Information about Mannaeans

Faravahar background

History of Iran  Empires of Persia Kings of Persia BCE Jiroft civilization (Aratta?) 3000–5th cent. Proto-Elamite civilization 3500–2800 Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai 10th–7th cent. Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire 550–330 Seleucid Empire 330–150 Parthian Empire 248–CE 224 CE Sassanid Empire 224–651 Patriarchal Caliphate 637–651 Umayyad Caliphate 661-750 Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258 Tahirid dynasty 821–873 Alavid dynasty 864–928 Sajid dynasty 889/890-929 Saffarid dynasty 861–1003 Samanid dynasty 875–999 Ziyarid dynasty 928–1043 Buwayhid dynasty 934–1055 Sallarids 942–979 Ghaznavid Empire 963–1187 Ghori dynasty 1149–1212 Seljukid Empire 1037–1194 Khwarezmid dynasty 1077–1231 Ilkhanate 1256–1353 Muzaffarid dynasty 1314–1393 Chupanid dyansty 1337–1357 Jalayerid dynasty 1339–1432 Timurid Empire 1370–1506 Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans 1407–1468 Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans 1378–1508 Safavid dynasty 1501–1722* Hotaki Ghilzai dynasty 1722–1729 Afsharid dynasty 1736–1802 Zand dynasty 1750–1794 Qajar dynasty 1781–1925 Pahlavi dynasty 1925–1979 Islamic Revolution 1979 Provisional Government 1979–1980 Islamic Republic of Iran since 1980 * or 1736 Timeline [ edit]

The Mannaeans (or Mannai, Mannae, Biblical Minni, מנּי) were an ancient people of unknown origin, who lived in the territory of present-day Iran, around the 10th to 7th centuries BC. At that time they were neighbors of the empires of Assyria and Urartu, as well as other small buffer states between the two, such as Musasir and Zikirta.

Their original homeland was situated east and south of the Lake Urmia, roughly centered around modern-day Mahabad,[1] and at their greatest extent their borders expanded as far as the Kura river. Excavations that began in 1956 succeeded in uncovering the fortified city of Hasanlu. After suffering several defeats at the hands of both Scythians and Assyrians, the remnants of the Mannaean populace were finally absorbed by the Medes in 616 BC.

Ethnonym

Minni in Jeremiah (Jeremiah 51:27|) is mentioned alongside Ararat and Ashchenaz, probably the same as the Minnai of Assyrian inscriptions,^[1] perhaps corresponding to the Minyans.^[2] Armenia is interpreted by some as ^ḪARMinni, that is, "the mountainous region of the Minni", see Armenia (name).^[3] S. Bochard in his Geographia Sacra identified the Minni with Minyades, mentioned by Nicholas of Damascus as a province of Armenia. J. P. Hyatt in the Interpreter's Bible identifies them with the Mannaeans known from Assyrian inscriptions, located in the region south of Lake Urmia.

Ethnicity

The original ethnic and linguistic affinities of the populace are uncertain. They are sometimes considered to have been of non-Indo-European origin; however some historians see close similarities between Mannaeans and Indo-Iranian groups such as Scythians. The Mannaeans may also have been a branch of Hurrians (Khurrites), who were not linguistically Indo-European.

History

The kingdom of Mannai began to flourish around 850 BC. Mannaeans were mainly a settled people, practicing irrigation and breeding cattle and horses. The capital was another fortified city, Izirtu (Zirta).

By the 820s BC they had expanded to become the first large state to occupy this region, later followed by the Medes and the Parsu (Persians). By this time they had a prominent aristocracy as a ruling class, who somewhat limited the power of the king.

Beginning around 800 BC, the region became contested ground between Urartu, who built several forts on the territory of Mannae, and Assyria. During open conflict between the two, ca. 750-730 BC, Mannae seized the opportunity to enlarge its holdings. The Mannaean kingdom reached the pinnacle of its power during the reign of Iranzu (ca. 725-720 BC).

In 716 BC, king Sargon II of Assyria moved against Mannae, where the ruler Aza, son of Iranzu, had been deposed by Ullusunu with the help of the Urartians. Sargon took Izirtu, and stationed troops in Parsuash (original home of Persian tribe, on lake Urmia) and Kar-Nergal (Kishesim). The Assyrians thereafter used the area to breed, train and trade horses.

According to one Assyrian inscription, the Cimmerians (Gimirru) originally went forth from their homeland of Gamir or Uishdish in "the midst of Mannae" around this time. The Cimmerians first appear in the annals in the year 714 BC, when they apparently helped the Assyrians to defeat Urartu. Urartu chose to submit to the Assyrians, and together the two defeated the Cimmerians and thus kept them out of the Fertile Crescent. At any rate, the Cimmerians had again rebelled against Sargon by 705, the year he fell to them in battle, and by 679 they had migrated to the east and west of Mannae.

The Mannaeans are recorded as rebelling against Esarhaddon of Assyria in 676 BC, when they interrupted the horse trade between Assyria and Parsuash.

The king Ahsheri, who ruled until the 650s BC, continued to enlarge the territory of Mannae. However, Mannae suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of the Assyrians around 660 BC, and revolt broke out, continuing until Ahsheri's death. Also in the 7th century BC, Mannae was defeated by the advancing Scythians, who had already encroached upon Urartu, somewhat later (585 BC) destroying it as well. This defeat contributed to the further break-up of the Mannaean kingdom.

King Ahsheri's successor, Ualli, took the side of the Assyrians against the Medes (Madai), who were at this point still based to the east along the Southwest shore of the Caspian Sea. However, in the ensuing decades of conflict, it appears the Medes eventually gained the upper hand, conquering the remnants of Mannae in 616 BC and absorbing the populace.

References

External links

• Mannaean art
• Kingdom of Mannai Regnal chronologies
• Mannaean glazed bricks from Bukan

History of Iran 

Empires of Persia Kings of Persia
BCE

..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

Common Era, also known as Current Era or Christian Era, abbreviated CE, ^[1][2][3][4] is a designation for the period of time beginning with year 1 of the Gregorian calendar.
..... Click the link for more information.

History of Iran 

Empires of Persia Kings of Persia
BCE

..... Click the link for more information.

History of Iran 

Empires of Persia Kings of Persia
BCE

..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

Medes were an ancient Iranian people, who lived in the north, western, and northwestern portions of present-day Iran, and roughly the areas of present day Kurdistan, Hamedan, Tehran, Azarbaijan, north of Esfahan and Zanjan.
..... Click the link for more information.

Achaemenid Empire (Persian: هخامنشیان IPA: [haχɒmaneʃijɒn]) (559 BC–330 BC), or
..... Click the link for more information.

The Seleucid Empire was a Hellenistic successor state of Alexander the Great's dominion. At its greatest extent, the Empire comprised central Anatolia, the Levant, Mesopotamia, Persia, Turkmenistan, Pamir and the Indus valley (Pakistan).
..... Click the link for more information.

Parthia^[1] was an Iranian civilization situated in the northeast of modern Iran, but at its height covering all of Iran proper, as well as regions of the modern countries of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan,
..... Click the link for more information.

Common Era, also known as Current Era or Christian Era, abbreviated CE, ^[1][2][3][4] is a designation for the period of time beginning with year 1 of the Gregorian calendar.
..... Click the link for more information.

Common Era, also known as Current Era or Christian Era, abbreviated CE, ^[1][2][3][4] is a designation for the period of time beginning with year 1 of the Gregorian calendar.
..... Click the link for more information.

Sassanid Empire or Sassanian Dynasty (Persian: ساسانیان [sɒsɒnijɒn
..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization prehistoric–? Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire
..... Click the link for more information.

AD Tulunid dynasty 868-905 Hamdanid dynasty 890-1004 Ikhshidid dynasty 935-969 Uqaylid Dynasty 990-1096 Zengid dynasty 1127-1250 Ayyubid dynasty 1171-1246 Bahri dynasty 1250-1382 Burji dynasty 1382–1517

..... Click the link for more information.

AD Tulunid dynasty 868-905 Hamdanid dynasty 890-1004 Ikhshidid dynasty 935-969 Uqaylid Dynasty 990-1096 Zengid dynasty 1127-1250 Ayyubid dynasty 1171-1246 Bahri dynasty 1250-1382 Burji dynasty 1382–1517

..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

History of Iran 

Empires of Persia Kings of Persia
BCE

..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

The Samanids (819–999)^[1] (Persian: سامانیان Sāmāniyān
..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

History of Iran 

Empires of Persia Kings of Persia
BCE

..... Click the link for more information.

This article or section needs copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone and/or spelling.
You can assist by [ editing it] now. A how-to guide is available, as is general .
This article has been tagged since September 2007.
..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

This article is about dynasty which ruled the political entity known as Great Seljuq Empire.

The Seljuqs (also Seljuq Turks, Seldjuks, Seldjuqs, Seljuks; in Turkish Selçuklular; in Persian:
..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.

BCE Zayandeh River Civilization Sialk civilization 7500–1000 Jiroft civilization (Aratta) Proto-Elamite civilization Bactria-Margiana Complex Elamite dynasties 2800–550 Kingdom of Mannai Median Empire 728–550 Achaemenid Empire Seleucid Empire Greco-Bactrian
..... Click the link for more information.