Information about Latin Declension

Latin is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and grammatical gender. For simple declension paradigms, visit the Wiktionary appendices: , , , , .

Grammatical cases

A complete declension consists of seven grammatical cases:

• The nominative case, which is used to express the subject of a statement. It is also used with copulative verbs.
• The vocative case, which is used to address someone or something in direct speech. This case is indicated in English by intonation or punctuation, e.g. "Mary is going to the store" ("Mary" is nominative) compared to "Mary, are you going to the store?" or "Mary!" ("Mary" is vocative).
• The accusative case, which expresses the direct object of a verb. In English, except for a small number of words which display a distinct accusative case (e.g., who > whom), the accusative and nominative cases are identical.
• The genitive case, which expresses possession, measurement, or source. In English, the genitive case is represented analytically by the preposition or by the enclitic "–'s", which itself developed from the genitive case. This –'s closely resembles the Latin suffix "–is".
• The dative case, which expresses the recipient of an action, the indirect object of a verb. In English, the prepositions , and most commonly denote this case analytically.
• The ablative case, which expresses separation, indirection, or the means by which an action is performed. In English, the prepositions , , , and are most commonly used to indicate this case.
• The locative case, which is used to express the place in or on which, or the time at which, an action is performed. The locative case is extremely marginal in Latin, applying only to the names of cities and small islands and to a few other isolated words, and is identical to the genitive case (in the first and second declension singular), the dative case (in the first and second declension plural and in the third declension) or the ablative case (fourth and fifth declension).

The sequence of the grammatical cases above has been the usual order in Britain and many European and Commonwealth countries since the publication of Hall Kennedy's Latin Primer (1866). This order is argued to reflect the tendencies of different cases to share similar endings. NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC-ABL-VOC-LOC is standard in North America, and in fact goes back to Byzantine grammarians originally writing about Greek. In modern American texts, there is an increasing tendency to put the VOC at the end due to it appearing so rarely as to not disturb the order of the 4½ declensions that it does not appear in.

In Polish-language Latin learner texts, the most common order is NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC-ABL-VOC-LOC, which is a similar order to the one conventionally adopted for Modern Polish. Likewise, in German textbooks, the order NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC-VOC-ABL is used, to mirror the conventional order of the four grammatical cases of Modern German (NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC). The same order is used in Italian textbooks, although Italian has no grammatical cases. In Dutch textbooks, the order NOM-GEN-DAT-ACC-ABL-VOC-LOC is predominant. This order is the most convenient because it corresponds to the traditional order used in ancient Greek and modern German, two languages which are often taught besides Latin in secondary school. However, Brazilian grammarian Napoleão Mendes uses the unusual sequence NOM-VOC-GEN-DAT-ABL-ACC. Finnish Latin text books usually use the order NOM-ACC-GEN-DAT-ABL (The vocative case is used only in the second declension and the locative case is not usually taught alongside the other cases, but, instead, it is separated into its own chapter).

Syncretic trends

Syncretism, where one form in a paradigm shares the ending of another form in the paradigm, is common in Latin. The following are the most notable patterns of syncretism:

• The accusative is always identical to the nominative in the neuter (both singular and plural, across all declensions). In addition, the accusative is the same as the nominative in the plural of the third, fourth and fifth declensions (but note the alternative –īs accusative plural ending for i-stem nominals, different from nominative –ēs).
• The vocative is always identical to the nominative in the plural, and also in the singular except in the second declension and a few Greek nouns. For example, the vocative of Aeneās is Aenea, although Aeneās is first declension.
• The dative is always the same as the ablative in the plural, and in the singular in the second declension, the third-declension full i-stems i.e. neuter i-stems, adjectives), and fourth-declension neuters.
• The genitive singular is the same as the nominative plural in first-, second-declension, and fourth declension nouns that are not neuter.
• The dative singular is the same as the genitive singular in first- and fifth-declension nouns.
• Plural neuter nominative/accusative always ends in -a (with a few exceptions: demonstrative hic and related istic and illic, relative/interrogative quī and friends; in all of them, the neuter plural takes the same form as feminine singular nominative).
• The accusative singular ends in short vowel plus -m, except for a few neuters with unusual base forms.
• The accusative plural (assuming not neuter) ends in a long vowel plus -s; so does the nominative plural of the third, fourth and fifth declensions (again assuming not neuter).

History and development of the Latin case system

A careful study of the declensions of Latin will reveal that originally there were only two patterns of ending; those of the first and second declension and those of the third declension. It was common for some words to borrow endings from the other set of endings which is why we see words like animabus in place of animis. This process also likely helped to give birth to the fourth and fifth declensions. Also note that all adjectives follow either the pattern of the first and second declensions or that of the third. The pattern of the first and second declensions as seen in Old Latin clearly show a mutual origin with the first and second declensions of Ancient Greek.

	First declension, land						Second declension, word
	Greek		Old Latin		Classical Latin		Greek		Old Latin		Classical Latin
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	chora	chorai	terra	terrai	terra	terrae	logos	logoi	logos	logoi	logus	logi
Vocative	chora	chorai	terra	terrai	terra	terrae	loge	logoi	loge	logoi	loge	logi
Accusative	choran	choras	terram	terras	terram	terras	logon	logous	logom	logos	logum	logos
Genitive	choras	choron	terras	terrom	terrae	terrarum	logou	logon	logoi	logom	logi	logorum
Dative	chora	chorais	terrai	terrais	terrae	terris	logoi	logon	logoi	logom	logo	logis
Ablative	——	——	terrad	terris	terrā	terris	——	——	logod	logois	logo	logis

However, we see that in the third declension, even cognates between Greek and Latin have very different endings in Latin. This probably shows that the third declension is a Latin-specific development, though this has yet to be proved completely.

	leon, –is lion
	Greek	Old Latin	Classical Latin
Nominative	Leon	Leon	Leo
Vocative	Leon	Leon	Leon
Accusative	Leonta	Leonem	Leonem
Genitive	Leontos	Leonis	Leonis
Dative	Leonti	Leonei	Leoni
Ablative	XXX	Leoneid	Leone
Nominative	Leontes	Leones	Leones
Vocative	Leontes	Leones	Leones
Accusative	Leontas	Leones	Leones
Genitive	Leonton	Leonom	Leonum
Dative	Leousi	Leonebos	Leonibus
Ablative	XXX	Leonebus	Leonibus

As seen here, the Greek and Latin are somewhat similar, but are more different than they are similar. It is likely that if these declensions ever were the same in the past that they began to separate far sooner than the first and second declensions. New words being brought into Latin were usually put into the Third declension.

First declension (a)

Nouns of this declension usually end in –a and are typically feminine, for example 'road' (via, viae fem.) and 'water' (aqua, aquae fem.), with a few masculine exceptions, including 'farmer' (agricola, agricolae masc.), 'sailor' (nauta, nautae masc.), 'charioteer' (auriga, aurigae masc.), 'inhabitant' (incola, incolae masc.), 'pirate' (pīrāta, pīrātae masc.), 'writer' (scrība, scrībae masc.), and 'poet' (poēta, poētae masc). The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is a. The nominative singular form consists of the stem and the affix -a, and the genitive singular form is the stem plus -ae.

	'puella, –ae'' girl, maiden f.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	puella	–a	puellae	–ae
Vocative	puella	–a	puellae	–ae
Accusative	puellam	–am	puellās	–ās
Genitive	puellae	–ae	puellārum	–ārum
Dative	puellae	–ae	puellīs	–īs
Ablative	puellā	–ā	puellīs	–īs
Locative	puellae	–ae	puellīs	–īs

First declension Greek nouns

The first declension also holds three types of Greek nouns. They are declined irregularly in the singular. These nouns are derived from Ancient Greek's Alpha Declension.

	'neaniās, –ae'' boy, chap m.				'psychē, –ēs'' psyche, mind, spirit f.				'athlētēs, –ae'' athlete, wrestler m.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	neaniās	–ās	neaniae	–ae	psychē	–ē	psychae	–ae	athlētēs	–ēs	athlētae	–ae
Vocative	neaniā	–ā	neaniae	–ae	psychē	–ē	psychae	–ae	athlētēs	–ēs3	athlētae	–ae
Accusative	neaniān	–ān1	neaniās	–ās	psychēn	–ēn	psychās	–ās	athlētēn	–ēn	athlētās	–ās
Genitive	neaniae	–ae	neaniārum	–ārum	psychēs	–ēs	psychārum	–ārum	athlētae	–ae	athlētārum	–ārum
Dative	neaniae	–ae	neaniīs	–īs	psychae	–ae	psychīs	–īs	athlētae	–ae	athlētīs	–īs
Ablative	neaniā	–ā	neaniīs	–īs	psychē	–ē	psychīs	–īs	athlētē	–ē2	athlētīs	–īs
Locative	neaniae	–ae	neaniīs	–īs	psychae	–ae	psychīs	–īs	athlētae	–ae	athlētīs	–īs

¹—may be –am
²—may be –ā
³—may be –a


Sometimes, Greek nouns may be declined as if they were native, Latin nouns. For example, athlētēs may be athlēta.

Peculiarities

• The older genitive singular termination is an –ās. This is often used with familia as in pater familiās and māter familiās.
• In poetry, the genitive singular –āī occurs. Aquae becomes aquāī.
• The genitive plural ending –um replaces –ārum. This is actually a contraction. Puellum.
• Because first declension nouns and second declension nouns display an –īs in the dative and ablative plural, words like equus (horse) and equa (mare) will end up looking alike in these cases. However, if a distinction must be made, equīs for 'mares' would become equābus in the dative and ablative plural.

Second declension (o)

The second declension is a large group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine nouns like equus, equī ("horse") and puer, puerī ("boy') and neuter nouns like castellum, castellī ("fort"), with a few feminine exceptions including names of gemstones, trees, and some cities. In the nominative singular, most masculine nouns consist of the stem and the affix -us, although some end in -er, which is not necessarily attached to the complete stem. Neuter nouns generally have a nominative singular consisting of the stem and the ending -um. However, every second-declension noun has the affix -ī attached as a suffix to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is o.

	'campus, –ī'' field, plain m.				'bellum, –ī'' war n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	campus	–us	campī	–ī	bellum	–um	bella	–a
Vocative	campe	–e	campī	–ī	bellum	–um	bella	–a
Accusative	campum	–um	campōs	–ōs	bellum	–um	bella	–a
Genitive	campī	–ī	campōrum	–ōrum	bellī	–ī	bellōrum	–ōrum
Dative	campō	–ō	campīs	–īs	bellō	–ō	bellīs	–īs
Ablative	campō	–ō	campīs	–īs	bellō	–ō	bellīs	–īs
Locative	campō	–ō	campīs	–īs	bellō	–ō	bellīs	–īs

Second declension R nouns

Some masculine nouns of the second declension end in an –er or an –ir in the nominative singular. The genitive singular must be learned to see if the E is dropped. For example, socer, –erī keeps its E. Though, in magister, –trī drops its E. (The I in nouns that have –ir in the nominative singular is never dropped.) Below is an example of magister and armiger.

	'magister, –trī'' teacher, director m.				'armiger, –erī'' armor-bearer m.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	magister	–er	magistrī	–ī	armiger	–er	armigerī	–ī
Vocative	magister	–er	magistrī	–ī	armiger	–er	armigerī	–ī
Accusative	magistrum	–um	magistrōs	–ōs	armigerum	–um	armigerōs	–ōs
Genitive	magistrī	–ī	magistrōrum	–ōrum	armigerī	–ī	armigerōrum	–ōrum
Dative	magistrō	–ō	magistrīs	–īs	armigerō	–ō	armigerīs	–īs
Ablative	magistrō	–ō	magistrīs	–īs	armigerō	–ō	armigerīs	–īs
Locative	magistrō	–ō	magistrīs	–īs	armigerō	–ō	armigerīs	–īs

Second declension Greek nouns

There are two types of masculine Greek nouns, and there is one type of neuter Greek noun. These nouns are irregular only in the singular as are their first declension counterparts. Greek nouns in the second declension are derived from Omicron Declension.

	'barbitos, –ī'' lyre, zither m.				'archigōs, –ō'' head, top m.				'theātron, –ī'' theatre, amphitheatre n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	barbitos	–os	barbitī	–ī	archigōs	–ōs	archigī	–ī	theātron	–on	theātra	–a
Vocative	barbite	–e	barbitī	–ī	archigōs	–ōs	archigī	–ī	theātron	–on	theātra	–a
Accusative	barbiton	–on	barbitōs	–ōs	archigōn	–ōn	archigōs	–ōs	theātron	–on	theātra	–a
Genitive	barbitī	–ī	barbitōrum	–ōrum	archigō	–ō1	archigōrum	–ōrum	theātrī	–ī	theātrōrum	–ōrum
Dative	barbitō	–ō	barbitīs	–īs	archigō	–ō	archigīs	–īs	theātrō	–ō	theātrīs	–īs
Ablative	barbite	–e	barbitīs	–īs	archigō	–ō	archigīs	–īs	theātrō	–ō	theātrīs	–īs
Locative	barbite	–e	barbitīs	–īs	archigō	–ō	archigīs	–īs	theātrō	–ō	theātrīs	–īs

¹—may be –ī

Some Greek nouns may be declined as normal, Latin nouns. For example, theātron can appear as theātrum.

Peculiarities

• Nouns ending with –vus, –quus and –vum may be declined in two ways. The following inflection resembles Old Latin.

	'servos, –ī'' slave, servant m.		'equos, –ī'' horse m.		'aevom, –ī'' eternity, age n.
	Singular		Singular		Singular
Nominative	servos	–os	equos	–os	aevom	–om
Vocative	serve	–e	eque	–e	aevom	–om
Accusative	servom	–om	equom	–om	aevom	–om
Genitive	servī	–ī	equī	–ī	aevī	–ī
Dative	servō	–ō	equō	–ō	aevō	–ō
Ablative	servō	–ō	equō	–ō	aevō	–ō
Locative	servō	–ō	equō	–ō	aevō	–ō

• The plural of deus (god, deity) is also irregular.

:

Nom.	dī
Voc.	dī
Acc.	deōs
Gen.	deōrum
Dat.	dīs
Abl.	dīs
Loc.	dīs

• The vocative singular of deus is also irregular, and identical to the nominative: deus.

Third declension (i)

The third declension is the largest group of nouns. These nouns may end in –a,–e, –ī, –ō, –y, –c, –l, –n, –r, –s, –t, or –x It consists of masculine, neuter, and feminine nouns of variable nominative cases and roots. The third declension includes flumen, fluminis neut. ("river"), flos, floris masc. ("flower"), and pax, pacis fem. ("peace"). Each noun has the affix -is as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns each have their own special nominative singular endings. For instance, only masculine nouns end in an –or (amor). Only feminine nouns end in an –īx (phoenīx), and only neuter nouns end in an –us (onus). As in all declensions, some nouns defy these rules.

	'prīnceps, –cipis'' leader, chief, prince m.				'phoenīx, –īcis'' phoenix, fire-bird f.				'cōnāmen, –inis'' effort, struggle n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	prīnceps	–ps	prīncipēs	–ēs	phoenīx	–īx	phoenīcēs	–ēs	cōnāmen	–en	cōnāmina	–a
Vocative	prīnceps	–ps	prīncipēs	–ēs	phoenīx	–īx	phoenīcēs	–ēs	cōnāmen	–en	cōnāmina	–a
Accusative	prīncipem	–em	prīncipēs	–ēs	phoenīcem	–em	phoenīcēs	–ēs	cōnāmen	–en1	cōnāmina	–a
Genitive	prīncipis	–is	prīncipum	–um	phoenīcis	–is	phoenīcum	–um	cōnāminis	–is	cōnāminum	–um
Dative	prīncipī	–ī	prīncipibus	–ibus	phoenīcī	–ī	phoenīcibus	–ibus	cōnāminī	–ī	cōnāminibus	–ibus
Ablative	prīncipe	–e	prīncipibus	–ibus	phoenīce	–e	phoenīcibus	–ibus	cōnāmine	–e	cōnāminibus	–ibus
Locative	prīncipī	–ī	prīncipibus	–ibus	phoenīcī	–ī	phoenīcibus	–ibus	cōnāminī	–ī	cōnāminibus	–ibus

¹—The nominative and accusative of neuter nouns are always identical. It should not be assumed that –en is always the appropriate ending, as it might appear above.

Third declension i-stem nouns

The third declension also has a set of nouns which are declined differently. They are called i-stems. One can tell whether a word is an i-stem or not based on the following criteria.

• Masculine & Feminine
• Parisyllabic Rule: Some masculine and feminine third declension i-stem nouns have the same number of syllables in the genitive as they do in the nominative. For example: amnis, –is
• Double-Consonant Rule: The rest of the masculine and feminine third declension i-stem nouns have two consonants before the –is in the genitive singular. For example: pars, partis
• Neuter
• Special Neuter Ending: Neuter third declension i-stems have no rule. However, all of them end in either an –al, –ar or –e. For example: animal, –ālis

	amnis, –is stream, torrent m.				pars, partis part, piece f.				animal, –ālis animal, living being n.
	Parisyllabic Rule				Double Consonant Rule				Special Neuter Ending
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	amnis	–is	amnēs	–ēs	pars	–rs	partēs	–ēs	animal	–al	animālia	–ia
Vocative	amnis	–is	amnēs	–ēs	pars	–rs	partēs	–ēs	animal	–al	animālia	–ia
Accusative	amnem	–em1	amnēs	–ēs2	partem	–em1	partēs	–ēs2	animal	–al	animālia	–ia
Genitive	amnis	–is	amnium	–ium	partis	–is	partium	–ium	animālis	–is	animālium	–ium
Dative	amnī	–ī	amnibus	–ibus	partī	–ī	partibus	–ibus	animālī	–ī	animālibus	–ibus
Ablative	amne	–e3	amnibus	–ibus	parte	–e3	partibus	–ibus	animālī	–ī	animālibus	–ibus
Locative	amnī	–ī	amnibus	–ibus	partī	–ī	partibus	–ibus	animālī	–ī	animālibus	–ibus

¹—may end in –im
²—may end in –īs
³—may end in –ī

Peculiarities

In the third declension, there are four irregular nouns.

Case
	vis force, power f.		sūs, suis swine, pig, hog c.		bōs, bovis ox, bullock c.		Iuppiter, Iovis Jupiter m.
Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular
Nominative	vis	vīrēs	sūs	suēs	bōs	bovēs	Iuppiter
Vocative	vis	vīrēs	sūs	suēs	bōs	bovēs	Iupitter
Accusative	vim	vīrēs	suem	suēs	bovem	bovēs	Iovem
Genitive	roboris1	vīrium	suis	suum	bovis	bovum	Iovis
Dative	robori1	vīribus	suī	subus	bovī	bōbus	Iovi
Ablative	vī	vīribus	sue	subus	bove	bōbus	Iove
Locative	robori1	vīribus	suī	subus	bovī	bōbus	Iovi

¹—Borrowed from robur, roboris (oak)

Fourth declension (u)

The fourth declension is a group of nouns consisting of mostly masculine words like 'wave' (fluctus, fluctūs masc.) and 'port' (portus, portūs masc.) with a few feminine exceptions, including 'hand' (manus, manūs fem.). The fourth declension also includes several neuter nouns like 'knee' (genu, genūs neut.). Each noun has the affix -ūs as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form. The predominant letter in the ending forms of this declension is u.

	'portus, –ūs'' port, haven, harbor m.				'cornū, –ūs'' horn, strength n.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	portus	–us	portūs	–ūs	cornū	–ū	cornua	–ua
Vocative	portus	–us	portūs	–ūs	cornū	–ū	cornua	–ua
Accusative	portum	–um	portūs	–ūs	cornū	–ū	cornua	–ua
Genitive	portūs	–ūs	portuum	–uum	cornūs	–ūs	cornuum	–uum
Dative	portuī	–uī	portibus	–ibus	cornū	–ū	cornibus	–ibus
Ablative	portū	–ū	portibus	–ibus	cornū	–ū	cornibus	–ibus
Locative	portū	–ū	portibus	–ibus	cornū	–ū	cornibus	–ibus

In the dative and ablative plural, –ibus may be replaced with –ubus. This is so for only a few nouns.

The declension of domus is irregular:

	'domus, –ūs'' house, home m.
	Singular		Plural
Nominative	domus	–us	domūs	–ūs
Vocative	domus	–us	domūs	–ūs
Accusative	domum	–um	domos	–os
Genitive	domūs	–ūs	domōrum	–ōrum
Dative	domuī	–uī	domibus	–ibus
Ablative	domō	–ō	domibus	–ibus
Locative	domi	–i	domibus	–ibus

Fifth declension (e)

The fifth declension is a small group of nouns consisting of mostly feminine words like 'affair, matter, thing' (rēs, reī fem.) and 'day' (diēs, diēī usually feminine, except on notable days when it is masculine). Each noun has either the affix -ēī or –eī as a suffix attached to the root of the noun in the genitive singular form.

	'effigiēs, –ēī'' effigy, ideal f.				'spēs, –eī'' hope, anticipation f.
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	effigiēs	–ēs	effigiēs	–ēs	spēs	–ēs	spēs	–ēs
Vocative	effigiēs	–ēs	effigiēs	–ēs	spēs	–ēs	spēs	–ēs
Accusative	effigiem	–em	effigiēs	–ēs	spem	–em	spēs	–ēs
Genitive	effigiēī	–ēī	effigiērum	–ērum	speī	–eī	spērum	–ērum
Dative	effigiēī	–ēī	effigiēbus	–ēbus	speī	–eī	spēbus	–ēbus
Ablative	effigiē	–ē	(effigiēbus)	–ēbus	spē	–ē	(spēbus)	–ēbus
Locative	effigiē	–ē	(effigiēbus)	–ēbus	spē	–ē	(spēbus)	–ēbus

Note that nouns ending in iēs have long ēī in the dative and genitive, while nouns ending in a consonant + ēs have short eī in these cases.

This declension class is the last to develop in Latin.

Pronoun declensions

Relative and demonstrative pronouns are generally declined like first and second declension adjectives, with the following differences:

• the nominatives are often irregular
• the dative singular ends in -ī: rather than -ae or -ō.
• the genitive singular ends in -īus rather than -ae or -ī.

These differences identify the "pronominal" declension, and a few adjectives also follow this pattern.

Personal pronouns

The first and second persons are irregular. They may be only masculine or feminine.

	First Person		Second Person
	ego, meī I m. and f.	nōs, nostrum we m. and f.	tū, tuī thou m. and f.	vōs, vestrum ye m. and f.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	ego	nōs	tū	vōs
Vocative	——	——	tū	vōs
Accusative	mē	nōs	tē	vōs
Genitive	meī	nostrum1	tuī	vestrum1
Dative	mihi	nōbīs	tibi	vōbīs
Ablative	mē	nōbīs	tē	vōbīs
Locative	mē	nōbīs	tē	vōbīs

¹—may be nostrī or vestrī

Usually, to show the ablative of accompaniment, cum would be added to the ablative form. Though, with personal pronouns and the interrogative (not with 3rd person), cum is added on to the end of the ablative form. For example: mēcum, nōbīscum, tēcum, vōbīscum and quōcum (sometimes quīcum).

	'is, eī'' he, they m.		'ea, eae'' she, they f.		'id, ea'' it, they n.
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	is	eī, iī	ea	eae	id	ea
Vocative	-	-	-	-	-	-
Accusative	eum	eōs	eam	eās	id	ea
Genitive	eius	eōrum	eius	eārum	eius	eōrum
Dative	eī	eīs, iīs	eī	eīs, iīs	eī	eīs, iīs
Ablative	eō	eīs, iīs	eā	eīs, iīs	eō	eīs, iīs
Locative	eō	eīs, iīs	eae	eīs, iīs	eō	eīs, iīs

The third person reflexive pronouns always refer back to the subject whether it be singular or plural.

	—, suī himself, herself itself, oneself, themselves
Nominative	?
Vocative	-
Accusative	sē, sēse
Genitive	sui
Dative	sibi
Ablative	sē, sēse
Locative	sē, sēse

Interrogative pronouns

The interrogative pronouns are used strictly for asking questions. It is best not to confuse them with the relative pronoun and the interrogative adjective (which is declined like the relative pronoun). Interrogative pronouns rarely occur in the plural, though they may. The plural interrogative pronouns are the same as the plural relative pronouns.

	'quis'' who? m. and f.	'quid'' what? n. only
	Singular
Nominative	quis	quid
Vocative	-	-
Accusative	quem	quid
Genitive	cūius	cūius
Dative	cui	cui
Ablative	quō	quo
Locative	quō	quo

Demonstrative pronouns and adjectives

	'hic, haec, hōc'' this, this one						'ille, illa, illud'' that, that one
	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter		Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	hic	hī	haec	hae	hōc	haec	ille	illī	illa	illae	illud	illa
Accusative	hunc	hōs	hanc	hās	hōc	haec	illum	illōs	illam	illās	illud	illa
Genitive	hūius	hōrum	hūius	hārum	hūius	hōrum	illīus	illōrum	illīus	illārum	illīus	illōrum
Dative	huic	hīs	huic	hīs	huic	hīs	illī	illīs	illī	illīs	illī	illīs
Ablative	hōc	hīs	hāc	hīs	hōc	hīs	illō	illīs	illā	illīs	illō	illīs
Locative	hōc	hīs	haec	hīs	hōc	hīs	illō	illīs	illae	illīs	illō	illīs

• Another demonstrative pronoun iste, ista, istud, which means 'that of yours', and the intensive pronoun ipse, ipsa, ipsum follow the preceding declension.

Relative pronouns

	'quī, quae, quod'' who, which, that
	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	quī	quī	quae	quae	quod	quae
Accusative	quem	quōs	quam	quās	quod	quae
Genitive	cūius	quōrum	cūius	quārum	cūius	quōrum
Dative	cui	quibus	cui	quibus	cui	quibus
Ablative	quō	quibus	quā	quibus	quō	quibus
Locative	quō	quibus	quae	quibus	quō	quibus

Indefinite pronouns

Definite pronouns

First and second declension adjectives

First and second declension are inflected in the masculine, the feminine and the neuter; the masculine form typically ends in –us (although some end in -er, see below), the feminine form ends in –a, and the neuter form ends in –um. Therefore, adjectives are given like altus, alta, altum.

	'altus, –a, –um'' high, long, tall
	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	altus	–us	altī	–ī	alta	–a	altae	–ae	altum	–um	alta	–a
Vocative	alte	–e	altī	–ī	alta	–a	altae	–ae	altum	–um	alta	–a
Accusative	altum	–um	altōs	–ōs	altam	–am	altās	–ās	altum	–um	alta	–a
Genitive	altī	–ī	altōrum	–ōrum	altae	–ae	altārum	–ārum	altī	–ī	altōrum	–ōrum
Dative	altō	–ō	altīs	–īs	altae	–ae	altīs	–īs	altō	–ō	altīs	–īs
Ablative	altō	–ō	altīs	–īs	altā	–ā	altīs	–īs	altō	–ō	altīs	–īs
Locative	altō	–ō	altīs	–īs	altae	–ae	altīs	–īs	altō	–ō	altīs	–īs

First and second declension –r adjectives

Some first and second declension adjectives' masculine form end in an –er. As with second declension nouns –r nouns, some adjectives retain the e throughout inflection, and some omit it. Sacer, sacra, sacrum omits its e while miser, misera, miserum keeps it.

	'miser, –era, –erum'' sad, poor, unhappy
	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	miser	–er	miserī	–ī	misera	–a	miserae	–ae	miserum	–um	misera	–a
Vocative	miser	–er	miserī	–ī	misera	–a	miserae	–ae	miserum	–um	misera	–a
Accusative	miserum	–um	miserōs	–ōs	miseram	–am	miserās	–ās	miserum	–um	misera	–a
Genitive	miserī	–ī	miserōrum	–ōrum	miserae	–ae	miserārum	–ārum	miserī	–ī	miserōrum	–ōrum
Dative	miserō	–ō	miserīs	–īs	miserae	–ae	miserīs	–īs	miserō	–ō	miserīs	–īs
Ablative	miserō	–ō	miserīs	–īs	miserā	–ā	miserīs	–īs	miserō	–ō	miserīs	–īs
Locative	miserō	–ō	miserīs	–īs	miserae	–ae	miserīs	–īs	miserō	–ō	miserīs	–īs

	'sacer, –cra, –crum'' sacred, holy
	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	sacer	–er	sacrī	–ī	sacra	–a	sacrae	–ae	sacrum	–um	sacra	–a
Vocative	sacer	–er	sacrī	–ī	sacra	–a	sacrae	–ae	sacrum	–um	sacra	–a
Accusative	sacrum	–um	sacrōs	–ōs	sacram	–am	sacrās	–ās	sacrum	–um	sacra	–a
Genitive	sacrī	–ī	sacrōrum	–ōrum	sacrae	–ae	sacrārum	–ārum	sacrī	–ī	sacrōrum	–ōrum
Dative	sacrō	–ō	sacrīs	–īs	sacrae	–ae	sacrīs	–īs	sacrō	–ō	sacrīs	–īs
Ablative	sacrō	–ō	sacrīs	–īs	sacrā	–ā	sacrīs	–īs	sacrō	–ō	sacrīs	–īs
Locative	sacrō	–ō	sacrīs	–īs	sacrae	–ae	sacrīs	–īs	sacrō	–ō	sacrīs	–īs

First and second –īus genitive adjectives

There are nine first and second declension adjectives that are irregular in the genitive and the dative in all genders. Here belong:

alius, –a, –ud; (gen. sing. alterīus to avoid aliīus); another
ūllus, –a, –um; any
uter, –tra, –trum; which (of two)
solus, –a, –um; sole, alone
alter, –era, –erum; the other (of two)
nūllus, –a, –um; no, none (of any)
neuter, –tra, –trum; neither (of two)
tōtus, –a, –um; whole
ūnus, –a, –um; one

	'ūllus, –a, –um'' any
	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	ūllus	–us	ūllī	–ī	ūlla	–a	ūllae	–ae	ūllum	–um	ūlla	–a
Vocative	ūlle	–e	ūllī	–ī	ūlla	–a	ūllae	–ae	ūllum	–um	ūlla	–a
Accusative	ūllum	–um	ūllōs	–ōs	ūllam	–am	ūllās	–ās	ūllum	–um	ūlla	–a
Genitive	ūllīus	–īus	ūllōrum	–ōrum	ūllīus	–īus	ūllārum	–ārum	ūllīus	–īus	ūllōrum	–ōrum
Dative	ūllī	–ī	ūllīs	–īs	ūllī	–ī	ūllīs	–īs	ūllī	–ī	ūllīs	–īs
Ablative	ūllō	–ō	ūllīs	–īs	ūllā	–ā	ūllīs	–īs	ūllō	–ō	ūllīs	–īs
Locative	ūllō	–ō	ūllīs	–īs	ūllae	–ae	ūllīs	–īs	ūllō	–ō	ūllīs	–īs

Third declension adjectives

Third declension adjectives are, of course, declined like third declension i-stem nouns.

Third declension adjectives with one ending

Third declension adjectives with one ending have single nominative ending for all genders. Like nouns, a genitive is given for the purpose of inflection.

	'atrōx, –ōcis'' terrible, mean, cruel
	Masculine & Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	atrōx	–ōx	atrōcēs	–ēs	atrōx	–ōx	atrōcia	–ia
Vocative	atrōx	–ōx	atrōcēs	–ēs	atrōx	–ōx	atrōcia	–ia
Accusative	atrōcem	–em	atrōcēs	–ēs1	atrōx	–ōx	atrōcia	–ia
Genitive	atrōcis	–is	atrōcium	–ium	atrōcis	–is	atrōcium	–ium
Dative	atrōcī	–ī	atrōcibus	–ibus	atrōcī	–ī	atrōcibus	–ibus
Ablative	atrōcī	–ī2	atrōcibus	–ibus	atrōcī	–ī2	atrōcibus	–ibus
Locative	atrōcī	–ī	atrōcibus	–ibus	atrōcī	–ī	atrōcibus	–ibus

¹—may end in –īs
²—may end in –e

Third declension adjectives with 2 endings

Third declension adjectives that have 2 endings have one form for the masculine and feminine, and a separate form for the neuter. The ending for the masculine and feminine is –is, and the ending for the neuter is –e. Because the sexed form ends in an –is, we find the adjective genitive singular.

	'agilis, –e'' nimble, swift
	Masculine & Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	agilis	–is	agilēs	–ēs	agile	–e	agilia	–ia
Vocative	agilis	–is	agilēs	–ēs	agile	–e	agilia	–ia
Accusative	agilem	–em	agilēs	–ēs1	agile	–e	agilia	–ia
Genitive	agilis	–is	agilium	–ium	agilis	–is	agilium	–ium
Dative	agilī	–ī	agilibus	–ibus	agilī	–ī	agilibus	–ibus
Ablative	agilī	–ī	agilibus	–ibus	agilī	–ī	agilibus	–ibus
Locative	agilī	–ī	agilibus	–ibus	agilī	–ī	agilibus	–ibus

¹—may end in –īs

Third declension adjectives with three endings

Third declension adjectives with three endings have three separate nominative forms for all three genders. Like third and second declension –r nouns, the masculine ends in an –er. The feminine ends in an –ris, and the neuter ends in an –re. With that information, we come upon the genitive singular needed for inflection, the feminine form.

	'celer, –eris, –ere'' swift, rapid, brash
	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	celer	–er	celerēs	–ēs	celeris	–is	celerēs	–ēs	celere	–e	celeria	–ia
Vocative	celer	–er	celerēs	–ēs	celeris	–is	celerēs	–ēs	celere	–e	celeria	–ia
Accusative	celerem	–em	celerēs	–ēs1	celerem	–em	celerēs	–ēs1	celere	–e	celeria	–ia
Genitive	celeris	–is	celerium	–ium	celeris	–is	celerium	–ium	celeris	–is	celerium	–ium
Dative	celerī	–ī	celeribus	–ibus	celerī	–ī	celeribus	–ibus	celerī	–ī	celeribus	–ibus
Ablative	celerī	–ī	celeribus	–ibus	celerī	–ī	celeribus	–ibus	celerī	–ī	celeribus	–ibus
Locative	celerī	–ī	celeribus	–ibus	celerī	–ī	celeribus	–ibus	celerī	–ī	celeribus	–ibus
	'alacer, –cris, –cre'' lively, jovial, animated
	Masculine				Feminine				Neuter
	Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural		Singular		Plural
Nominative	alacer	–er	alacrēs	–ēs	alacris	–is	alacrēs	–ēs	alacre	–e	alacria	–ia
Vocative	alacer	–er	alacrēs	–ēs	alacris	–is	alacrēs	–ēs	alacre	–e	alacria	–ia
Accusative	alacrem	–em	alacrēs	–ēs1	alacrem	–em	alacrēs	–ēs1	alacre	–e	alacria	–ia
Genitive	alacris	–is	alacrium	–ium	alacris	–is	alacrium	–ium	alacris	–is	alacrium	–ium
Dative	alacrī	–ī	alacribus	–ibus	alacrī	–ī	alacribus	–ibus	alacrī	–ī	alacribus	–ibus
Ablative	alacrī	–ī	alacribus	–ibus	alacrī	–ī	alacribus	–ibus	alacrī	–ī	alacribus	–ibus
Locative	alacrī	–ī	alacribus	–ibus	alacrī	–ī	alacribus	–ibus	alacrī	–ī	alacribus	–ibus

¹—may end in –īs

Declension of numerals

See also: Roman numerals.

All numerals, except ūnum (one), duo (two), tria (three), mīlia (thousand, sing. mīlle) and ducentī (two-hundred) are indeclinable adjectives. Ūnus, ūna, ūnum is declined like a first and second declension adjective with an –īus in the genitive, and –ī in the dative. Duo is declined irregularly and tria is declined like a third declension adjective.

	duo, duae, duo two
	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
	Plural
Nominative	duo	duae	duo
Vocative	duo	duae	duo
Accusative	duōs	duās	duo
Genitive	duōrum	duārum	duōrum
Dative	duōbus	duābus	duōbus
Ablative	duōbus	duābus	duōbus
Locative	duōbus	duābus	duōbus

It should be noted that ambō, "both", is declined as duo is, though its o is long.

	trēs, tria
	Masculine & Feminine	Neuter'''
	Plural
Nominative	trēs	tria
Vocative	trēs	tria
Accusative	trēs, trīs	tria
Genitive	trium	trium
Dative	tribus	tribus
Ablative	tribus	tribus
Locative	tribus	tribus

The word, mīlle, is singular, an adjective and indeclinable. However, its irregular plural, mīlia is used in the same way plūs is.

	mīlia, mīlium (a) thousand n.
	Plural
Nominative	mīlia
Vocative	mīlia
Accusative	mīlia
Genitive	mīlium
Dative	mīlibus
Ablative	mīlibus
Locative	mīlibus

As stated before, the rest of the numbers are indeclinable adjectives. They are also indeclinable as substantives.

1	I	ūnus, –a, –um	11	XI	ūndecim	21	XXI	ūnus et vigintī	101	CI	centum et ūnus
2	II	duo, –ae, –o	12	XII	duodecim	22	XXII	duō et vigintī	200	CC	ducentī, –ae, –a
3	III	trēs, –ia	13	XIII	trēdecim	30	XXX	trīgintā	300	CCC	trecenti
4	IV	quattuor	14	XIV	quattuordecim	40	XL	quadrāgintā	400	CD	quadrigenti
5	V	quīnque	15	XV	quīndecim	50	L	quīnquāgintā	500	D	quīngenti
6	VI	sex	16	XVI	sēdecim	60	LX	sexāgintā	600	DC	sescenti
7	VII	septem	17	XVII	septendecim	70	LXX	septuāgintā	700	DCC	septingenti
8	VIII	octō	18	XVIII	duodēvigintī	80	LXXX	octōgintā	800	DCCC	octingenti
9	IX	novem	19	XIX	ūndēvigintī	90	XC	nōnāgintā	900	CM	nōngenti
10	X	decem	20	XX	vigintī	100	C	centum	1000	M	mīlle

Declension of īdem

The adjective īdem, eadem, idem means 'same.' It is a variant of the third person pronouns which were declined earlier. Generally, they are formed by adding –dem to a declined third person pronouns. However, some forms have been changed to ease pronunciation.

	'īdem, eadem, idem'' the same, same as
	Masculine		Feminine		Neuter
	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural	Singular	Plural
Nominative	īdem	eīdem, iīdem	eadem	eaedem	idem	eadem
Vocative	īdem	eīdem, iīdem	eadem	eaedem	idem	eadem
Accusative	eundem	eōsdem	eandem	eāsdem	idem	eadem
Genitive	eiusdem	eōrundem	eiusdem	eārundem	eiusdem	eōrundem
Dative	eīdem	eīsdem, iīsdem	eīdem	eīsdem, iīsdem	eīdem	eīsdem, iīsdem
Ablative	eōdem	eīsdem, iīsdem	eādem	eīsdem, iīsdem	eōdem	eīsdem, iīsdem
Locative	eōdem	eīsdem, iīsdem	eaedem	eīsdem, iīsdem	eōdem	eīsdem, iīsdem

Comparison and superlative forms of adjectives

As in English, adjectives have superlative and comparative forms. For regular first and second declension and third declension nouns with one or two endings, the comparison is formed by adding an –ior for the masculine and feminine, and an –ius for the neuter to the base. The genitive for both are formed by adding an –iōris. Therefore, they are declined like the third declension. However, they are not declined as i-stems are. Superlatives formed by adding an –issimus, –a, –um to the base. Now, we find that superlatives are declined like first and second declension adjectives.

Adjective	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
	benīgnus, –a, –um (kind, nice)	benīgnior, –ius	benīgnissimus, –a, –um
	frīgidus, –a, –um (cold, chilly)	frīgidior, –ius	frīgidissimus, –a, –um
	calidus, –a, –um (hot, fiery)	calidior, –ius	calidissimus, –a, –um
	pūgnāx, –ācis (pugnacious)	pūgnācior, –ius	pūgnācissimus, –a, –um
	fortis, –e (strong, robust)	fortior, –ius	fortissimus, –a, –um
	aequālis, –e (equal, even)	aequālior, –ius	aequālissimus, –a, –um

Comparisons and superlatives of –er adjectives

Adjectives (in the third and first and second declensions) that have masculine nominative singular forms ending in –er have different forms. If the feminine and neuter forms drom the E, use that for the comparative form. The superlative is formed by adding an –rimus onto the masculine form.

Adjective	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
	pulcher, –cra, –crum (pretty, beautiful)	pulchrior, –ius	pulcherrimus, –a, –um
	sacer, –cra, –crum (sacred, holy)	sacrior, –ius	sacerrimus, –a, –um
	tener, –era, –erum (delicate, tender)	tenerior, –ius	tenerrimus, –a, –um
	ācer, –cris, –cre (sharp)	ācrior, –ius	ācerrimus, –a, –um
	celēber, –bris, –bre (celebrated, famous)	celēbrior, –ius	celēberrimus, –a, –um
	celer, –eris, –ere (quick, fast)	celerior, –ius	celerrimus, –a, –um

Comparisons and superlatives of –lis adjectives

Some third declension adjectives with two endings in –lis in the sexed nominative singular have irregular superlative forms. It should be noted that the following are the only adjectives that have this unique form.

Adjective	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
	facilis, –e (easy)	facilior, –ius	facillimus, –a, –um
	difficilis, –e (hard, difficult)	difficilior, –ius	difficillimus, –a, –um
	similis, –e (similar, like)	similior, –ius	simillimus, –a, –um
	dissimilis, –e (unlike, dissimilar)	dissimilior, –ius	dissimillimus, –a, –um
	humilis, –e (low, humble)	humilior, –ius	humillimus, –a, –um

Irregular comparisons and superlatives

As in most languages, Latin has adjectives that have irregular comparisons and superlatives.

Adjective	Positive	Comparative	Superlative
	bonus, –a, –um (good)	melior, –ius	optimus, –a, –um
	malus, –a, –um (bad, evil)	peior, –ius	pessimus, –a, –um
	magnus, –a, –um (great, large)	maior, –ius	maximus, –a, –um
	parvus, –a, –um (small, slight)	minor, –us	minimus, –a, –um
	multus, –a, –um (much, many)	plūs1	plurimus, –a, –um
	nēquam2 (worthless)	nēquior, –ius	nēquissimus, –a, –um
	posterus, –a, –um (next, future)	posterior, –ius	postremus, –a, –um
	superus, –a, –um (above, upper)	superior, –ius	supremus, –a, –um
	exterus, –a, –um (outer, outward)	exterior, –ius	extremus, –a, –um
	novus, –a, –um (new, strange)	recentior, –ius	novissimus, –a, –um
	senex, senis (old, aged)	senior, –ius	—?
	iuvenis, –is (young, youthful)	iunior, –ius	—?

• 1: noun used with genitive to express more of something
• 2: indeclinable

Adverbs and their comparisons and superlatives

To the relief of many Latin students, adverbs are not declined. However, adverbs must be formed if one wants to make an adjective into an adverb.

First and second declension adjectives' adverbs

First and second declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an –ē onto their bases.

Adjective	Adverb
clārus, –a, –um (clear, famous)	clārē (clearly, famously)
validus, –a, –um (strong, robust)	validē (strongly, robustly)
īnfīrmus, –a, –um (weak)	īnfīrmē (weakly)
solidus, –a, –um (complete, firm)	solidē (completely, firmly)
integer, –gra, –grum (whole, fresh)	integrē (wholly, freshly)
līber, –era, –erum (free)	līberē (freely)

Third declension adjectives' adverbs

Typically, third declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an –iter onto their bases. However, most third declension adjectives with one ending simply add an –er to their bases.

Adjective	Adverb
prūdēns, –entis (prudent)	prūdenter (prudently)
audāx, –ācis (bold)	audācter (boldly)
docilis, –e (docile)	dociliter (docilely)
virilis, –e (courageous, spirited)	viriliter (courageously, spiritedly)
salūber, –bris, –bre (wholesome)	salūbriter (wholesomely)
pauper, –eris, –ere (meager)	pauperiter (meagerly)

Adverbs' comparative and superlative forms

Adverbs' comparative forms are actually their neuter adjectives' comparative forms. Adverbs' superlative forms are made in the same way in which first and second declension adjectives' adverbs are made.

First and second declension adjectives' adverbs are formed by adding an –ē onto their bases.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
clārē (clearly, famously)	clārius	clārissime
solidē (completely, firmly)	solidius	solidissime
līberē (freely)	līberius	līberissime
prudenter (prudently)	prudentius	prudentissime
dociliter (docile)	docilius	docilissime
salūbriter (wholesomely)	salūberius	salūberissime

Irregular adverbs and their comparative and superlative forms

As so with adjectives, there are irregular adverbs with peculiar comparative and superlative forms.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
bene (well)	melius	optime
male (ill, badly)	peius	pessime
māgnoperē (greatly)	magis	maxime
multum (much, a lot)	plūs	plūrimum
nōn multum (little)	minus	minime
nēquiter (worthlessly)	nēquius	nēquissime
saepe (often)	saepius	saepissime
mātūrē (seasonably, betimes)	mātūrius	māturrime
prope (near)	propius	proxime
nūper (recently)	——	nūperrime
——	potius (rather)	potissimē (especially)
——	prius (before, previously)	prīmum1 (first)
secus (otherwise)	sētius (less)	—?

• 1: may be prīmo

Peculiarities within declension

Irregularity in number

Some nouns are declined in the singular only. This is the case with:

• Materials such as aurum (gold) and aes (copper)
• Abstract nouns such as celeritās (speed) and scientia (knowledge)
• Proper names such as Iulius (Julius) and Clāra (Clara)

There are nouns that are declined only in the plural as well (plurale tantum):

• Many festivals, such as Saturnalia
• Words like castra (camp) and arma (arms)
• A few geological places are plural such as Thēbae (Thebes).

Indeclinable nouns

Indeclinable nouns are neuter nouns which occur only in the nominative and the accusative singular. There are only six such nouns:

• fās — fate, divine law
• īnstar — likeness
• māne — morning (used in the ablative case as well)
• nefās — sin, abomination
• nihil — nothing, none
• secus — sex, coitus

Heterogeneous nouns

Heterogeneous nouns are nouns which vary in respect to gender.

• A few nouns in the second declension occur in both the neuter and masculine. However, their meanings remain the same.
• Some nouns are one gender in the singular, but become another gender in the plural. They may also change in meaning.

Singular	Plural
balneum n. bath	balneae f. bath-house
epulum n. feast, banquet	epulae f. feasts, banquets
frēnum n. bridle, curb	frēnī m. bridle, curb
iocus m. joke, jest	ioca n. jokes, jests
locus m. place, location	loca n. places, locations; locī region
rāstrum n. hoe, rake	rāstrī m. hoes, rakes

Plurals with alternative meanings

The nouns below have a specific singular meaning, yet have a different plural meaning.

Singular	Plural
aedēs, –is f. building, temple	aedēs, –ium rooms, house
auxilium, –ī n. help, aid	auxilia, –ōrum auxiliary troops
carcer, –eris m. prison, cell	carcerēs, –um starting-place of a chariot race
castrum, –ī n. fort, castle, fortress	castra, –ōrum milit. camp, encampment
cōpia, –ae f. plenty, much, abundance	cōpiae, –ārum troops
fīnis, –is m. end, boundary	fīnēs, –ium territory
fortūna, –ae f. luck, chance	fortūnae –ārum wealth
grātia, –ae f. charm, favor	grātiae, –ārum thanks
impedīmentum, –ī m. impediment, hindrance	impedīmenta, –ōrum baggage
littera, –ae f. letter (as in A, B, C, etc.)	litterae, –ārum epistle, scholarship, literature
mōs, mōris m. habit, inclination	mōrēs, –um m. morals, character
opera, –ae f. trouble, pains	operae, –ārum workmen
ops, opis f. the goddess Ops (pers.), help	opēs, –ium resources, wealth
pars, partis f. part, piece	partēs, –ium office, function
sāl, salis m. salt, sea water	salēs, –um wit, smarts

References

• New Latin Grammar, an eBook, originally written by Charles Edwin Bennett at the Project Gutenberg

See also

• Latin conjugation
• William Whitaker's Words
• Latin mnemonics

Latin}}} 
Official status
Official language of: Vatican City
Used for official purposes, but not spoken in everyday speech
Regulated by: Opus Fundatum Latinitas
Roman Catholic Church
Language codes
ISO 639-1: la
ISO 639-2: lat
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inflection or inflexion is the modification or marking of a word (or more precisely lexeme) to reflect grammatical (that is, relational) information, such as gender, tense, number or person.
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declension (or declination) is the inflection of nouns, pronouns and adjectives to indicate such features as number (typically singular vs. plural), case (subject, object, and so on), or gender.
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The nominative case is a grammatical case for a noun, which generally marks the subject of a verb, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments. (Basically, it is a noun that is doing something, usually joined (such as in Latin) with the accusative case.
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The vocative case is the case used for a noun identifying the person (animal, object, etc.) being addressed and/or occasionally the determiners of that noun. A vocative expression is an expression of direct address, wherein the identity of the party being spoken to is set
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The accusative case (abbreviated ACC ) of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of (some or all) prepositions.
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In grammar, the genitive case or possessive case (also called the second case) is the case that marks a noun as being the possessor of another noun.
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In linguistics, a clitic is an element that has some of the properties of an independent word and some more typical of a bound morpheme. Many clitics can be understood as elements undergoing a historical process of grammaticalization:^[1]

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