Information about Loki
In cryptography, LOKI89 and LOKI91 are block ciphers designed as possible replacements for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The ciphers were developed based on a body of work analysing DES, and are very similar to DES in structure. The LOKI algorithms were named for Loki, the god of mischief in Norse mythology.
The cipher uses a 64-bit block and a 64-bit key. Like DES, it is a 16-round Feistel cipher and has a similar general structure, but differs in the choice of the particular S-boxes, the "P-permutation", and the "Expansion permutation". The S-Boxes use the non-linearity criteria developed by Josef Pieprzyk, making them as "complex" and "unpredicatable" as possible. Their effectiveness was compared against the known design criteria for the DES S-boxes. The permutations were designed to "mix" the outputs of the S-boxes as quickly as possible, promoting the avalanche and completeness properties, essential for a good Feistel cipher. However unlike their equivalents in the DES, they are intended to be as clean and simple as possible (in retrospect perhaps a little too simple), aiding the analysis of the design.
Following the publication of LOKI89, information on the new differential cryptanalysis became available, as well as some early analysis results by (Knudsen 1993a). This resulted in the design being changed to become LOKI91.
Whilst the resulting cipher is clearly stronger and more secure than LOKI89, there are a number of potential attacks, as detailed in the papers by Knudsen and Biham, listed in the References below. Consequently these ciphers should be viewed as academic efforts to advance the field of block cipher design, rather than algorithms. The number of citations and published critiques suggests this aim has been achieved.
Loki or Loke is the mythical giant in Norse mythology.
In the Eddas, one of the few sources of information regarding the figure, Loki is described as a son of the giants Fárbauti and Laufey. Loki also had two brothers (Helbindi & Byleist) of whom nothing is known. The same source also describes Loki as the "contriver of all fraud" and features Loki mixing freely with the gods for a long time, even becoming Odin's blood brother before murdering Baldr. After the murder, the Æsir restrain Loki with the internal organs of his children and he is eventually freed to fight on the side of the Jotun against the Æsir at Ragnarök.
Despite much research, "the figure of Loki remains obscure; there is no trace of a cult, and the name does not appear in place-names."[1] The Eddas inconsistently place him among the Æsir; however, this may only be due to his close relation with Odin and the amount of time that he spends among the Æsir.
The composer Richard Wagner presented Loki under an invented Germanized name Loge in his opera Das Rheingold. Loge is also mentioned, but does not appear as a character, in Die Walküre and Götterdämmerung. The name comes from the common mistranslation and confusion with Logi (a fire-giant), which has created the misconception of Loki being a creation of fire, having hair of fire or being associated with fire.
Loki is not to be confused with the similarly named Útgarğa-Loki, a king of the giants in Jötunheimr.
In the myths he mainly plays the role of a villain: a coward (when he was captured by a giant, he begged for his life and promised to give him the goddess Idun), liar (in Lokasenna, all gods called him a liar), cheater (he tricked Idun into being captured by the giant and only went to save her when threatened by the gods), thief (he shears Sif's hair and stole various things from the giants), robber (he robbed Freyja's necklace for no reason and got beaten by Heimdall who sent by Freyja to get the necklace back), and murderer (he killed the god Baldur using his blind brother's hands).
In Lokasenna, Odin said that Loki spent eight years milking cow like a maid.
Loki was the father (and in more than one instance the mother) of many beasts, humans and monsters.
Having liaisons with giantesses was nothing unusual for gods in Norse mythology; Odin, Thor, Njord, Freyr are good examples; and since Loki was actually a giant himself, there is nothing unusual about this activity. Together with Angrboda, he had three children:
While he was in the form of a mare Loki mated with the stallion Svadilfari and gave birth to Sleipnir, the eight-legged steed of Odin.
One story in the Hyndluljóğ states that Loki ate the heart of a woman and proceeded to give birth to a monster whose name is not given.
In another myth, after Thor threatened to crush all his bones for cutting off Sif's hair, Loki puts the dwarves against each other in a gifting contest. The dwarves make Odin's spear, Freyr's ship and Sif's wig. He even rescues Iğunn after gave her to a giant, but only after being cornered and threatened with death by the gods. Finally, in Şrymskviğa, Loki manages, with Thor at his side, to retrieve Mjolnir after the giant Şrymr secretly steals it, in order to ask for Freyja as a bride in exchange.
Even though Loki may have been a liability to gods (leading to the death of Baldr, the birth of Fenrir and other monsters that would eventually engulf the world), his pranks ultimately provided the gods with all their most precious items, from Thor's hammer to the flying ships.
Loki, in the shape of a witch with stained black teeth Şökk, was the only being that refused to weep for Baldr, preventing the defunct god's return from Hel. After refusing to weep for Baldr, Loki (in the form of Şökk) stepped into a cave, and immediately after changed shape into a raven.
The murder of Baldr was not left unpunished, and eventually the gods tracked down Loki, who was hiding in a pool at the base of Franang's Falls in the shape of a salmon. There they caught Loki with a fishing net. They also hunted down Loki's two children with Sigyn, Narfi and Váli (not to be confused with Váli, the son of Odin and Rind). They changed Váli into a wolf, and he then turned against his brother and killed him. They used Narfi's entrails to bind Loki to three slabs of stone, and Skaği placed a snake above his head so that its venom would pour onto him. Sigyn sits beside him and collects the venom in a wooden bowl, but she has to empty the bowl when it fills up, during which time the searing venom drips onto Loki's face. The pain is then so terrible that he writhes, making the earth shake.
Baldr's murder was also one of the events that precipitated Ragnarök. Loki would stay bound until then. When Ragnarök finally comes and Loki is freed by the trembling earth, he will sail to Vigrid from the north on a ship that also bears Hel and all those from her realm. Once on the battlefield, he will meet Heimdall. They will fight and though Heimdall is ultimately victorious, Heimdall later dies of his wounds.
The couple then pray to Hœnir, who hides the son in the neck-feathers of a swan, but again the thurs finds him. On the third day, they pray to Loki, who hides the son amidst the eggs of a flounder. The thurs finds the flounder, but Loki instructs the boy to run into a boathouse. The giant gets his head caught and Loki kills him by chopping off his leg and inserting a stick and a stone in the leg stump to prevent the thurs from regenerating. He takes the boy home, and the farmer and his wife embrace both of them.
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LOKI89
LOKI89 was first published in 1990, then named just "LOKI", by Australian cryptographers Lawrie Brown, Josef Pieprzyk, and Jennifer Seberry. LOKI89 was submitted to the European RIPE project for evaluation, but was not selected.The cipher uses a 64-bit block and a 64-bit key. Like DES, it is a 16-round Feistel cipher and has a similar general structure, but differs in the choice of the particular S-boxes, the "P-permutation", and the "Expansion permutation". The S-Boxes use the non-linearity criteria developed by Josef Pieprzyk, making them as "complex" and "unpredicatable" as possible. Their effectiveness was compared against the known design criteria for the DES S-boxes. The permutations were designed to "mix" the outputs of the S-boxes as quickly as possible, promoting the avalanche and completeness properties, essential for a good Feistel cipher. However unlike their equivalents in the DES, they are intended to be as clean and simple as possible (in retrospect perhaps a little too simple), aiding the analysis of the design.
Following the publication of LOKI89, information on the new differential cryptanalysis became available, as well as some early analysis results by (Knudsen 1993a). This resulted in the design being changed to become LOKI91.
LOKI91
LOKI 91 was designed in response to the attacks on LOKI89 (Brown et al., 1991). The changes included removing the initial and final key whitening, a new S-box, and small alterations to the key schedule. More specifically, the S-boxes functions were changed to minimise the probability of seeing different inputs resulting in the same output (a hook which Differential cryptanalysis uses), thus improving LOKI91's immunity to this attack, as detailed by the attacks authors (Biham and Shamir 1991). The changes to the key schedule were designed to reduce the number of "equivalent" or "related" keys, which resulted in the exhaustive search space for the cipher being reduced.Whilst the resulting cipher is clearly stronger and more secure than LOKI89, there are a number of potential attacks, as detailed in the papers by Knudsen and Biham, listed in the References below. Consequently these ciphers should be viewed as academic efforts to advance the field of block cipher design, rather than algorithms. The number of citations and published critiques suggests this aim has been achieved.
See also
References
- Eli Biham, "New Types of Cryptanalytic Attacks Using Related Keys", Journal of Cryptology, vol 7 no 4, pp 229-246, Springer-Verlag, 1994.
- Eli Biham, Adi Shamir, "Differential Cryptanalysis of Snefru, Khafre, REDOC-II, LOKI and Lucifer", in Advances in Cryptology - CRYPTO'91, LNCS 576, pp 156-171, J Feigenbaum (ed), Springer-Verlag, 1991.
- L. Brown, Josef Pieprzyk and Jennifer Seberry, " LOKI - A Cryptographic Primitive for Authentication and Secrecy Applications", in Advances in Cryptology - Auscrypt'90, LNCS 453, pp229-236, J Seberry, J Pieprzyk (eds), Springer-Verlag, 1990.
- L. Brown, M Kwan, J Pieprzyk, J Seberry, " Improving Resistance to Differential Cryptanalysis and the Redesign of LOKI", in Advances in Cryptology - Asiacrypt'91", LNCs 739, pp 36-50, H Imai et al (eds), Springer-Verlag, 1993.
- Lars R. Knudsen, "Cryptanalysis of LOKI", in Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT'91, LNCS 739, pp 22-35, H Imai et al (eds), Springer-Verlag, 1993.
- Lars R. Knudsen, "Cryptanalysis of LOKI91", in Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT'92, LNCS 718, pp 196-208, J Seberry, Y Zheng (eds), Springer-Verlag, 1993.
- Lars R. Knudsen, "New Potentially 'Weak' Keys for DES and LOKI", in Advances in Cryptology - EUROCRYPT'94, LNCS 950, pp 419-424, Springer-Verlag, 1994.
- Lars R. Knudsen, M.J.B. Robshaw, "Non-linear Approximations in Linear Cryptanalysis", in Advances in Cryptology - Eurocrypt'96, LNCS 1070, pp 224-236, Springer-Verlag, 1996.
- Kouichi Sakurai, Souichi Furuya, "Improving Linear Cryptanalysis of LOKI91 by Probabilistic Counting Method", in Fast Software Encryption, pp 114-133, Springer-Verlag, 1997.
- Toshio Tokita, Tohru Sorimachi, Mitsuru Matsui, "Linear Cryptanalysis of LOKI and s2DES", in Advances in Cryptology - ASIACRYPT'94, LNCS 917, pp 293-303, Springer-Verlag, 1994.
External links
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Loki or Loke is the mythical giant in Norse mythology.
In the Eddas, one of the few sources of information regarding the figure, Loki is described as a son of the giants Fárbauti and Laufey. Loki also had two brothers (Helbindi & Byleist) of whom nothing is known. The same source also describes Loki as the "contriver of all fraud" and features Loki mixing freely with the gods for a long time, even becoming Odin's blood brother before murdering Baldr. After the murder, the Æsir restrain Loki with the internal organs of his children and he is eventually freed to fight on the side of the Jotun against the Æsir at Ragnarök.
Despite much research, "the figure of Loki remains obscure; there is no trace of a cult, and the name does not appear in place-names."[1] The Eddas inconsistently place him among the Æsir; however, this may only be due to his close relation with Odin and the amount of time that he spends among the Æsir.
The composer Richard Wagner presented Loki under an invented Germanized name Loge in his opera Das Rheingold. Loge is also mentioned, but does not appear as a character, in Die Walküre and Götterdämmerung. The name comes from the common mistranslation and confusion with Logi (a fire-giant), which has created the misconception of Loki being a creation of fire, having hair of fire or being associated with fire.
Loki is not to be confused with the similarly named Útgarğa-Loki, a king of the giants in Jötunheimr.
Eddic depictions
Most information regarding Loki that we have today has been extracted from the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda.Names
Like other deities in the Eddas, Loki is described with many names: Lie-Smith, Sly-God, Shape-Changer, Sly-One, Lopt, Sky Traveler, Sky Walker and Wizard Of Lies among others.Nature
Loki is an adept shape-shifter, with the ability to change both form (examples include transmogrification to a salmon, horse etc.) and sex (he turned into a woman to trick Frigg to learn Baldr's weakness). But he had to borrow Freyja's cloak whenever he wanted to change into bird form.In the myths he mainly plays the role of a villain: a coward (when he was captured by a giant, he begged for his life and promised to give him the goddess Idun), liar (in Lokasenna, all gods called him a liar), cheater (he tricked Idun into being captured by the giant and only went to save her when threatened by the gods), thief (he shears Sif's hair and stole various things from the giants), robber (he robbed Freyja's necklace for no reason and got beaten by Heimdall who sent by Freyja to get the necklace back), and murderer (he killed the god Baldur using his blind brother's hands).
In Lokasenna, Odin said that Loki spent eight years milking cow like a maid.
- Loki:
- "Be silent, Odin! not justly thou settest
- The fate of the fight among men;
- Oft gavst thou to him who deserved not the gift,
- To the baser, the battle's prize."
- Odin:
- "Though I gave to him who deserved not the gift,
- To the baser, the battle's prize;
- Winters eight wast thou under the earth,
- Milking the cows as a maid,
- Ay, and babes didst thou bear; (The horse Sleipnir)
- Unmanly thy soul must seem."
Children
)
Iğunn and Loki, by John Bauer
Having liaisons with giantesses was nothing unusual for gods in Norse mythology; Odin, Thor, Njord, Freyr are good examples; and since Loki was actually a giant himself, there is nothing unusual about this activity. Together with Angrboda, he had three children:
- Jörmungandr, the sea serpent;
- Fenrir the giant wolf preordained to slay Odin at the time of Ragnarök;
- Hel, ruler of the realm of the dead.
While he was in the form of a mare Loki mated with the stallion Svadilfari and gave birth to Sleipnir, the eight-legged steed of Odin.
One story in the Hyndluljóğ states that Loki ate the heart of a woman and proceeded to give birth to a monster whose name is not given.
Cooperation with the gods
Loki occasionally works with the other gods and goddesses. For example, he tricked the unnamed giant who built the walls around Asgard out of being paid for his work by distracting his horse while disguised as a mare—thereby he became the mother of Odin's eight-legged horse Sleipnir (although Loki is the one who gave ill advice to the gods in the first place).In another myth, after Thor threatened to crush all his bones for cutting off Sif's hair, Loki puts the dwarves against each other in a gifting contest. The dwarves make Odin's spear, Freyr's ship and Sif's wig. He even rescues Iğunn after gave her to a giant, but only after being cornered and threatened with death by the gods. Finally, in Şrymskviğa, Loki manages, with Thor at his side, to retrieve Mjolnir after the giant Şrymr secretly steals it, in order to ask for Freyja as a bride in exchange.
Even though Loki may have been a liability to gods (leading to the death of Baldr, the birth of Fenrir and other monsters that would eventually engulf the world), his pranks ultimately provided the gods with all their most precious items, from Thor's hammer to the flying ships.
Slayer of Baldr
Loki may have overplayed his hand when, disguised as a giantess, he arranged the murder of Baldr. He used mistletoe, the only plant which had not sworn never to harm Baldr, and made a dart of it, which he tricked Baldr's blind brother Höğr into throwing at Baldr, thereby killing him. Another version of the myth, preserved in Gesta Danorum, does not mention Loki.)
Loki, in the shape of a witch with stained black teeth Şökk, was the only being that refused to weep for Baldr, preventing the defunct god's return from Hel. After refusing to weep for Baldr, Loki (in the form of Şökk) stepped into a cave, and immediately after changed shape into a raven.
Binding and Ragnarök
The murder of Baldr was not left unpunished, and eventually the gods tracked down Loki, who was hiding in a pool at the base of Franang's Falls in the shape of a salmon. There they caught Loki with a fishing net. They also hunted down Loki's two children with Sigyn, Narfi and Váli (not to be confused with Váli, the son of Odin and Rind). They changed Váli into a wolf, and he then turned against his brother and killed him. They used Narfi's entrails to bind Loki to three slabs of stone, and Skaği placed a snake above his head so that its venom would pour onto him. Sigyn sits beside him and collects the venom in a wooden bowl, but she has to empty the bowl when it fills up, during which time the searing venom drips onto Loki's face. The pain is then so terrible that he writhes, making the earth shake.
Baldr's murder was also one of the events that precipitated Ragnarök. Loki would stay bound until then. When Ragnarök finally comes and Loki is freed by the trembling earth, he will sail to Vigrid from the north on a ship that also bears Hel and all those from her realm. Once on the battlefield, he will meet Heimdall. They will fight and though Heimdall is ultimately victorious, Heimdall later dies of his wounds.
Snaptun stone
On a spring day in 1950, a semi-circular flat hearth stone bearing a depiction of Loki was discovered on a beach near Snaptun, Denmark.[2] Made of soap stone, the depiction was carved around the year 1,000 AD. The depiction features a curled moustache. The figure is identified as Loki due to the seemingly scarred lips, a reference to a story recorded in Skáldskaparmál.[2] The stone is on display at the Moesgaard Museum near Aarhus, Denmark.Loka Táttur
Not all lore depicts Loki as a malevolent being. An 18th century ballad (that may have drawn from a much earlier source) from the Faroe Islands, entitled Loka Táttur (The Loki's Tale ballad)[4], depicts Loki as a friend to man: when a thurs (troll or giant) comes to take a farmer's son away, the farmer and his wife pray to Odin to protect him. Odin hides the son in a field of wheat, but the thurs finds him. Odin rescues the son and takes him back to the farmer and his wife, saying that he is done hiding the son.The couple then pray to Hœnir, who hides the son in the neck-feathers of a swan, but again the thurs finds him. On the third day, they pray to Loki, who hides the son amidst the eggs of a flounder. The thurs finds the flounder, but Loki instructs the boy to run into a boathouse. The giant gets his head caught and Loki kills him by chopping off his leg and inserting a stick and a stone in the leg stump to prevent the thurs from regenerating. He takes the boy home, and the farmer and his wife embrace both of them.
Other spellings
- Common Danish, Swedish and Norwegian form: Loke
- German form: Lohho, Loge (Wagner)
References
1. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica, 2004
2. ^ Margrethe, Queen, Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen. Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past (1990), ISBN 9788774682745
3. ^ Margrethe, Queen, Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen. Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past (1990), ISBN 9788774682745
4. ^ An online version of the tale can be found via the Northvegr Foundation here: [1]
2. ^ Margrethe, Queen, Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen. Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past (1990), ISBN 9788774682745
3. ^ Margrethe, Queen, Poul Kjrum, Rikke Agnete Olsen. Oldtidens Ansigt: Faces of the Past (1990), ISBN 9788774682745
4. ^ An online version of the tale can be found via the Northvegr Foundation here: [1]
External links
- Viktor Rydberg's "Teutonic Mythology: Gods and Goddesses of the Northland" e-book
- W. Wagner's "Asgard and the Home of the Gods" e-book
- "Myths of Northern Lands" e-book by H. A. Guerber
- Peter Andreas Munch's "Norse Mythology: Legends of Gods and Heroes" e-book
- An essay on Loki
- More images of Loki
- The Lokasenna - "Loki's Wrangling": an insult competition between Loki and the other gods
- "A walk through Mallerstang" - with reference to the carving of Loki in Kirkby Stephen parish church, Cumbria
Norse mythology | ||
|---|---|---|
| List of Norse gods • sir • Vanir • Giants • Elves • Dwarves • Troll • Valkyries • Einherjar • Norns • Odin • Thor • Freyr • Freyja • Loki • Baldr • Tr • Yggdrasil • Ginnungagap • Ragnark | ){kind=icon} | |
| Sources | Poetic Edda • Prose Edda • The Sagas • Volsung Cycle• Tyrfing Cycle• Rune stones• Old Norse language• Orthography • Later influence | |
| Society | Viking Age • Skald • Kenning • Blt • Seid • Numbers | |
| People, places and things | ||
Cryptography (or cryptology; derived from Greek κρυπτός kryptós "hidden," and the verb γράφω gráfo "write" or λεγειν legein
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block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation. When encrypting, a block cipher might take a (for example) 128-bit block of plaintext as input, and output a corresponding 128-bit block
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Data Encryption Standard
General
IBM
1975 (standardized on January 1977)
Lucifer
Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, LOKI89, ICE
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 56 bits
Block size(s):| 64 bits
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The Feistel function (F function) of DES
General
IBM
1975 (standardized on January 1977)
Lucifer
Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, LOKI89, ICE
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 56 bits
Block size(s):| 64 bits
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Norse, Viking or Scandinavian mythology comprises the indigenous pre-Christian religion, beliefs and legends of the Scandinavian peoples, including those who settled on Iceland, where most of the written sources for Norse mythology were assembled.
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20th century - 21st century
1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s
1987 1988 1989 - 1990 - 1991 1992 1993
Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar).
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1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s
1987 1988 1989 - 1990 - 1991 1992 1993
Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar).
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Josef Pieprzyk is a professor at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia.
He has worked on cryptography, in particular the XSL attack. He collaborated in the invention of the LOKI and LOKI97 block ciphers and the HAVAL cryptographic hash function.
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He has worked on cryptography, in particular the XSL attack. He collaborated in the invention of the LOKI and LOKI97 block ciphers and the HAVAL cryptographic hash function.
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Jennifer Roma Seberry is a cryptographer, mathematician, and computer scientist, currently a professor at the University of Wollongong, Australia. She was formerly the head of the Department of Computer Science and director of the Centre for Computer Security Research at the
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Ripe may refer to:
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- RIPE, Réseaux IP Européens
- RIPE NCC, the Regional Internet Registry (RIR) for Europe
- Ripeness, a term in law
- Ripening, especially of fruit
- Ripe, East Sussex, in England
- Ripe (AN) in Italy
- Ripe (film), a film
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block size. Both the input (plaintext) and output (ciphertext) are the same length; the output cannot be shorter than the input — this is logically required by the Pigeonhole principle and the fact that the cipher must be invertible — and it is simply undesirable for
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In cryptography, the key size (alternatively key length) is the size of the digits used to create an encrypted text; it is therefore also a measure of the number of possible keys which can be used in a cipher, and the number of keys which must be tested to 'break' the
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Data Encryption Standard
General
IBM
1975 (standardized on January 1977)
Lucifer
Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, LOKI89, ICE
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 56 bits
Block size(s):| 64 bits
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The Feistel function (F function) of DES
General
IBM
1975 (standardized on January 1977)
Lucifer
Triple DES, G-DES, DES-X, LOKI89, ICE
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 56 bits
Block size(s):| 64 bits
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In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a symmetric structure, named after IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network. A large proportion of block ciphers use the scheme, including the Data Encryption Standard (DES).
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In cryptography, a substitution box (or S-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the plaintext and the ciphertext — Shannon's property of confusion.
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In cryptography, a substitution box (or S-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the plaintext and the ciphertext — Shannon's property of confusion.
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In cryptography, a substitution box (or S-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the plaintext and the ciphertext — Shannon's property of confusion.
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In cryptography, a Feistel cipher is a block cipher with a symmetric structure, named after IBM cryptographer Horst Feistel; it is also commonly known as a Feistel network. A large proportion of block ciphers use the scheme, including the Data Encryption Standard (DES).
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Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in an input can affect the resultant difference at the output.
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In cryptography, key whitening is a technique intended to increase the security of an iterated block cipher. It consists of steps that combine the data with portions of the key (most commonly using a simple XOR) before the first round and after the last round of encryption.
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key schedule is an algorithm that, given the key, calculates the subkeys for these rounds.
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Some types of key schedules
- Some ciphers have simple key schedules.
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Differential cryptanalysis is a general form of cryptanalysis applicable primarily to block ciphers, but also to stream ciphers and cryptographic hash functions. In the broadest sense, it is the study of how differences in an input can affect the resultant difference at the output.
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LOKI97
General
Lawrie Brown, assisted by Jennifer Seberry and Josef Pieprzyk
1998
LOKI91
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 128, 192 or 256 bits
Block size(s):| 128 bits
Feistel network
16
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The LOKI97 round function
General
Lawrie Brown, assisted by Jennifer Seberry and Josef Pieprzyk
1998
LOKI91
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 128, 192 or 256 bits
Block size(s):| 128 bits
Feistel network
16
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Eli Biham is an Israeli cryptographer and cryptanalyst, currently a professor at the Technion Israeli Institute of Technology Computer Science department. Biham received his Ph.D. for inventing (publicly) differential cryptanalysis, while working under Adi Shamir.
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Adi Shamir
At the CRYPTO 2003 conference
Born 1952
Tel Aviv, Israel
Field Cryptography
Institutions Weizmann Institute
Known for RSA
Feige-Fiat-Shamir Identification Scheme
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At the CRYPTO 2003 conference
Born 1952
Tel Aviv, Israel
Field Cryptography
Institutions Weizmann Institute
Known for RSA
Feige-Fiat-Shamir Identification Scheme
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Lars Ramkilde Knudsen (born February 21, 1962) is a Danish researcher in cryptography, particularly interested in the design and analysis of block ciphers, hash functions and message authentication codes (MACs).
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Matthew J.B. "Matt" Robshaw is a cryptographer, currently a lecturer at Royal Holloway, University of London. His notable work includes the cryptanalysis of a number of cryptographic primitives, including the extension of linear cryptanalysis to use multiple approximations, and the
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block cipher is a symmetric key cipher which operates on fixed-length groups of bits, termed blocks, with an unvarying transformation. When encrypting, a block cipher might take a (for example) 128-bit block of plaintext as input, and output a corresponding 128-bit block
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3-Way
General
Joan Daemen
1994
NOEKEON
BaseKing
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 96 bits
Block size(s):| 96 bits
Substitution-permutation network
11
Best public cryptanalysis|-| colspan=2 | related-key attack
In cryptography,
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General
Joan Daemen
1994
NOEKEON
BaseKing
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 96 bits
Block size(s):| 96 bits
Substitution-permutation network
11
Best public cryptanalysis|-| colspan=2 | related-key attack
In cryptography,
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AES
General
Vincent Rijmen, Joan Daemen
1998
Square
Anubis, Grand Cru
AES winner, CRYPTREC, NESSIE
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 128, 192 or 256 bits[1]
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The SubBytes step, one of four stages in a round of AES
General
Vincent Rijmen, Joan Daemen
1998
Square
Anubis, Grand Cru
AES winner, CRYPTREC, NESSIE
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 128, 192 or 256 bits[1]
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Akelarre
General
G. Álvarez, D. de la Guía, F. Montoya, A. Peinado
1996
IDEA, RC5
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 128 bits
Block size(s):| 128 bits
Substitution-permutation network
4
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General
G. Álvarez, D. de la Guía, F. Montoya, A. Peinado
1996
IDEA, RC5
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 128 bits
Block size(s):| 128 bits
Substitution-permutation network
4
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