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Information about Malassezia

Malassezia furfur
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Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor

Malassezia furfur in skin scale from a patient with tinea versicolor
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Fungi
Division:Basidiomycetes
Subdivision:Hymenomycotina
Class:Heterobasidiomycetes
Order:Tremellales
Genus:Malassezia
Species:Malassezia furfur


Malassezia (formerly known as Pityrosporum) is a genus of related fungi, classified as yeasts, naturally found on the skin surfaces of many animals and humans. It can cause hypopigmentation on the chest or back if it becomes an opportunistic infection.

Changes in nomenclature

Some confusion exists about the naming and classification of Malassezia yeast species due to a series of changes in their nomenclature. Malassezia were originally identified by the French scientist Malassez in the late 19th century, hence their proper current name. In the mid 20th century they were reclassified into two species: Pityrosporum ovale which is lipid dependent and found only on humans, and Pityrosporum pachydermatis, which is lipophyllic but not lipid dependent and found on the skin of most animals. P. ovale was later divied into two classes, P. ovale and P. orbiculare, and later renamed again as Malassezia furfur. Work on these yeasts was complicated because they are extremely difficult to propogate in laboratory culture.

Later, in the mid 1990s, scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, France (Evelyn Gueho and Jacques Guillot) discovered that there were indeed multiple species and correctly reclassified and named the genus as Malassezia with several distinct species. Currently there are 10 recognized species: globosa, restricta, furfur, slooffiae, symposialis, nana, yamatoensis, dermatis, obtusa, and pachydermatis.

Role in human diseases

Recently, identification of Malassezia on skin has been aided by the application of molecular or DNA based techniques very similar to those used by forensic scientists to identify criminal suspects. These investigations show that in humans the species causing most skin disease, including the most common cause of dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis is M. globosa. The skin rash of tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor) is also due to infection by this fungi.

As the fungus requires fat to grow, it is most common in areas with many sebaceous glands: on the scalp, face, and upper part of the body. When the fungus grows too rapidly, the natural renewal of cells is disturbed and dandruff appears with itching (a similar process may also occur with other fungi or bacteria).

References

  • Ashbee H, Evans E (2002). "Immunology of diseases associated with Malassezia species". Clin Microbiol Rev 15 (1): 21-57. PMID 11781265. 
  • Batra R, Boekhout T, Guého E, Cabañes F, Dawson T, Gupta A (2005). "Malassezia Baillon, emerging clinical yeasts". FEMS Yeast Res 5 (12): 1101-13. PMID 16084129. 
  • Gemmer C, DeAngelis Y, Theelen B, Boekhout T, Dawson Jr T (2002). "Fast, noninvasive method for molecular detection and differentiation of Malassezia yeast species on human skin and application of the method to dandruff microbiology". J Clin Microbiol 40 (9): 3350-7. PMID 12202578. 
  • Guého E, Midgley G, Guillot J (1996). "The genus Malassezia with description of four new species". Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 69 (4): 337-55. PMID 8836432. 
  • Gupta A, Batra R, Bluhm R, Boekhout T, Dawson T (2004). "Skin diseases associated with Malassezia species". J Am Acad Dermatol 51 (5): 785-98. PMID 15523360. 
  • Gupta A, Kohli Y, Faergemann J, Summerbell R (2001). "Epidemiology of Malassezia yeasts associated with pityriasis versicolor in Ontario, Canada". Med Mycol 39 (2): 199-206. PMID 11346269. 
  • Gupta A, Kohli Y, Summerbell R, Faergemann J (2001). "Quantitative culture of Malassezia species from different body sites of individuals with or without dermatoses". Med Mycol 39 (3): 243-51. PMID 11446527. 
  • Nakabayashi A, Sei Y, Guillot J (2000). "Identification of Malassezia species isolated from patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, pityriasis versicolor and normal subjects". Med Mycol 38 (5): 337-41. PMID 11092380. 
  • Nell A, James S, Bond C, Hunt B, Herrtage M (2002). "Identification and distribution of a novel Malassezia species yeast on normal equine skin". Vet Rec 150 (13): 395-8. PMID 11999275. 
  • Sugita T, Takashima M, Shinoda T, Suto H, Unno T, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H, Nishikawa A (2002). "New yeast species, Malassezia dermatis, isolated from patients with atopic dermatitis". J Clin Microbiol 40 (4): 1363-7. PMID 11923357. 

External links

Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
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Eukarya
Whittaker & Margulis, 1978
(unranked) Opisthokonta

Kingdom: Fungi
(L., 1753) R.T. Moore, 1980[1]

Subkingdom/Phyla

Chytridiomycota
Blastocladiomycota

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Basidiomycota
R.T. Moore, 1980[1]

Subphyla/Classes

Pucciniomycotina
Ustilaginomycotina
Agaricomycotina
Incertae sedis (no phylum)
Wallemiomycetes
Entorrhizomycetes




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Hymenomycotina

Classes

Homobasidiomycetes - mushrooms
Heterobasidiomycetes - jelly fungi

The subdivision Hymenomycotina (Hymenomycetes) is one of three taxa of the fungal division Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores on basidia).
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Heterobasidiomycetes

Orders

Tremellales
Auriculariales
Dacryomycetales

The class Heterobasidiomycetes or jelly fungi is a paraphyletic group of several fungal orders: Tremellales, Auriculariales, Dacrymycetales.
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Eukarya
Whittaker & Margulis, 1978
(unranked) Opisthokonta

Kingdom: Fungi
(L., 1753) R.T. Moore, 1980[1]

Subkingdom/Phyla

Chytridiomycota
Blastocladiomycota

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Ascomycota (sac fungi)
  • Saccharomycotina (true yeasts)
  • Taphrinomycotina
  • Schizosaccharomycetes (fission yeasts)
Basidiomycota (club fungi)
  • Urediniomycetes

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Lipids can be broadly defined as any fat-soluble (hydrophobic), naturally-occurring molecules. The term is more-specifically used to refer to fatty-acids and their derivatives (including tri-, di-, and monoglycerides and phospholipids) as well as other fat-soluble sterol-containing
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The Pasteur Institute (French: Institut Pasteur) is a French non-profit private foundation dedicated to the study of biology, microorganisms, diseases and vaccines.
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Dandruff
Classification & external resources

A large flake of dandruff combed from a beard

ICD-9 690.18

DiseasesDB 11911

Dandruff (also called scurf and historically termed Pityriasis capitis
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MeSH D012628 Seborrheic dermatitis is a skin disorder affecting the scalp, face and trunk causing scaly, flaky, itchy, red skin. It particularly affects the sebum-gland rich areas of skin.
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Tinea versicolor
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 B 36.0
ICD-9 111.0

DiseasesDB 10071
MedlinePlus 001465
eMedicine .htm derm/423   Tinea versicolor or pityriasis versicolor
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Fat

Fat may refer to:
  • Fat, a group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water
  • Adipose tissue, an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes

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The sebaceous glands are glands found in the skin of mammals.

Locations and morphology

A branched type of acinar gland, these glands exist in humans throughout the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.
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