Information about List Of Basic Biology Topics
- For a more comprehensive list, see the List of biology topics.
Biology is the study of living organisms. It is concerned with the characteristics, classification, and behaviors of organisms, how species come into existence, and the interactions they have with each other and with the natural environment. Biology encompasses a broad spectrum of academic fields that are often viewed as independent disciplines. However, together they address phenomena related to living organisms (biological phenomena) over a wide range of scales, from biophysics to ecology. All concepts in biology are subject to the same laws that other branches of science obey, such as the laws of thermodynamics and conservation of energy. Basic topics in biology include:
Nature of biology
- Main article: Biology
Subdisciplines of biology
- Acarology -- Anatomy -- Arachnology -- Biochemistry -- Bioinformatics -- Biomechanics -- Bionomics -- Biophysics -- Biotechnology -- Botany -- Cell biology -- Ecology -- Entomology -- Evolution -- Genetics -- Gerontology -- Herpetology -- Histology -- Ichnology -- Ichthyology -- Immunology -- Limnology -- Marine biology -- Microbiology -- Molecular biology -- Mycology -- Myrmecology -- Neurobiology -- Ornithology -- Paleontology -- Palynology -- Parasitology -- Photobiology -- Phycology -- Physiology -- Plant physiology -- Biological psychology-- Radiobiology -- Sociobiology -- Structural biology -- Taxonomy -- Virology -- Zoology
History of biology
- Main article: History of biology
Basic biology concepts
Ecology & evolution
- Life: origin of life -- Miller-Urey experiment
- Ecology:
- Autecology: autotroph -- heterotroph -- acclimatization -- endotherm -- ectotherm -- hibernation -- homeostasis -- behavior -- circadian rhythm
- Population ecology: population -- competition -- mating -- biological dispersal -- endemism -- niche -- growth curve -- carrying capacity
- Community ecology: community -- keystone species -- mimicry -- symbiosis -- pollination -- mutualism -- commensalism -- parasitism -- predation -- invasive species -- environmental heterogeneity -- edge effect
- Ecosystems: biodiversity -- biome -- habitat -- plankton -- thermocline -- carbon cycle -- water cycle -- nitrogen cycle -- food web -- trophic level -- saprobe -- decomposition
- Evolutionary biology (evolution)
- Microevolution: species -- speciation -- adaptation -- selection -- natural selection -- directional selection -- sexual selection -- genetic drift -- sexual reproduction -- asexual reproduction -- colony -- allele frequency -- neutral theory of molecular evolution -- population genetics -- Hardy-Weinberg principle
- Macroevolution: adaptive radiation -- convergent evolution -- extinction -- mass extinction -- fossil -- taphonomy -- geologic time -- plate tectonics -- continental drift -- vicariance -- Gondwana -- Pangaea -- endosymbiosis
- Systematics: taxon -- taxonomy -- scientific classification -- phylogeny -- evolutionary tree -- cladistics -- synapomorphy -- homology -- molecular clock
Organismal biology
- Groups of living organisms
- viruses : DNA viruses -- RNA viruses -- retroviruses
- Single-cell organisms:
- prokaryotes : microbe -- bacteria -- archaebacteria -- eubacteria
- eukaryotes: fungi -- algae -- protozoa -- protista
- Multicellular organisms:
- plantae -- plants -- bryophytes -- pteridophytes -- seed plants
- animalia -- animals -- metazoa -- insects -- molluscs -- vertebrates
- fungi -- lichen -- mycorrhizae
- Developmental biology : gamete -- spermatid -- ovum -- zygote -- embryo -- cellular differentiation -- morphogenesis --homeobox
- Animal development: stem cell -- blastula -- gastrula -- egg (biology) -- fetus -- placenta
- Plant development: seed -- cotyledon -- meristem -- apical meristem -- vascular cambium -- cork cambium
- Morphology, Anatomy, & Physiology:
- Techniques: electrophysiology -- electron microscopy
- tissues -- organ -- senescence
- Plant systems: root -- shoot -- stem -- leaf -- flower
- vascular tissue -- Casparian strip -- turgor pressure -- xylem -- phloem -- transpiration -- wood
- alternation of generations -- gametophyte -- antheridium -- archegonium -- sporophyte -- spore -- sporangium
- tropism -- taxis
- Animal systems: skin cell
- skeleton -- bone -- cartilage -- joint -- muscle -- tendon -- actin -- myosin -- reflex
- circulatory system -- respiration -- lung -- heart -- artery -- vein -- capillary -- blood -- blood cell
- digestive system -- stomach -- intestine -- liver -- nutrition -- primary nutritional groups metabolism -- kidney -- excretion
- nervous system: limbic system -- vestibular system -- neuron -- axon -- dendrite -- brain -- eye -- vision -- audition -- proprioception -- olfaction -- memory
- nerve signaling: action potential -- signal transduction -- synapse -- receptor
- endocrine system -- hormone
- reproductive system -- testes -- ovary -- pregnancy
- Medicine:
- Diseases: cancer -- diabetes -- obesity -- hereditary disease -- communicable disease
- immune system: antibody -- host -- vaccine -- immune cell -- AIDS -- T-cell -- leucocyte
- Drugs: antibiotic -- barbiturate -- SSRI
- Techniques: MRI -- Computed axial tomography -- blood count
Cell & molecular biology
- Cell biology: the cell
- Techniques: culture -- microscope -- SEM -- TEM
- cell components:
- organelles: Golgi apparatus -- nucleus -- cytoplasm -- vacuole -- vesicle -- lysosome -- peroxisome -- mitochondrion -- plastid -- chloroplast
- membranes: plasma membrane -- endomembrane system -- endoplasmic reticulum -- mitochondrial membrane -- chloroplast membrane
- Other subcellular features: cell wall -- pseudopod -- cytoskeleton -- mitotic spindle -- flagellum -- cilium
- cell processes:
- diffusion -- osmosis -- isotonic -- active transport -- phagocytosis
- energy pathways: fermentation -- glycolysis -- cellular respiration -- citric acid cycle -- photosynthesis -- Calvin cycle
- protein biosynthesis -- ribosomes
- cellular reproduction: cytokinesis -- centromere -- meiosis
- nuclear reproduction: mitosis -- interphase -- prophase -- metaphase -- anaphase -- telophase
- programmed cell death -- apoptosis -- cell senescence
- Biochemistry :
- Biomolecules:
- Small: amino acids -- Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) -- fats -- lipids -- oil -- phospholipid -- prion -- sugar -- vitamins -- neurotransmitter -- wax
- Medium-sized:
- pigments: chlorophyll -- carotenoid -- xanthophyll -- melanin
- Biopolymers/macromolecules
- proteins: primary structure -- secondary structure -- tertiary structure -- conformation -- native state -- protein folding -- enzyme -- receptor -- transmembrane receptor -- ion channel -- membrane transporter-- collagen -- silk
- DNA -- RNA
- polysaccharide: cellulose -- carbohydrate -- chitin -- glycogen -- starch
- Biochemical mechanisms: proteolysis -- cooperativity
- Techniques: electrophoresis -- His tag --affinity chromatography -- x-ray diffraction -- Proteomics -- mass spectrometry
- Molecular biology:
- genetic structure: DNA -- DNA replication -- nucleosome -- genetic code -- codon -- transcription factor -- transcription -- translation -- RNA -- histone -- telomere
- gene expression -- heterochromatin -- promoter -- enhancer -- operon
- mutation -- point mutation -- crossover -- recombination --plasmid -- transposon
- molecular genetics: DNA fingerprinting -- genetic fingerprint -- microsatellite -- gene knockout-- imprinting -- RNA interference
- Genomics: computational biology -- bioinformatics
- Molecular Techniques: gel electrophoresis -- transformation -- PCR -- PCR mutagenesis -- primer -- chromosome walking -- RFLP -- restriction enzyme -- sequencing -- shotgun sequencing -- cloning -- culture -- DNA microarray
- Genetics (classical genetics) :
- heredity -- Mendelian inheritance -- gene -- locus -- trait -- allele -- polymorphism -- homozygote -- heterozygote -- hybrid -- hybridization -- dihybrid cross -- Punnett square
- genotype-phenotype distinction -- genotype -- phenotype -- dominant gene -- recessive gene
- genetic interactions -- Mendel's law of segregation -- genetic mosaic -- maternal effect -- penetrance -- complementation -- suppression -- epistasis -- genetic linkage
- chromosomal effects: chromosome -- haploid -- diploid -- polyploidy -- dosage effect -- inbreeding
- Model organisms: Drosophila -- Arabidopsis -- Caenorhabditis elegans -- mouse -- Saccharomyces cerevisiae -- Escherichia coli -- Lambda phage -- Xenopus
- Techniques: genetic screen -- paternity test -- linkage map -- genetic map
Influential biologists
- Main articles: Biologist and List of biologists
Charles Robert Darwin -- Alfred Russel Wallace -- Jean-Baptiste Lamarck -- Sir Charles Lyell -- Alfred Wegener -- Alexander Fleming -- Andrew Huxley -- Robert Koch -- Konrad Lorenz -- Ernst Haeckel -- Theodor Bilharz -- Marcello Malpighi -- Antoni van Leeuwenhoek -- Konrad Lorenz -- Thomas Malthus -- Edward Jenner -- Carolus Linnaeus -- Sewall Wright -- Louis Pasteur -- Gregor Mendel -- Barbara McClintock -- James D. Watson -- Francis Crick -- Kary Mullis -- Rosalind Franklin -- Steven Jay Gould -- Lynn Margulis -- Carl Woese -- Jane Goodall
Biology lists
- Main article: List of biology topics
See also
External links
List resources |
|---|
Biology is the study of life. Biologists study all aspects of living things, including all of the many life forms on earth and the processes in them that enable life.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biology (from Greek: βίος, bio, "life"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge"), also referred to as the biological sciences, is the scientific study of life.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Plantae Chromalveolata Heterokontophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Alveolata
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Characteristic has several meanings:
..... Click the link for more information.
- characteristic function
- Euler characteristic
- characteristic (algebra)
- method of characteristics
- Characteristic
..... Click the link for more information.
Scientific classification or biological classification is a method by which biologists group and categorize species of organisms. Scientific classification also can be called scientific taxonomy, but should be distinguished from folk taxonomy, which lacks scientific basis.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article or section is written like a personal reflection or and may require .
Please [ improve this article] by rewriting this article or section in an . (, talk)
Please [ improve this article] by rewriting this article or section in an . (, talk)
Behavior or behaviour
..... Click the link for more information.
Plantae Chromalveolata Heterokontophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Alveolata
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
species is one of the basic units of biological classification. A species is often defined as a group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
existence is a branch of philosophy known as ontology.
Many questions arise concerning existence. Is what we experience and observe all there is to existence? Do abstract ideas, such as virtue, exist? Is existence orderly and knowable or chaotic and unknowable? Does there
..... Click the link for more information.
Many questions arise concerning existence. Is what we experience and observe all there is to existence? Do abstract ideas, such as virtue, exist? Is existence orderly and knowable or chaotic and unknowable? Does there
..... Click the link for more information.
natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, is a term that comprises all living and non-living things that occur naturally on Earth or some part of it (e.g. the natural environment in a country).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
For other uses, see Phenomena (disambiguation).
A phenomenon (Greek: φαινόμενoν, pl. phenomena φαινόμενα) is any occurrence that is observable...... Click the link for more information.
Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of physics to questions of biology.
Biophysics research today is comprised of a lot of specific biological studies, which don't share a unique identifying
..... Click the link for more information.
Biophysics research today is comprised of a lot of specific biological studies, which don't share a unique identifying
..... Click the link for more information.
Ecology (also known as Oekologie, Okology, or Oekology[1],from Greek: οίκος, oikos, "household"; and λόγος, logos
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Thermodynamics (from the Greek θερμη, therme, meaning "heat" and δυναμις, dynamis, meaning "power") is a branch of physics that studies the effects of changes in temperature, pressure, and volume on
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
conservation of energy states that the total amount of energy in any closed system remains constant but can be recreated, although it may change forms, e.g. friction turns kinetic energy into thermal energy.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biology (from Greek: βίος, bio, "life"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge"), also referred to as the biological sciences, is the scientific study of life.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A biologist is a scientist devoted to and producing results in biology through the study of organisms. Typically biologists study organisms and their relationship to their environment.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Human anatomy is primarily the scientific study of the morphology of the adult human body.[1] It is subdivided into gross anatomy and microscopic anatomy.[1]
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Plantae Chromalveolata Heterokontophyta Haptophyta Cryptophyta Alveolata
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
- Acariformes
- Parasitiformes
- Opilioacariformes
..... Click the link for more information.
Anatomy (from the Greek ἀνατομία anatomia, from ἀνατέμνειν
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Arachnology (from Greek: αραχνη, arachne, "spider"; and λόγος, logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of spiders and related organisms such as scorpions, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, collectively
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.[1] The word "biochemistry" comes from the Greek word βιοχημεία biochēmeia, which means "the chemistry of life.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Bioinformatics and computational biology involve the use of techniques including applied mathematics, informatics, statistics, computer science, artificial intelligence, chemistry, and biochemistry to solve biological problems usually on the molecular level.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biomechanics is the research and analysis of the mechanics of living organisms or the application and derivation of engineering principles to and from biological systems. The research and analysis can be carried forth on multiple levels, from the molecular, wherein biomaterials
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Bionomics at:
In ecology, bionomics (Greek: bio = life; nomos = law) is the comprehensive study of an organism and its relation to its environment.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biophysics (also biological physics) is an interdisciplinary science that applies the theories and methods of physics to questions of biology.
Biophysics research today is comprised of a lot of specific biological studies, which don't share a unique identifying
..... Click the link for more information.
Biophysics research today is comprised of a lot of specific biological studies, which don't share a unique identifying
..... Click the link for more information.
Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity has come up with one of many definitions of biotechnology:[1]
..... Click the link for more information.
- "
..... Click the link for more information.
Botany is the scientific study of plant life. As a branch of biology, it is also called plant science(s), phytology, or plant biology. Botany covers a wide range of scientific disciplines that study plants, algae, and fungi including: structure, growth,
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
