Information about Levemir
Insulin detemir is a long-lasting human insulin analogue for maintaining the basal level of insulin. Novo Nordisk markets it under the trade name Levemir. It is an insulin analogue in which to the lysine amino acid at position B29 a fatty acid (myristic acid) is bound. It is quickly resorbed after which in the blood it binds to albumin through the fat acid at position B29. It then slowly dissociates from this complex.
In a clinical study (see ref 2) which compared the efficacy and safety of using Levemir for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes who had suboptimal glycemic control while receiving maximally tolerated doses of metformin and sulfonylurea (common tablet therapies for type 2 diabetes), it was found that, "At 24 weeks, A1C (glycosylated hemoglobin) had decreased by 1.8 and 1.9% (from 8.6 to 6.8 and from 8.5 to 6.6%) for detemir and NPH, respectively (NS). In both groups, 70% of participants achieved an A1C of 7.0%, but the proportion achieving this without hypoglycemia was higher with insulin detemir than with NPH insulin (26 vs. 16%, P = 0.008). Compared with NPH insulin, the risk for all hypoglycemia with insulin detemir was reduced by 47% (P < 0.001) and nocturnal hypoglycemia by 55% (P < 0.001). Mean weight gain was 1.2 kg with insulin detemir and 2.8 kg with NPH insulin (P < 0.001), and the difference in baseline-adjusted final weight was –1.58 (P < 0.001)."
In short, it was found that insulin detemir reduced Hemoglobin A1C to target levels of 7.0% for 70% of patients, similar to human basal insulin NPH, but without the same risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and with much lower weight gain.
Similar results have been seen in type 1 diabetes (see ref 3.)
2. [2] , A 26-Week, Randomized, Parallel, Treat-to-Target Trial Comparing Insulin Detemir With NPH Insulin as Add-On Therapy to Oral Glucose-Lowering Drugs in Insulin-Naïve People With Type 2 Diabetes, Kjeld Hermansen, MD1, Melanie Davies, MD2, Taudeusz Derezinski, MD3, Gabrielle Martinez Ravn4, Per Clauson4, Philip Home, DM, DPHIL5 on behalf of the Levemir Treat-to-Target Study Group
3. [3] , Insulin analogues (insulin detemir and insulin aspart) versus traditional human insulins (NPH insulin and regular human insulin) in basal-bolus therapy for patients with Type 1 diabetes, Journal Diabetologia, Issue Volume 47, Number 4 / April, 2004.
In a clinical study (see ref 2) which compared the efficacy and safety of using Levemir for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes who had suboptimal glycemic control while receiving maximally tolerated doses of metformin and sulfonylurea (common tablet therapies for type 2 diabetes), it was found that, "At 24 weeks, A1C (glycosylated hemoglobin) had decreased by 1.8 and 1.9% (from 8.6 to 6.8 and from 8.5 to 6.6%) for detemir and NPH, respectively (NS). In both groups, 70% of participants achieved an A1C of 7.0%, but the proportion achieving this without hypoglycemia was higher with insulin detemir than with NPH insulin (26 vs. 16%, P = 0.008). Compared with NPH insulin, the risk for all hypoglycemia with insulin detemir was reduced by 47% (P < 0.001) and nocturnal hypoglycemia by 55% (P < 0.001). Mean weight gain was 1.2 kg with insulin detemir and 2.8 kg with NPH insulin (P < 0.001), and the difference in baseline-adjusted final weight was –1.58 (P < 0.001)."
In short, it was found that insulin detemir reduced Hemoglobin A1C to target levels of 7.0% for 70% of patients, similar to human basal insulin NPH, but without the same risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) and with much lower weight gain.
Similar results have been seen in type 1 diabetes (see ref 3.)
References
1. [1] Addition of Biphasic, Prandial, or Basal Insulin to Oral Therapy in Type 2 Diabetes; Rury R. Holman, M.B., Ch.B., F.R.C.P., Kerensa I. Thorne, M.Sc., Andrew J. Farmer, D.M., F.R.C.G.P., Melanie J. Davies, M.D., F.R.C.P., Joanne F. Keenan, B.A., Sanjoy Paul, Ph.D., Jonathan C. Levy, M.D., F.R.C.P., for the 4-T Study Group2. [2] , A 26-Week, Randomized, Parallel, Treat-to-Target Trial Comparing Insulin Detemir With NPH Insulin as Add-On Therapy to Oral Glucose-Lowering Drugs in Insulin-Naïve People With Type 2 Diabetes, Kjeld Hermansen, MD1, Melanie Davies, MD2, Taudeusz Derezinski, MD3, Gabrielle Martinez Ravn4, Per Clauson4, Philip Home, DM, DPHIL5 on behalf of the Levemir Treat-to-Target Study Group
3. [3] , Insulin analogues (insulin detemir and insulin aspart) versus traditional human insulins (NPH insulin and regular human insulin) in basal-bolus therapy for patients with Type 1 diabetes, Journal Diabetologia, Issue Volume 47, Number 4 / April, 2004.
External links
An insulin analog is an altered insulin, different from the insulin secreted by the human pancreas, but still available to the human body for performing the same action as human insulin.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K)[1] is an α-amino acid with the chemical formula HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Types of Fats in Food
..... Click the link for more information.
- Unsaturated fat
- Monounsaturated fat
- Polyunsaturated fat
- Trans fat
- Omega: 3, 6, 9
..... Click the link for more information.
Myristic acid, also called tetradecanoic acid, is a common saturated fatty acid with the molecular formula CH3(CH2)12COOH. A myristate is a salt or ester of myristic acid.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
You may be looking for albumen, or egg white.
Albumin (Latin: albus, white) refers generally to any protein with water solubility, which is moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experiences heat coagulation (protein denaturation).
..... Click the link for more information.
Albumin (Latin: albus, white) refers generally to any protein with water solubility, which is moderately soluble in concentrated salt solutions, and experiences heat coagulation (protein denaturation).
..... Click the link for more information.
Anti-diabetic drugs treat diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also called oral hypoglycemic agents.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
An insulin analog is an altered insulin, different from the insulin secreted by the human pancreas, but still available to the human body for performing the same action as human insulin.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
A division of the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
A Alimentary tract and metabolism
..... Click the link for more information.
A Alimentary tract and metabolism
A10A Insulins and analogues
A10AB Insulins and analogues, fast-acting
- A10AB01 Insulin (human)
- A10AB02 Insulin (beef)
..... Click the link for more information.
Biguanides (ATC A10 BA) form a class of oral antihyperglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment.
..... Click the link for more information.
Examples
Examples of biguanides:- metformin - widely used in treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 combined with obesity
..... Click the link for more information.
Metformin (INN; trade names Glucophage, Diabex, Diaformin, Fortamet, Riomet, Glumetza, Cidophage and others) is an anti-diabetic drug from the biguanide class of oral antihyperglycemic agents.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Sulfonylurea derivatives are a class of antidiabetic drugs that are used in the management of diabetes mellitus type 2 ("adult-onset"). They act by increasing insulin release from the beta cells in the pancreas.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Chlorpropamide is an example of a drug class called sulphonylureas used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus.
..... Click the link for more information.
mechanism of action
The sulphonylureas act mainly by augmenting insulin secretion and consequently are effective only when some residual pancreatic beta-cell..... Click the link for more information.
Glibenclamide (INN), also known as glyburide (USAN), is an anti-diabetic drug in a class of medications known as sulfonylureas, used in the treatment of type II diabetes.
It is sold in doses of 1.25mg, 2.
..... Click the link for more information.
It is sold in doses of 1.25mg, 2.
..... Click the link for more information.
Gliclazide is an oral hypoglycemic (anti-diabetic drug) and is classified as a sulfonylurea. It is marketed as Diamicron MR®. DIAMICRON MR is also distributed as: Diabeton MR, Diamicron 30mg, Diamicron LM 30mg, Diamicron MR 30 mg, Diamicron Uno 30mg, Dianormax MR,
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Glimepiride is a medium-to-long acting sulfonylurea anti-diabetic drug. It is marketed as Amaryl® by Sanofi-Aventis.
..... Click the link for more information.
Description
Glimepiride is the first III generation sulphonyl urea it is a very potent sulphonyl urea with long duration of action...... Click the link for more information.
Glipizide is an oral medium-to-long acting anti-diabetic drug from the sulfonylurea class. It is classified as a second generation Sulfonylurea, which means that it undergoes enterohepatic circulation.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Gliquidone (INN, sold under the trade name Glurenorm®) is an anti-diabetic drug in the sulfonylurea class. It is used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Tolazamide is an oral blood glucose lowering drug used for people with Type 2 diabetes. It is part of the sulfonamide family (ATC A10BB).
..... Click the link for more information.
External links
- NIH/Medline
..... Click the link for more information.
Tolbutamide is a first generation potassium channel blocker, sulfonylurea oral hypoglycemic drug sold under the brand name Orinase. This drug may be used in the management of type II diabetes if diet alone is not effective.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are oral anti-diabetic drugs used for diabetes mellitus type 2 that work by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates (such as starch and table sugar).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Acarbose is an anti-diabetic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in some countries, prediabetes. It is sold in Europe under the brand name Glucobay® (Bayer AG), in North America as Precose® (Bayer AG), and in Canada as Prandase® (Bayer AG).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Miglitol is an oral anti-diabetic drug that acts by inhibiting the ability of the patient to breakdown complex carbohydrates into glucose. It is primarily used in diabetes mellitus type 2 for establishing greater glycemic control by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates (such
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Voglibose (INN and USAN) is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor used for lowering post-prandial blood glucose levels in people with diabetes mellitus. It is made in India by Ranbaxy Labs and sold under the trade name Volix.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The medication class of thiazolidinedione (sometimes referred to as 'glitazones') was introduced in the late 1990s as an adjunctive therapy for diabetes mellitus (type 2) and related diseases.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Pioglitazone is a prescription drug of the class thiazolidinedione with hypoglycemic (antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic) action. Pioglitazone is marketed as trademarks Actos in the USA and Glustin in Europe by the pharmaceutical company Takeda.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Rosiglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class of drugs. It is marketed by the pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline as a stand-alone drug (Avandia) and in combination with metformin (Avandamet) or with glimepiride (Avandaryl).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Troglitazone (Rezulin®, Resulin® or Romozin®) is a member of the drug class of the thiazolidinediones. It was introduced in the late 1990s but turned out to be associated with an idiosyncratic reaction leading to drug-induced hepatitis.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The meglitinide class of drugs treat diabetes type 2 by blocking the potassium channels in beta cells, which closes the ATP-dependent potassium channels and opens the cells' calcium channels. The resulting calcium influx causes the cells to secrete insulin.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Nateglinide (INN, trade name Starlix) is a drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Nateglinide belongs to the meglitinide class of blood glucose-lowering drugs and is sold by Novartis.
..... Click the link for more information.
Nateglinide belongs to the meglitinide class of blood glucose-lowering drugs and is sold by Novartis.
..... Click the link for more information.
Repaglinide (Prandin® in the U.S., GlucoNorm in Canada, NovoNorm elsewhere) is a for the treatment of type II diabetes. It is supplied by Novo Nordisk.
Repaglinide belongs to the meglitinide class of blood glucose-lowering drugs.
..... Click the link for more information.
Repaglinide belongs to the meglitinide class of blood glucose-lowering drugs.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
