Information about Lethal Dose
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| Toxicology and poison |
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| Toxicology (Forensic) - Toxinology History of poison (ICD-10 , ICD-9 ) |
| Concepts |
| Poison - Toxicant - Antidote Acceptable daily intake - Acute toxicity - Bioaccumulation -Fixed Dose Procedure - LD50 - Lethal dose - Toxic capacity - Toxicity Class |
| Toxins and venoms |
| Neurotoxin - Necrotoxin - Hemotoxin - Mycotoxin - Aflatoxin - Phototoxin List of fictional toxins |
| Incidents |
| Bradford - Minamata - Niigata - Alexander Litvinenko - Bhopal 2007 pet food recalls List of poisonings |
| Poisoning types |
| Elements Lead - Mercury - Cadmium - Fluoride - Iron - Arsenic - Oxygen Seafood Shellfish (Paralytic - Diarrheal - Neurologic - Amnesic) - Ciguatera - Scombroid - Tetrodotoxin Other substances Pesticide - Organophosphate - Food - Nicotine - Theobromine - Carbon monoxide - Vitamin - Medicines Living organisms Mushrooms - Plants - Animals |
| Related topics |
| Hazard symbol - Carcinogen - Mutagen - List of Extremely Hazardous Substances - Biological warfare |
The most commonly-used lethality indicator is the LD50 (or LD50), a dose at which 50% of subjects will die. LD measurements are often used to describe the power of venoms in animals such as snakes.
Animal-based LD measurements are a commonly-used technique in drug research, although many researchers are now shifting away from such methods.
LD figures depend not only on the species of animal, but also on the mode of administration. For instance, a toxic substance inhaled or injected into the bloodstream may require a much smaller dosage than if the same substance is swallowed.
LD values for humans are generally estimated by extrapolating results from testing on animals or on human cell cultures. One common form of extrapolation involves measuring LD on animals like mice or dogs, converting to dosage per kilogram of biomass, and extrapolating to human norms. While animal-extrapolated LD values are correlated to lethality in humans, the degree of error is sometimes very large. The biology of test animals, while similar to that of humans in many respects, sometimes differs in important aspects. For instance, mouse tissue is approximately fifty times less responsive than human tissue to the venom of the Sydney funnelweb. The square-cube law can also complicate the scaling relationships involved.
Currently, the only known LD50 values obtained directly on humans are from Nazi human experimentation.
See also
Toxicology (from the Greek words toxicos and logos) is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.[1] It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.
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Forensic toxicology is the use of toxicology and other disciplines such as analytical chemistry, pharmacology and clinical chemistry to aid medicolegal investigation of death, poisoning, and drug use.
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history of poisons[1] stretches over a period from before 4500 BC to the present day. Poisons have been used for many purposes across the span of human existence as weapons, anti-venoms and medicines.
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poisons are substances that can cause damage, illness, or death to organisms, usually by chemical reaction or other activity on the molecular scale, when a sufficient quantity is absorbed by an organism.
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A toxicant is a chemical compound that has an effect on organisms. Toxicants are typically introduced into the environment by human activity.The effects depend on the concentration of the compound.
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An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning.
Sometimes, the antidote for a particular toxin is manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and the resulting antibodies are extracted from the animals' blood.
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Sometimes, the antidote for a particular toxin is manufactured by injecting the toxin into an animal in small doses and the resulting antibodies are extracted from the animals' blood.
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Acceptable Daily Intake or ADI is a measure of the amount of a specific substance (usually a food additive, or a residue of a veterinary drug or pesticide) in food or drinking water that can be ingested (orally) over a lifetime without an appreciable health risk.
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Acute toxicity describes the adverse effects of a substance which result either from a single exposure[1] or from multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours).
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Bioaccumulation occurs when an organism absorbs a toxic substance at a rate greater than that at which the substance is lost. Thus, the longer the biological half-life of the substance the greater the risk of chronic poisoning, even if environmental levels of the toxin are very
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The fixed-dose procedure (FDP) was proposed in 1984 to assess a substance's acute oral toxicity using fewer animals with less suffering than the older LD50 test developed in 1927.
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Toxic capacity can mean the toxicity of a substance, possibly in relation to a specific organism and toxic capacity can mean the capacity of an organism, organic system or ecosystem to contain a toxic substance or a selection of toxic substances (a compound) without showing
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Toxicity Class refers to a classification system for pesticides created by a national or international government-related or -sponsored organization. It addresses the acute toxicity of agents such as soil fumigants, fungicides, herbicides, insecticides, miticides, molluscicides,
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toxin (Greek: τοξικόν, toxikon, lit. (poison) for use on arrows) is a poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms.
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Venom (literally, poison of animal origin) is any of a variety of toxins used by certain types of animals, for the purpose of defense and hunting. Generally, venom is injected while other toxins are absorbed by ingestion or through the skin.
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A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins such as ion channels. Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins.
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Necrosis (in Greek Νεκρός = Dead) is the name given to accidental death of cells and living tissue. Necrosis is less orderly than apoptosis, which is part of programmed cell death.
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Hemotoxins, haemotoxins or hematotoxins are toxins that destroy red blood cells (that is, cause hemolysis), disrupt blood clotting, and/or cause organ degeneration and generalized tissue damage.
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Mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης (mykes, mukos) "fungus") is a toxin produced by an organism of the fungus kingdom, which includes mushrooms, molds and yeasts. Most fungi are aerobic (use oxygen).
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Aflatoxins are naturally occurring mycotoxins that are produced by many species of Aspergillus, a fungus, most notably Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. Aflatoxins are toxic and carcinogenic.
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Phototoxins are toxins that can cause allergic reactions in particularly susceptible individuals and which can cause dangerous photosensitivity in a much broader range of subjects.
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Daylight.
This is the list of fictional chemical weapons. Fictional chemical weapons are toxins that are used on large scale, by either military, paramilitary or terrorist organizations.
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Fictional chemical weapons
This is the list of fictional chemical weapons. Fictional chemical weapons are toxins that are used on large scale, by either military, paramilitary or terrorist organizations.
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The Bradford sweets poisoning was the accidental arsenic poisoning of more than 200 people in Bradford, England in 1858; an estimated 20 people died when sweets accidentally made with arsenic were sold from a market stall.
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Minamata disease
Classification & external resources
The crippled hand of a Minamata disease victim (W. E. Smith)
ICD-10 T56.1
ICD-9 985.0
MedlinePlus 001651
Minamata disease
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Classification & external resources
The crippled hand of a Minamata disease victim (W. E. Smith)
ICD-10 T56.1
ICD-9 985.0
MedlinePlus 001651
Minamata disease
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Niigata Minamata disease
Classification & external resources
The crippled hand of a Minamata disease victim
ICD-10 T56.1
ICD-9 985.0
MedlinePlus 001651
Niigata Minamata disease
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Classification & external resources
The crippled hand of a Minamata disease victim
ICD-10 T56.1
ICD-9 985.0
MedlinePlus 001651
Niigata Minamata disease
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Alexander Litvinenko suddenly fell ill and was hospitalised. He died three weeks later, becoming the first known victim of lethal polonium-210-induced acute radiation syndrome.
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The Bhopal Disaster took place in the early hours of the morning of December 3 1984,[1] in the heart of the city of Bhopal in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
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2007 pet food recalls comprise the contamination and wide recall of many brands of cat and dog foods beginning in March 2007 and the ensuing developments involving the human food supply.
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This is a list of poisonings in chronological order of victim. It also includes confirmed attempted and fictional poisonings. Many of the people listed here committed or attempted to commit suicide by poison; others were poisoned by others.
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Lead poisoning
Classification & external resources
ICD-10 T 56.0
ICD-9 984.9
Lead poisoning is a medical condition, also known as saturnism, plumbism or painter's colic, caused by increased blood lead levels.
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Classification & external resources
ICD-10 T 56.0
ICD-9 984.9
Lead poisoning is a medical condition, also known as saturnism, plumbism or painter's colic, caused by increased blood lead levels.
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