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Information about Laos

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ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ
Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Enlarge picture
Flag of Laos
FlagCoat of arms
Motto
ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ເອກະພາບ ວັດທະນາຖາວອນ
"Peace, Independence, Democracy, Unity and Prosperity"
Anthem
Pheng Xat Lao
Enlarge picture
Location of Laos
Capital
(and largest city) 		Vientiane
Official languagesLao
DemonymLaotian, Lao
GovernmentSocialist Republic
 - PresidentLt. Gen. Choummaly Sayasone
 - Prime MinisterBouasone Bouphavanh
Independencefrom France 
 - Date19 July 1949 
 - Water (%)2
Population
 - 2005 estimate5,859,000 (106th)
 - 1995 census4,574,848 
GDP (PPP)2005 estimate
 - Total$12.547 billion (129th)
 - Per capita$2,124 (138th)
Gini? (2002)34.6 (medium) 
HDI (2004) 0.553 (medium) (133rd)
CurrencyKip (LAK)
Time zone (UTC+7)
Internet TLD.la
Calling code+856
2


Laos (IPA: [laʊs]), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked communist state in southeast Asia, bordered by Burma (Myanmar) and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, and Thailand to the west. Laos traces its history to the Kingdom of Lan Xang or Land of a Million Elephants, which existed from the fourteenth to the eighteenth century. After a period as a French protectorate, it gained independence in 1949. A long civil war ended when the communist Pathet Lao movement came to power in 1975.

Private enterprise has increased since the mid-1980s. Laos has been ranked among the lowest countries in terms of economic and political freedom.[1] Despite this, the economy of Laos grew at 7.2% in 2006,[2] 35th fastest in the world. 80% of the employed practice subsistence agriculture.[3] The country's ethnic make-up is diverse, with around 70% belonging to the largest ethnic group, the Lao.[4]

Terminology

In the Lao language, the country's name is "Muang Lao". The Imperial French, who made the country part of French Indochina in 1893, spelled it with a final "s", i.e. "Laos". The usual adjectival form is "Lao", e.g. "the Lao economy", not the "Laotian" economy--although "Laotian" is used to describe the people of Muang Lao to avoid confusion with the Lao ethnic group.

History

Main article: History of Laos
Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang, founded in the fourteenth century, which lasted until the eighteenth century, when Siam invaded and assumed control of the separate principalities that remained. To avoid a costly war with the French, the Siamese king ceded lands now known as Laos to them, and these were incorporated into French Indochina in 1893. The French saw Laos as a useful buffer state between the two expanding empires of France and Britain. Under the French, the capital (Vieng Chan) was changed to Vientiane. Following a brief Japanese occupation during World War II, the country declared its independence in 1945, but the French re-asserted their control and only in 1950 was Laos granted semi-autonomy as an "associated state" within the French Union. Moreover, the French remained in de facto control until 1954, when Laos gained full independence as a constitutional monarchy. Under a special exemption to the Geneva Convention, a French military training mission continued to support the Royal Laos Army. In 1955, the U.S. Department of Defense created a special Programs Evaluation Office to replace French support of the Royal Laos Army against the communist Pathet Lao as part of the U.S. containment policy.

Political unrest in neighboring Vietnam dragged Laos into the Second Indochina War (see also Secret War and Vietnam War), a destabilizing factor that contributed to civil war and several coups d'état. The North Vietnamese Army invaded and occupied portions of eastern Laos. The North Vietnamese army, with its heavy weapons including heavy artillery and tanks, was the real power behind the Pathet Lao insurgency. In 1968, the North Vietnamese Army launched a multi-division attack against the Royal Lao Army. The attack resulted in the army largely demobilizing and leaving the conflict to irregular forces raised by the United States and Thailand.

Massive aerial bombardment by the United States followed as it attempted to eliminate North Vietnamese bases in Laos in order to disrupt supply lines on the Trường Sơn Trail (known to Americans as the Hồ Chí Minh Trail). Between 1971 and 1973 the USAAF dropped more ordnance on Laos than was dropped worldwide during the war of 1939-1945. In total more than 2 million tonnes of bombs were dropped (almost 1/2 a tonne per head of population at the time), destroying the country's limited infrastructure and restricting much of its population to living in caves. [5][6]

Enlarge picture
Pha That Luang in Vientiane, the national symbol of Laos.
In 1975, the communist Pathet Lao, backed by the Soviet Union and the North Vietnamese Army (justified by the communist ideology of "proletarian internationalism"), overthrew the royalist government, forcing King Savang Vatthana to abdicate on December 2 1975. He later died in captivity.

After taking control of the country, Pathet Lao's government renamed the country as the "Lao People's Democratic Republic" and signed agreements giving Vietnam the right to station military forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. Laos was ordered in the late 1970s by Vietnam to end relations with the People's Republic of China which cut the country off from trade with any country but Vietnam. Control by Vietnam and socialization were slowly replaced by a relaxation of economic restrictions in the 1980s and admission into ASEAN in 1997.

In 2005, the United States established Normal Trade Relations with Laos, ending a protracted period of punitive import taxes.[7]

Administrative divisions

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Provinces of Laos
Main articles: Provinces of Laos and Districts of Laos
Laos is divided into sixteen provinces (kang), one municipality (kumpang nakon) and one "special zone" (khetphiset): The country is further divided into districts (muang).

Geography

Enlarge picture
Map of Laos
Main article: Geography of Laos
Laos is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia and the thickly forested landscape consists mostly of rugged mountains, the highest of which is Phou Bia at 9,242 feet (2,817 m), with some plains and plateaus. The Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand, whereas the mountains of the Annamite Chain form most of the eastern border with Vietnam.

The climate is tropical and characterised by monsoons. There is a distinct rainy season from May to November, followed by a dry season from December to April. The capital and largest city of Laos is Vientiane, and other major cities include Luang Prabang, Savannakhet and Pakxe.

In 1993, the government set aside 21% of the nation's land area as National Biodiversity Conservation Areas (NBCA), which may be developed into a national park system. If completed, it is expected to be the most comprehensive and one of the finest national park systems in Southeast Asia.

Laos is the home to some of the most spectacular animal species in the world, most notably the Indochinese tiger, the giant gaur, and the Asiatic elephant. A number of animal species have been discovered or re-discovered in Laos in recent years. These include the striped or Annamite rabbit, the saola, and most recently the Laotian rock rat or kha-nyou.

The country is one of four in the heroin-producing region known as the "Golden Triangle".

Economy

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Buses connect the major cities.
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Songthaews are pick-up trucks with benches. They are used for long-distance and local public transport.
Main article: Economy of Laos
See also: Tourism in Laos
The government of Laos — one of the few remaining official communist states — began decentralising control and encouraging private enterprise in 1986. The results, starting from an extremely low base, were striking: growth averaged 6% in 1988-2004 except during the short-lived drop caused by the Asian financial crisis beginning in 1997. As in many developing countries, the major urban centers have experienced the most growth. The economies of Vientiane, Luang Prabang and Savannakhet in particular have experienced significant booms in recent years. Laos' economy is heavily dependent on investment and trade with its larger and richer cousin, Thailand. Pakxe has also experienced growth.

Much of the country, however, lacks adequate infrastructure. Laos has no railways, although a short link is planned to connect Vientiane with Thailand over the Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge. The major roads connecting the major urban centres, mainly forming Route 13, have been significantly upgraded in recent years, but villages that are far from major roads are accessible only through unpaved roads that may not be accessible year-round. There is limited external and internal telecommunication, particularly of the wire line sort, but mobile cellular phone usage has become widespread in urban centres. In many rural areas electricity is either not available or offered only during scheduled periods.

Enlarge picture
A ferryboat on the Nam Ou river. Rivers are an important means of transport in Laos.
Subsistence agriculture still accounts for half of GDP and provides 80% of total employment. Laos has the lowest percentage of arable land and permanent crop land in the Greater Mekong Subregion.[8] Only 4.01% of Laos is arable land, and only 0.34% of the country is planted with permanent crops.[9] Rice dominates agriculture, with about 80% of the arable land area used for growing rice.[10] Approximately 77% of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice.[11] Through the development, release and widespread adoption of improved rice varieties, and through economic reforms, Lao PDR achieved a net balance of rice imports and exports for the first time in 1999.[12] Between 1990 and 2005, rice production increased from 1.5 million tons to 2.5 million tons [1][2]: an average annual growth rate of more than 5%.[13] This increase in production has been valued at $8 million to $19 million per year.[12] Lao PDR may have the greatest number of rice varieties in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Since 1995 the Lao government has been working with the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) to collect seed samples of each of the thousands of rice varieties found in Laos.[14]

The economy receives aid from the IMF and other international sources and from new foreign investment in food processing and mining, most notably of copper and gold. Tourism is the fastest-growing industry in the country. However, economic development in general is hampered by a serious case of brain drain. A 2005 World Bank study reported that 37% of educated Laotians lived abroad, putting the country in fifth place for worst brain drain.

In late 2004, Laos gained Normal Trade Relations status with the US, allowing Laos-based producers to face lower tariffs on their exports; this may help spur growth.

Demographics

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A street market in Luang Prabang.
Main article: Demographics of Laos
69% of the country's people are ethnic Lao, the principal lowland inhabitants and the politically and culturally dominant group. The Lao belong to the Tai linguistic group who began migrating southward from China in the first millennium AD. A further 8% belong to other "lowland" groups, which together with the Lao people make up the Lao Loum. Hill people and minority cultures of Laos such as the Hmong (Miao), Yao (Mien), Tai dumm, Dao, Shan, and several Tibeto-Burman speaking peoples have lived in isolated regions of Laos for many years. Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos which include the Lua (Lua) and Khammu people who are indigenous to Laos. Today, the Lua people are considered endangered. Collectively, they are known as Lao Soung or highland Laotians. In the central and southern mountains, Mon-Khmer tribes, known as Lao Theung or mid-slope Laotians, predominate. Some Vietnamese and Chinese minorities remain, particularly in the towns, but many left in two waves; after independence in the late 1940s and again after 1975.

The term "Laotian" does not necessarily refer to the ethnic Lao language, ethnic Lao people, language or customs, but is a political term that also includes the non-ethnic Lao groups within Laos and identifies them as "Laotian" because of their political citizenship. In a similar vein the word "Lao" can also describe the people, cuisine, language and culture of the people of Northeast Thailand (Isan) who are ethnic Lao.

The predominant religion is Theravada Buddhism which, along with the common Animism practiced among the mountain tribes, coexists peacefully with spirit worship. There also are a small number of Christians, mostly restricted to the Vientiane area, and Muslims, mostly restricted to the Myanmar border region. Christian missionary work is regulated by the government.

The official and dominant language is Lao, a tonal language of the Tai linguistic group. Midslope and highland Lao speak an assortment of tribal languages. French, still common in government and commerce, has declined in usage, while knowledge of English, the language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), has increased in recent years.

Culture

Main article: Culture of Laos
See also: Art of Laos


Enlarge picture
Wat Ho Pra Keo, Vientiane.


Theravada Buddhism is a dominant influence in Lao culture. It is reflected throughout the country from language to the temple and in art, literature, performing arts, etc. Many elements of Lao culture predate Buddhism, however. For example, Laotian music is dominated by its national instrument, the khaen, a type of bamboo pipe that has prehistoric origins. The khaen traditionally accompanied the singer in lam, the dominant style of folk music. Among the various lam styles, the lam saravane is probably the most popular.

The country has two World Heritage Sites: Luang Prabang and Wat Phou. The government is seeking the same status for the Plain of Jars.

Enlarge picture
Buddha Park, near Vientiane along the "Mighty Mekong"


The People's Republic of China has recently allowed its citizens to travel more freely to Laos. As such, Chinese tourists are expected to account for 25% of the total number of visitors to Laos (up from only a few percent) in 2006. Pressures to modernize tourist infrastructure, particularly to cater to package tourism, are expected to significantly impact Luang Prabang and other culturally important Laotian cities. The people of Laos are very kind and welcoming to all visitors.

Rice is the staple food and has cultural and religious significance. There are many traditions and rituals associated with rice production in different environments, and among many ethnic groups. For example, Khammu farmers in Luang Prabang plant the rice variety Khao Kam in small quantities near the hut in memory of dead parents, or at the edge of the rice field to indicate that parents are still alive.[15]

Media

All newspapers are published by the government, including two foreign language papers: the English-language Vientiane Times and the French-language Le Rénovateur. Additionally, the Khao San Pathet Lao, the country's official news agency, publishes English and French versions of its eponymous paper. Internet cafes, serving the tourist market, are now common in the major urban centres. However, the government strictly censors content and controls access.

Satellite television dishes, beaming content from Thailand, are common throughout Laos. Many Laotians access the outside world through Thai television programs.

International rankings

Organisation Survey Ranking
Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street JournalIndex of Economic Freedom149 out of 157
Reporters Without BordersWorldwide Press Freedom Index156 out of 167
Transparency InternationalCorruption Perceptions Index111 out of 163
United Nations Development ProgrammeHuman Development Index133 out of 177

See also

Leaders of ethnic minorities in Laos

Notes and references

1. ^ Heritage Foundation
2. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2003rank.html CIA World Factbook]
3. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#Econ CIA World Factbook]
4. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#People CIA World Factbook], May 2007
5. ^ Stop Cluster Munitions
6. ^ International Reporting Project
7. ^ [3]
8. ^ About Greater Mekong Subregion at Asian Development Bank
9. ^ [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2097.html CIA World Factbook]
10. ^ Rice, the fabric of life in Laos
11. ^ Genuinely Lao
12. ^ The Green Revolution comes to Laos
13. ^ Genuinely Lao
14. ^ A Race Against Time
15. ^ An Evaluation of Synthesis of Rice
  • Fredenburg, P. and B. Hill. 2006. Sharing Rice for Peace and Prosperity in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Sid Harta Publishers, Victoria. ISBN 1-921206-08-X. pp271.
  • J. M. Schiller, M. B. Chanphengxay, B. Linquist and S. Appa Rao, editors. 2006. Rice in Laos. Los Banos, (Philippines). International Rice Research Institute. 457 p. ISBN 978-971-22-0211-7.
  • Stuart-Fox, M. 1999. A History of Laos. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-59235-6.
  • Fifteen years of support for rice research in Lao PDR

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Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός
Laïkós Orthódoxos Synagermós
Popular Orthodox Rally

Leader Georgios Karatzaferis


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Coat of arms elements
A motto (from Italian) is a phrase or a short list of words meant formally to describe the general motivation or intention of an entity, social group, or organization.
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For the Radiohead song, see "The National Anthem".
A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history, traditions and struggles of its people, recognized either by a country's government as the official
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"Pheng Xat Lao" was composed by Dr. Thongdy Sounthonevichit (1905-1968) in 1941 and adopted as the national anthem of the Kingdom of Laos in 1947. The original lyrics were replaced when the Lao People's Democratic Republic was established in 1975 by new lyrics written by Sisana
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capital (also called capital city or political capital — although the latter phrase has a second meaning based on an alternative sense of "capital") is the center of government.
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Population: 6,068,117 (June 2004 est.) - 6,521,998 (July 2007 est.) [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/la.html#People]

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43% (male 1,191,608; female 1,173,144)
15-64 years:
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Vientiane
The national memorial, Patuxay, was built on the capital's main north-south avenue in the 1960s to celebrate the independence struggle.
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An official language is a language that is given a special legal status in the countries, states, and other territories. It is typically the language used in a nation's legislative bodies, though the law in many nations requires that government documents be produced in other
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Lao (ພາສາລາວ phaasaa laao) also Laotian, is the official language of Laos. It is a tonal language of the Tai family, and is so closely related to the Isan language of the northeast region of Thailand that the two are
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A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a people or the inhabitants of a place. In English, the name of a people's language is often the same as this word, e.g., the "French" (language or people).
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Lao are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. The vast majority of Lao people live in either Laos (approximately 4 million) or Thailand (approximately 19 million, 18.7 million Isan Lao and 0.4 million immigrant Lao).
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Lao are an ethnic group of Southeast Asia. The vast majority of Lao people live in either Laos (approximately 4 million) or Thailand (approximately 19 million, 18.7 million Isan Lao and 0.4 million immigrant Lao).
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government is a body that has the power to make and the authority to enforce rules and laws within a civil, corporate, religious, academic, or other organization or group.[1]
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Socialist Republic is a republic governed on the principles of socialism usually by a communist or a socialist party. They are usually focused on a centrally planned economy, but sometimes they mix their economy with elements of a free market
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Laos

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Laos

  • President
  • Choummaly Sayasone
  • Vice President
  • Bounnhang Vorachith

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Choummaly Sayasone (born March 6, 1936 in Attapu) is president of the Lao People's Democratic Republic and general secretary (leader) of the communist Lao People's Revolutionary Party since March 21, 2006. He was elected general secretary on that date by the party's 8th Congress.
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Laos

This article is part of the series:
Politics and government of
Laos

  • President
  • Choummaly Sayasone
  • Vice President
  • Bounnhang Vorachith

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Bouasone Bouphavanh (born June 3, 1954 in Ban Tao Poun, Muang Salavan, Salavan Province) is the prime minister of Laos. He was officially appointed to the office by the National Assembly of Laos on June 8, 2006, during a major government reshuffle.
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Independence is the self-government of a nation, country, or state by its residents and population, or some portion thereof, generally exercising sovereignty.

The term independence is used in contrast to subjugation,
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Motto
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"


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    correction needed (July 20; July 17 in the Eastern Church)
  • Saint Rufina, virgin, martyr [Metz, France]
  • Saint Dios, the Venerable

References

1. ^ *Holweck, F. G. A Biographical Dictionary of the Saint. St. Louis, MO: B.

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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1910s  1920s  1930s  - 1940s -  1950s  1960s  1970s
1946 1947 1948 - 1949 - 1950 1951 1952

Year 1949 (MCMXLIX
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gross domestic product, or GDP, is one of the ways for measuring the size of its economy. The GDP of a country is defined as the total market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time (usually a calendar year).
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