Information about List Of Poisonings
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| Toxicology and poison |
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| Toxicology (Forensic) - Toxinology History of poison (ICD-10 , ICD-9 ) |
| Concepts |
| Poison - Toxicant - Antidote Acceptable daily intake - Acute toxicity - Bioaccumulation -Fixed Dose Procedure - LD50 - Lethal dose - Toxic capacity - Toxicity Class |
| Toxins and venoms |
| Neurotoxin - Necrotoxin - Hemotoxin - Mycotoxin - Aflatoxin - Phototoxin List of fictional toxins |
| Incidents |
| Bradford - Minamata - Niigata - Alexander Litvinenko - Bhopal 2007 pet food recalls List of poisonings |
| Poisoning types |
| Elements Lead - Mercury - Cadmium - Fluoride - Iron - Arsenic - Oxygen Seafood Shellfish (Paralytic - Diarrheal - Neurologic - Amnesic) - Ciguatera - Scombroid - Tetrodotoxin Other substances Pesticide - Organophosphate - Food - Nicotine - Theobromine - Carbon monoxide - Vitamin - Medicines Living organisms Mushrooms - Plants - Animals |
| Related topics |
| Hazard symbol - Carcinogen - Mutagen - List of Extremely Hazardous Substances - Biological warfare |
Non-fiction
Confirmed poisonings
- Socrates (d. 399 BC) , Greek philosopher — According to Plato, sentenced to kill himself by drinking poison hemlock
- Demosthenes (d. 322 BC) Athenian politician
- Aratus of Sicyon (d. 213 BC), tyrant of Sicyon
- Antipater the Idumaean (d. 43 BC), father of Herod the Great
- Cleopatra VII of Egypt (d. 30 BC), poisoned herself with an asp’s bite
- Julius Caesar Drusus (d. 23), son of Tiberius
- Emperor Hui of Jin China (d. 304)
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (d. 661), caliph
- Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz (d. 720), umayyad caliph
- Musa al-Kazim (d. 799), Shia Imam
- Romanus II (d. 963), Byzantine Emperor
- Alan III, Duke of Brittany (d. 1040)
- Constance of Normandy (d. 1090), daughter of King William I of England
- Constantine II of Armenia (d. 1129)
- Alphonse I, Count of Toulouse (d. 1148)
- Baldwin III of Jerusalem (d. 1162)
- Blanche of Bourbon (d. 1361), first wife of King Pedro of Castile
- Louis, Count of Gravina (d. 1362)
- Robert, Count of Eu (d. 1387)
- Ladislaus, King of Naples (d. 1414)
- Margaret Drummond (d. 1502), mistress of King James IV of Scotland
- Timoji (d.1512), Hindu privateer and Portuguese ally
- Juan Ponce de León (d. 1521), Spanish conquistador; after being wounded by a poisoned arrow
- Pope Clement VII (d. 1534), ate the death cap mushroom
- Eric XIV, King of Sweden (d. 1577), by arsenic hidden in pea soup.
- Yamada Nagamasa (d. 1630), Japanese adventurer
- Bradford sweets poisoning (1858)
- Olive Thomas (d. 1920), Silent film actress, accidentally ingested a large dose of mercury bichloride
- Nestor Lakoba (d. 1936), Abkhaz Communist leader, was poisoned by NKVD chef Lavrenti Beria
- Abram Slutsky (d.1938), head of Soviet spy service, poisoned with hydrogen cyanide by NKVD
- Nikolai Koltsov (d. 1940), famous Russian biologist, was poisoned by secret police NKVD
- Erwin Rommel (d. 1944) German general
- Adolf Hitler (d. 1945) cyanide and gunshot simultaneously before capture
- Eva Braun (d. 1945) suicide by cyanide capsule at Hitler's side as his wife
- The Goebbels children (d. 1945), poisoned by their parents Magda and Joseph Goebbels (who then killed themselves shortly afterwards by poison and gun shots before capture)
- Heinrich Himmler (d. 1945), leader of the Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS); suicide by cyanide capsule after being captured
- Odilo Globocnik (d. 1945)
- Hermann Göring (d.1946), leader of the Nazi Luftwaffe; suicide by cyanide capsule, long after being captured and only hours before his hanging was to take place
- Alan Turing (d. 1954), British mathematician — Apparently committed suicide by painting an apple with cyanide and taking a bite.
- Clare Boothe Luce (1956) — Fell ill but did not die; arsenic poisoning
- Stepan Bandera (d. 1959) poisoned by a cyanide capsule shot from a gun by KGB agents
- Georgi Markov (d. 1978), Bulgarian dissident, — Assassinated in London with ricin
- Peoples Temple cult-members, perhaps over 900 of them, (1978); killed by cyanide-laced punch at Jonestown.
- Love Canal (up to 1978) — Buried toxic waste was covered and used as a building site for housing and school in Niagara Falls, New York, resulting in claims of chronic poisoning and a massive environmental cleanup.
- Bhopal Disaster (1984) — An accidental release of poisonous gas from a pesticide plant in India that killed over 2,000 people and injured many more.
- Matsumoto incident, June 27, 1994, sarin gas attack carried out by members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult. 7 killed, approximately 200 injured.
- Sarin gas attack on the Tokyo subway, March 20, 1995, carried out by members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult. 12 killed, 1034 injured.
- Marshall Applewhite (d. 1997); cult suicide
- Ibn al-Khattab (d. 2002), a Sunni Jihadi fighter, died from a poisoned letter sent by Russian FSB agency
- Alexander Litvinenko 2006, Russian ex-spy and investigator, died three weeks after being poisoned by radioactive polonium-210 in London.
Attempted poisonings
- Grigori Rasputin, Russian mystic, survived being poisoned with potassium cyanide, as well as being shot, bludgeoned, and being thrown into a frozen river before he finally died by drowning.
- Khaled Meshal, Hamas Leader, survived being poisoned by Israeli assassins. The King of Jordan ordered the capture of the assassins, two of which were caught, and an antidote was supplied by Israel for their release.
- Nikolay Khokhlov was poisoned by radioactive thallium Germany in 1957 for refusing to work as a KGB assasssin
- Zhu Ling, Chinese university student poisoned with thallium in 1995. Suspect never charged.
- Anna Politkovskaya was poisoned during her flight to Beslan in 2004
Possible poisonings
- Alexander the Great
- Barbara Radziwiłł (d. 1551), Queen of Poland
- Boudica, Queen of the Iceni and leader of the rebellion against Roman rule in Britain, suicide by poison according to Tacitus; Dio Cassius claims natural illness
- Charles Darwin — possibly died due to self-medication with Fowler's solution, one percent potassium arsenite
- Claudius (d. 54), Roman Emperor, by his wife Agrippina the Younger
- Germanicus (d. 19), Roman general
- Huo Yuanjia (d. 1910), wushu master and Chinese national hero, arsenic
- Jamestown colonists — Standard historical accounts claim deaths by starvation, but the possibility of arsenic poisoning by rat poison (or of death by Bubonic plague) has also been reported (see here)
- King John of England, with plums
- Mithridates VI of Pontus
- Napoleon Bonaparte — some claim he was killed by someone on his staff with arsenic. Evidence is inconclusive.
- Pope Benedict XI (d. 1304)
- Pope Pius VIII (d. 1830)
- Ptolemy XIV of Egypt (d. 44 BC), if so, by his sister Cleopatra
- Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury (d. 1612)
- Tycho Brahe (d. 1601), Danish astronomer
- Stefan Dusan (d. 1355), Serbian king
- John Gallagher Montgomery (d. 1857), U.S. Congressman from Pennsylvania
- Maxim Gorky (d. 1936), Russian writer. NKVD chef Genrikh Yagoda admitted at the Trial of the Twenty One that he ordered to poison Gorky and his son.
- Robert Johnson (d. 1938), American musician
- Raoul Wallenberg (d. presumably in 1947), a Swedish humanitarian, who save tens of thousands of Jews in World War II, was reportedly poisoned in Lubyanka prison by Grigory Mairanovsky
- Joseph Stalin (d. 1953) — Officially cerebral hemorrhage; but, according to Vyacheslav Molotov's memoirs and historians Radzinsky and Antonov-Ovseenko, Stalin was poisoned by Lavrenty Beria
- Pope John Paul I (d. 1978) (unconfirmed)
- Yuri Shchekochikhin (d. 2003), Russian investigative journalist, died presumably from poisoning by radioactive thallium
- Yasser Arafat (d. 2004) — Arafat reputedly died from liver cirrhosis, which may be a consequence of chronic alcohol use or poisoning. Some Arafat supporters feel it is unlikely that Arafat habitually used alcohol (forbidden by Islam), and so suspect poisoning. However, it is also important to note that cirrhosis is not necessarily caused by alcohol use, or indeed any poison at all.
- Ardeshir Hosseinpour (d. 2007), Iranian nuclear scientist, possibly poisoned/assassinated by Mossad: death by "radioactive poisoning" or "gas poisoning" http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3360556,00.html http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/821634.html http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1170359775445&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull (unconfirmed)
- Viktor Yushchenko, Ukrainian politician, possibly poisoned with dioxin during the 2004 electoral campaign.
Notorious poisoners
- Dr John Bodkin Adams, British doctor acquitted in 1957 but suspected of killing 163 patients via morphia and barbiturates.[1]
- Members of the Aum Shinrikyo cult in Japan in the 1990s often used poisons for murder, including chemical weapons such as VX and Sarin.
- Thomas Neill Cream (d. 1892), British serial killer.
- Anna Marie Hahn (executed 1938), American serial killer.
- Grigory Mairanovsky, who received Soviet PhD degree for testing poisons on political prisoners
- Vera Renczi, Romanian serial killer who used arsenic to kill two husbands, a son and thirty-two suitors.
- Charles Sobhraj, a serial killer who preyed on Western tourists throughout Southeast Asia during the 1970s.
- Michael Swango, American physician and surgeon, who fatally poisoned at least thirty of his patients and colleagues.
- Graham Frederick Young (d. 1990), British serial killer.
Fiction
Due to the plot strength of poisoning in crime fiction, this is an inexhaustive list.Novels
Crime fiction
- Anthony Berkeley: The Poisoned Chocolates Case
- Ann Granger: Say It With Poison
- Francis Iles: Before the Fact (filmed as Suspicion)
- Francis Iles: Malice Aforethought
- Agatha Christie: Three Act Tragedy
- Agatha Christie: A Pocket Full of Rye
- Agatha Christie: Crooked House
- Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None
- John Dickson Carr: The Burning Court
- John Dickson Carr: The Black Spectacles (US title The Problem of the Green Capsule)
- Raymond Postgate: Verdict of Twelve
- Freeman Wills Crofts: The 12.30 from Croydon
- Ann Granger: Say It With Poison
- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: A Study in Scarlet
- Sir Arthur Conan Doyle: The Adventure of the Devil's Foot
- Dorothy Sayers: The Unpleasantness at the Bellona Club
- Dorothy Sayers: Strong Poison
- Rex Stout: Fer-de-Lance
- Rex Stout: The Red Box
- Rex Stout: Black Orchids
- Cornell Woolrich: Waltz into Darkness (filmed as Mississippi Mermaid and Original Sin)
Other fiction
- Alexandre Dumas, père: The Count of Monte Cristo and The Three Musketeers
- Gustave Flaubert: Madame Bovary
- Kaori Yuki: Count Cain (GodChild after vol. 5) Protagonist Cain Hargreaves is known as the Count/Earl of Poisons. He has quite a collection of poisons, and frequently solves murder cases, almost all of which involve poisons.
- Romeo suicide by poison in Romeo and Juliet
- Snow White ate a poisoned apple
- Vladimir Harkonnen of Dune
- unsuccessful poisoning of Ron Weasley in Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. The intended victim was Albus Dumbledore
- David Eddings' Mallorean. The Emperor Zakath of Mallorea is poisoned with thalot, and cured by Adara's Rose, called by Cyradis, the Seeress of Kell, the "universal remedy". In The Elenium, the Primate Annias poisons Queen Ehlana with Darestim, so he can have access to her treasury to fund his campaign of becoming Archprelate. Her champion, Sparhawk, and his companions find the magical jewel Bhelliom to cure her. It is later revealed that Ehlana's father King Aldreas was killed with the same poison, given to him by his sister, with whom he was romantically involved.
Films
- D.O.A.
- Arsenic and Old Lace
- The Young Poisoner's Handbook
- Jill Tracy- The Fine Art of Poisoning
- Crank
Plays
- Joseph Kesselring: Arsenic and Old Lace
- Shakespeare: Romeo and Juliet
- Hamlet, King Claudius, Gertrude and Laertes, characters in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
- Imogen, in William Shakespeare’s play Cymbeline
References
1. ^ Cullen, Pamela V., "A Stranger in Blood: The Case Files on Dr John Bodkin Adams", London, Elliott & Thompson, 2006, ISBN 1-904027-19-9
See also
- List of people by cause of death – List of unusual deaths
- List of deaths from carbon monoxide poisoning
- Antidote
- Assassination
- Biosecurity
- Cult suicide
- Food poisoning
- Food taster
- LD50
- Lead poisoning
- Lethal injection
- Pesticide poisoning
- Poison
- Poisonous animals
- Poisonous plants
- Pollutant
- Toxicity
- Venom
- List of fictional toxins
Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.[1] It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.
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Forensic toxicology is the use of toxicology and other disciplines such as analytical chemistry, pharmacology and clinical chemistry to aid medicolegal investigation of death, poisoning, and drug use.
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history of poisons[1] stretches over a period from before 4500 BC to the present day. Poisons have been used for many purposes across the span of human existence as weapons, anti-venoms and medicines.
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poisons are substances that can cause damage, illness, or death to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by an organism.
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A toxicant is a chemical compound that has an effect on organisms. Toxicants are typically introduced into the environment by human activity.The effects depend on the concentration of the compound.
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An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning.
Sometimes, the antidote for a particular toxin is manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and the resulting antibodies are extracted from the animals' blood.
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Sometimes, the antidote for a particular toxin is manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and the resulting antibodies are extracted from the animals' blood.
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Acceptable Daily Intake or ADI is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (usually a food additive, or a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide) in food or drinking water that can be ingested (orally) over a lifetime without an appreciable health risk.
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Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance which result either from a single exposure[1] or from multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours).
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Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which the substance is lost. Thus, the longer the biological half-life of the substance the greater the risk of chronic poisoning, even if environmental levels of the toxin are very
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The fixed-dose procedure (FDP) was proposed in 1984 to assess a substance's acute oral toxicity using fewer animals with less suffering than the older LD50 test developed in 1927.
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A lethal dose (LD) is an indication of the lethality of a given substance or type of radiation. Because resistance varies from one individual to another, the 'lethal dose' represents a dose (usually recorded as dose per kilogram of subject body weight) at which a given
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Toxic capacity can mean the toxicity of a substance, possibly in relation to a specific organism and toxic capacity can mean the capacity of an organism, organic system or ecosystem to contain a toxic substance or a selection of toxic substances (a compound) without showing
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Toxicity Class refers to a classification system for pesticides created by a national or international government-related or -sponsored organization. It addresses the acute toxicity of agents such as soil fumigants, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides,
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toxin (Greek: τοξικόν, toxikon, lit. (poison) for use on arrows) is a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms.
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Venom (literally, poison of animal origin) is any of a variety of toxins used by certain types of animals, for the purpose of defense and hunting. Generally, venom is injected while other toxins are absorbed by ingestion or through the skin.
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A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins such as ion channels. Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins.
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Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. Necrosis is less orderly than apoptosis, which is part of programmed cell death.
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Hemotoxins, haemotoxins or hematotoxins are toxins that destroy red blood cells (that is, cause hemolysis), disrupt blood clotting, and/or cause organ degeneration and generalized tissue damage.
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Mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης (mykes, mukos) "fungus") is a toxin produced by an organism of the fungus kingdom, which includes mushrooms, molds and yeasts. Most fungi are aerobic (use oxygen).
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Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, most notably Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic.
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Phototoxins are toxins that can cause allergic reactions in particularly susceptible individuals and which can cause dangerous photosensitivity in a much broader range of subjects.
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Daylight.
This is the list of fictional chemical weapons. Fictional chemical weapons are toxins that are used on large scale, by either military, paramilitary or terrorist organizations.
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Fictional chemical weapons
This is the list of fictional chemical weapons. Fictional chemical weapons are toxins that are used on large scale, by either military, paramilitary or terrorist organizations.
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The Bradford sweets poisoning was the accidental arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in Bradford, England in 1858; an estimated 20 people died when sweets accidentally made with arsenic were sold from a market stall.
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Minamata disease
Classification & external resources
The crippled hand of a Minamata disease victim (W. E. Smith)
ICD-10 T56.1
ICD-9 985.0
MedlinePlus 001651
Minamata disease
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Classification & external resources
The crippled hand of a Minamata disease victim (W. E. Smith)
ICD-10 T56.1
ICD-9 985.0
MedlinePlus 001651
Minamata disease
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Niigata Minamata disease
Classification & external resources
The crippled hand of a Minamata disease victim
ICD-10 T56.1
ICD-9 985.0
MedlinePlus 001651
Niigata Minamata disease
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Classification & external resources
The crippled hand of a Minamata disease victim
ICD-10 T56.1
ICD-9 985.0
MedlinePlus 001651
Niigata Minamata disease
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Alexander Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised. He died three weeks later, becoming the first known victim of lethal polonium-210-induced acute radiation syndrome.
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The Bhopal Disaster took place in the early hours of the morning of December 3 1984,[1] in the heart of the city of Bhopal in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
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2007 pet food recalls comprise the contamination and wide recall of many brands of cat and dog foods beginning in March 2007 and the ensuing developments involving the human food supply.
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Lead poisoning
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 T 56.0
ICD-9 984.9
Lead poisoning is a medical condition, also known as saturnism, plumbism or painter's colic, caused by increased blood lead levels.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 T 56.0
ICD-9 984.9
Lead poisoning is a medical condition, also known as saturnism, plumbism or painter's colic, caused by increased blood lead levels.
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