:+98-511-7275480 |
){kind=small} | Turkmenistan | No.34,Konsoolgari Alley,10th Day Sq. 91386 Mashhad Iran Tel:+98-511-8547066 Fax:+98-511-8547073 |
){kind=small} | Saudi Arabia | No. 4 - Molavi St. Sajjad Blvd. Mashad Iran Tel:+98-511-6076276,+98-511-6076279 Fax:+98-511-6076273,+98-511-6076278 |
Colleges and universities
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (FUM)
- Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
- Islamic Azad University of Mashhad
- Payame Noor University of Mashhad
- Comprehensive University of Applied and Practical Sciences, Khorasan
- Imam Reza (P.B.U.H.) University
- Razavi University of Islamic Sciences
- Sadjad Institute of Higher Education
- Khayyam Institute of Higher Education
- Samen Institute of Higher Education
Mashhad as capital of Persia and Independent Khorasan
The following Shahanshahs had Mashhad as their capital:Kiyanid Dynasty
- Malek Mahmoud Sistani 1722-1726
- Soleyman II 1750
Famous people from Mashhad
- Ferdowsi,
- Nasir al-Din Tusi,
- Mehdi Akhavan-Sales,
- Emad Khorasani,
- Mohammad Taghi Bahar,
- Seyed Ali Khamenei,
- Mohammad-Reza Shajarian,
- Shahram Abdoli,
- Anousheh Ansari,
Sister cities
- Great Neck, USA
Milano, Italy
Medina, Saudi Arabia
Najaf, Iraq
- Kerbela, Iraq
- Kazimain, Iraq
- Samarra, Iraq
Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Lahore, Pakistan
- - Verona, Italy
- Pula, Croatia
- - Busan, South Korea
- Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - declared sister cities on October 2006. [5]
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References
1. ^ ABC Evening News for Monday, Jun 20, 1994
2. ^ Explosive circles: Iran. (Mashhad bombing)
3. ^ SIPAH-E-SAHABA PAKISTAN, LASHKAR-E-JHANGVI, BIN LADEN & RAMZI YOUSEF
4. ^ Patai, Raphael (1997). Jadid al-Islam: The Jewish "New Muslims" of Meshhed. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2652-8.
5. ^ (3 October 2006). "Mashad-Kuala Lumpur Become Sister cities".Kuala Lumpur News
2. ^ Explosive circles: Iran. (Mashhad bombing)
3. ^ SIPAH-E-SAHABA PAKISTAN, LASHKAR-E-JHANGVI, BIN LADEN & RAMZI YOUSEF
4. ^ Patai, Raphael (1997). Jadid al-Islam: The Jewish "New Muslims" of Meshhed. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2652-8.
5. ^ (3 October 2006). "Mashad-Kuala Lumpur Become Sister cities".Kuala Lumpur News
See also
External links
- City of Mashhad Official website (in Persian)
- e-Mashhad Mashhad Portal Official website (in Persian)
- Mashhad
- Mashhad
- Mashhad
- Imam Reza Network
- 3D Holy Shrine of Imam Reza
- ArchNet,Imam Reza Shrine Complex
- E-pilgrimage: Imam Reza Calling You!
- http://www.worldtrek.org/odyssey/mideast/040500/040500monmashhad.htmlThe Holiest of Shrines: The Astan Quds Razavi
- Ferdowsi University of Mashhad
- Islamic Azad University of Mashhad
- Population estimates for Mashhad, Iran, 1950-2015
The architecture of Iran and historical Persia | ||
|---|---|---|
| Elements | ) | |
| Notable traditional cities | ||
| History and theory | ||
| Lists |
List of ab anbars of Qazvin
List of historical Iranian architects
List of mosques
List of Ziyarat-gahs
| |
Ali ibn Musa al-Rida (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (Commonly known as, Ali al-Rada) (Eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH – Seventeenth of Safar, 203 AH) (Approximately: January 1,
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Anthem
Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān ²
Capital
(and largest city) Tehran
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Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān ²
Capital
(and largest city) Tehran
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Area is a physical quantity expressing the size of a part of a surface. The term Surface area is the summation of the areas of the exposed sides of an object.
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Units
Units for measuring surface area include:- square metre = SI derived unit
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Square kilometre (U.S. spelling: square kilometer), symbol km², is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of surface area, the square metre, one of the SI derived units. 1 km² is equal to:
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- 1,000,000 m²
- 100 ha (hectare)
- 1 m² = 0.
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square mile is an imperial and US unit of area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. It should not be confused with the archaic miles square, which refers to the number of miles on each side squared.
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elevation of a geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point, often the mean sea level. Elevation, or geometric height, is mainly used when referring to points on the Earth's surface, while altitude or geopotential height
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1 metre =
SI units
1000 mm 0 cm
US customary / Imperial units
0 ft 0 in
The metre or meter[1](symbol: m) is the fundamental unit of length in the International System of Units (SI).SI units
1000 mm 0 cm
US customary / Imperial units
0 ft 0 in
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1 foot =
SI units
0 m 0 mm
US customary / Imperial units
0 yd 0 in
A foot (plural: feet or foot;[1] symbol or abbreviation: ft or, sometimes, ′SI units
0 m 0 mm
US customary / Imperial units
0 yd 0 in
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume. It is frequently applied to living organisms, humans in particular.
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Biological population densities
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An urban area is an area with an increased density of human-created structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. This term is at one end of the spectrum of suburban and rural areas. An urban area is more frequently called a city or town.
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metropolitan area is a large population centre consisting of a large metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence, or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central cities and their zone of influence.
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time zone is a region of the Earth that has adopted the same standard time, usually referred to as the local time. Most adjacent time zones are exactly one hour apart, and by convention compute their local time as an offset from UTC (see also Greenwich Mean Time).
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Iran Standard Time (IRST) or Iran Time (IT) is the time zone used in Iran. Iran uses . IRST is defined by the 52.5 degrees east meridian, the same meridian which defines the Iranian calendar and is the official meridian of Iran.
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Daylight saving time (DST; also summer time in British English) is the convention of advancing clocks so that afternoons have more daylight and mornings have less.
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fɒːɾˈsiː in Perso-Arabic script (Nasta`liq style):
Pronunciation: [fɒːɾˈsiː]
Spoken in: Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and areas of Uzbekistan and Pakistan.
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Pronunciation: [fɒːɾˈsiː]
Spoken in: Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and areas of Uzbekistan and Pakistan.
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Shī‘a terms
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- Shi'a Islam
- Moderate Shi'a
- Real Shi'a
- Shi'a of Ali
- Shi'a of Uthman
- Shi'a of Mauwiyah
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Tehran
تهرا?
Tehran skyline with Milad Tower in the background.
Seal
Nickname: The city of 72 nations.
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تهرا?
Tehran skyline with Milad Tower in the background.
Seal
Nickname: The city of 72 nations.
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Anthem
Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān ²
Capital
(and largest city) Tehran
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Sorūd-e Mellī-e Īrān ²
Capital
(and largest city) Tehran
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BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
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Razavi Khorasan (in Persian: خراسان رضوی) is a province located in northeastern Iran. Mashhad is the centre and capital of the province.
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Ashgabat
Aşgabat
Coordinates:
Population (2001)
- City 695,300
Ashgabat (Aşgabat
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Aşgabat
Coordinates:
Population (2001)
- City 695,300
Ashgabat (Aşgabat
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Anthem
Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem
Capital Ashgabat
Largest city Ashgabat
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Independent, Neutral, Turkmenistan State Anthem
Capital Ashgabat
Largest city Ashgabat
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A Shahrestan (in Persian شهرستان) is a geographical political division in Iran, an area inside an ostan, and consists of a city centre, few bakhsh and many villages around them.
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Ali ibn Musa al-Rida (Arabic: علي بن موسى الرضا) (Commonly known as, Ali al-Rada) (Eleventh of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 148 AH – Seventeenth of Safar, 203 AH) (Approximately: January 1,
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Toos (توس or طوس in Persian) also known as Tous or Tus, is an ancient city in the Iranian province of Razavi Khorasan.
The city was vanquished by Genghis Khan's Mongol conquest in 1220.
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The city was vanquished by Genghis Khan's Mongol conquest in 1220.
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Sultan (Arabic: سلطان) is an Islamic title, with several historical meanings. Originally it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", or "rulership", derived from the Arabic
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Mahmud of Ghazni (Persian: محمود غزنوی Maḥmūd-e Ghaznawī) (November 2 971–April 30 1030), also known as
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Mongol military tactics and organization helped the Mongols to conquer nearly all of continental Asia, the Middle East and parts of eastern Europe. In many ways, it can be regarded as the first "modern" military system.
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Greater Khorasan (Persian: خراسان بزرگ) (also written Khorassan, Khurasan and Khurassan) is a modern term for eastern territories of ancient Persia.
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Shah Rukh or Shah Rokh or Shahrokh means side projection of the king's face in Persian. The name can also refer to:
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- Shahrokh Music - Persian musician
- Shah Rukh Khan - Bollywood actor
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Herod_Archelaus
