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Information about Manufacturing

Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand") is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale. The term may refer to a vast range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale.

Manufacturing takes place under all types of economic systems. In a capitalist economy, manufacturing is usually directed toward the mass production of products for sale to consumers at a profit. In a collectivist economy, manufacturing is more frequently directed by a state agency to supply perceived needs. In modern economies, manufacturing occurs under some degree of government regulation.

Modern manufacturing includes all intermediate processes required for the production and integration of a product's components. Some industries, such as semiconductor and steel manufacturers use the term fabrication instead. The manufacturing sector is closely connected with engineering and industrial design. Examples of major manufacturers in the United States include General Motors Corporation, Ford Motor Company, Chrysler, Boeing, Gates Rubber Company and Pfizer. Examples in Europe include France's Airbus and Michelin Tire. Modern proponents of Fair Trade policy and a strong manufacturing base for the U.S. economy include economists Paul Craig Roberts and Ravi Batra, and commentator Lou Dobbs.

Context

History and development

  • In its earliest form, manufacturing was usually carried out by a single skilled artisan with assistants. Training was by apprenticeship. In much of the pre-industrial world the guild system protected the privileges and trade secrets of urban artisans.
  • Before the Industrial Revolution, most manufacturing occurred in rural areas, where household-based manufacturing served as a supplemental subsistence strategy to agriculture (and continues to do so in places). Entrepreneurs organized a number of manufacturing households into a single enterprise through the putting-out system.
  • The beginnings of modern industrial manufacturing are covered in the Industrial Revolution article.
  • The development of the modern manufacturing facility is covered in the factory article.
  • The development of the applied science behind manufacturing is covered in the industrial process article.

Manufacturing systems: The changing methods of manufacturing

Economics of manufacturing

According to some economists, manufacturing is a wealth-producing sector of an economy, whereas a service sector tends to be wealth-consuming. [1][2] Economists who favor a strong manufacturinng base oppose outsourcing for the sake of labor arbitrage to obtain cheap labor as an example of absolute advantage which does not produce mutual gain, and not an example of comparative advantage which does.[3] Emerging technologies have provided some new growth in advanced manufacturing employment opportunities in the Manufacturing Belt in the United States. Manufacturing provides important material support for national infrastructure and for national defense.

On the other hand, some manufacturing may involve significant social and environmental costs. The clean-up costs of hazardous waste, for example, may outweigh the benefits of a product that creates it. Hazardous materials may expose workers to health risks. Developed countries regulate manufacturing activity with labor laws and environmental laws. In the U.S, manufacturers are subject to regulations by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration and the United States Environmental Protection Agency. In Europe, pollution taxes to offset environmental costs are another form of regulation on manufacturing activity. Labor Unions and craft guilds have played a historic role negotiation of worker rights and wages. Environment laws and labor protections that are available in developed nations may not be available in the third world. Tort law and product liability impose additional costs on manufacturing.

Taxonomy of manufacturing processes

Taxonomy of manufacturing processes

Manufacturing Process Management

Manufacturing categories

Theories

Control

See also

References

1. ^ Friedman, David (2006). No Light at the End of the Tunnel. Los Angeles Times. New America Foundation . Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
2. ^ Joseph, Keith (1976). Monetarism Is Not Enough. Center for Policy Studies. Margaret Thatcher Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-05-12.
3. ^ Roberts, Paul Craig (2005-05-12). America is losing. Counter Punch. Retrieved on 2007-06-06.

External links

Major fields of technology [ Edit]
Biomedical engineering | Biotechnology | Computer Science technology | Electrical engineering | Electronics | Energy | Energy storage | Gaming | Information technology | Machinery | Metallurgy | Microtechnology | Mining | Nanotechnology | Nuclear technology | Space technology | Telecommunication | Transport | Visual technology | Weapons technology
Latin}}} 
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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Handicraft, also known as craftwork or simply craft, is a type of work where useful and decorative devices are made completely by hand or using only simple tools. Usually the term is applied to traditional means of making goods.
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High tech is technology that is at the cutting edge—the most advanced technology currently available. The adjective form is hyphenated: high-tech or high-technology. (There is also an architectural style known as high tech).
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A Raw material is something that is acted upon by human labour or industry to create some product that humans desire. Often the term is used to denote material that came from nature and is still in a unprocessed or minimally processed state.
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Finished goods are goods that have completed the manufacturing process but have not yet been sold or distributed to the end user.

Manufacturing

Main article: Manufacturing

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Economic systems

Ideologies and Theories
Primitive communism
Capitalist economy
Corporate economy
Fascist economy
Laissez-faire
Mercantilism
Natural economy
Social market economy
Socialist economy
Communist economy


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Aspinwall Classification System (Leo Aspinwall, 1958) classifies and rates products based on five variables:
  1. Replacement rate (How frequently is the product repurchased?)
  2. Gross margin (How much profit is obtained from each product?)

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Heterotroph.


Consumers refers to individuals or households that purchase and use goods and services generated within the economy. The concept of a consumer is used in different contexts, so that the usage and significance of the term may vary.
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Regulation can be considered as legal restrictions promulgated by government authority. One can consider at least two levels in democracies -- legislative acts, and implementing specifications of conduct imposed by administrative agencies through rulemaking supported by a threat of
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Semiconductor device fabrication is the process used to create chips, the integrated circuits that are present in everyday electrical and electronic devices. It is a multiple-step sequence of photographic and chemical processing steps during which electronic circuits are
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Fabrication, when used as an industrial term, applies to the building of machines, structures, or process equipment for the chemical or fertilizer sector, by cutting, shaping and assembling components made from raw materials.
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Fabrication may refer to:
  • Various processes in arts, crafts and manufacturing:
  • Fabrication (metal)
  • Semiconductor fabrication

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Engineering is the applied science of acquiring and applying knowledge to design, analysis, and/or construction of works for practical purposes. The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development, also known as ECPD,[1] (later ABET [2]
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Industrial design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved for marketability and production. The role of an Industrial Designer is to create and execute design solutions towards problems of engineering, marketing, brand development and
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Motto
"In God We Trust"   (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum"   ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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General Motors Corporation

Public (NYSE:  GM
Founded 1908
Headquarters Detroit, Michigan, USA
manufacturing facilities in 30 U.S. states and 33 countries

Key people Rick Wagoner, Chairman & CEO
Robert A.
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Chrysler LLC

Private
Founded June 6, 1925
Headquarters Auburn Hills, Michigan, USA

Key people Robert Nardelli, Chairman & CEO
Thomas W. LaSorda, Vice-Chairman & President
Jim Press, Vice-Chairman & President
Phil Murtaugh CEO of Asian Operations
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The Boeing Company

Public (NYSE:  BA , TYO: 7661 )
Founded Seattle, Washington (1916)
Headquarters Chicago, Illinois

Key people W. James McNerney, Jr.
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Charles Cassius Gates, Jr. (May 27, 1921-August 28, 2005) was a businessman and philanthropist. His father, Charles Gates Sr., bought Colorado Tire & Leather for $3,500 in 1911. The company was renamed The Gates Rubber Company in 1919.
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Pfizer, Inc.

Public (NYSE: PFE )
Founded Brooklyn, New York, USA (1849)
Headquarters New York City, New York, USA

Key people Jeff Kindler, CEO
David Shedlarz, VC
Ian Read, Pres. of Pharma.
Martin Mackay, Pres.
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Airbus, see Bellanca Aircruiser.

Airbus S.A.S.

Subsidiary
Founded 1970 (Airbus Industrie)
2001 (Airbus S.A.S.)
Headquarters Toulouse, France

Key people Thomas Enders, CEO
Hans Peter Ring, CFO
John Leahy, Sales Director
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Michelin, S.A.

Public (Euronext: ML )
Founded 1888
Headquarters Clermont-Ferrand, France

Key people Michel Rollier (General Manager)
Industry Manufacturing and publishing
Products Tyres, travel assistance services
Revenue €15.
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Fair trade is an organized social movement and market-based model of international trade which promotes the payment of a fair price as well as social and environmental standards in areas related to the production of a wide variety of goods.
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Nation millions of dollars percentage cumulative percentage
Canada 23.1192% 23.1192%
Mexico 13.5432% 36.6624%
Japan 6.6509% 43.3133%
United Kingdom 4.3964% 47.7097%
China 4.2449% 51.9546%
Germany 3.8366% 55.7912%
Korea 3.2194% 59.
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9/11 Truth Movement
Articles
  • Conspiracy theories
  • Controlled demolition
  • 9/11 opinion polls
Participants

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Raveendra N. Batra (b. 27 June 1943) is a U.S. economist and professor at Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas. He is best known for his best selling books The Great Depression of 1990 and Surviving the Great Depression of 1990.
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Lou Dobbs (born September 24 1945), is the CNN anchor and managing editor for Lou Dobbs Tonight. He is also an editorial columnist and syndicated radio show host. Lou Dobbs Tonight attracts CNN's second-largest audience after Larry King Live
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Business law
Business organizations
Basic forms:
Sole proprietorship
Corporation
Partnership
(General · Limited · LLP)
Cooperative
USA:
Business trust · LLC · LLLP
Delaware corporation
Nevada corporation
UK/Commonwealth:
Limited company
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Industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent, industrious"), is the segment of economy concerned with production of goods. Industry began in its present form during the 1800s, aided by technological advances, and it has continued to develop to this day.
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