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Information about Knowledge Engineering

Knowledge engineering (KE) refers to the building, maintaining and development of knowledge-based systems. It has a great deal in common with software engineering, and is related to many computer science domains such as artificial intelligence, databases, data mining, expert systems, decision support systems and geographic information systems. Knowledge engineering is also related to mathematical logic, as well as strongly involved in cognitive science and socio-cognitive engineering where the knowledge is produced by socio-cognitive aggregates (mainly humans) and is structured according to our understanding of how human reasoning and logic works.

Various activities of KE specific for the development of a knowledge-based system:
  • Assessment of the problem
  • Development of a knowledge-based system shell/structure
  • Implementation of the structured knowledge into knowledge-bases
  • Acquisition and structuring of the related information, knowledge and specific preferences
  • Testing and validation of the inserted knowledge
  • Integration and maintenance of the system
  • Revision and evaluation of the system.
Being still more art than engineering, KE is not as neat as the above list in practice. The phases overlap, the process might be iterative, and many challenges could appear. Recently, emerges meta-knowledge engineering as a new formal systemic approach to the development of an unified knowledge and intelligence theory.

Knowledge Engineering Principles

Since the mid-1980s, knowledge engineers have developed a number of principles, methods and tools that have considerably improved the process of knowledge acquisition and ordering. Some of the key principles are summarized as follows:
  • Knowledge engineers acknowledge that there are different types of knowledge, and that the right approach and technique should be used for the knowledge required.
  • Knowledge engineers acknowledge that there are different types of experts and expertise, such that methods should be chosen appropriately.
  • Knowledge engineers recognize that there are different ways of representing knowledge, which can aid the acquisition, validation and re-use of knowledge.
  • Knowledge engineers recognize that there are different ways of using knowledge, so that the acquisition process can be guided by the project aims (goal-oriented).
  • Knowledge engineers use structured methods to increase the efficiency of the acquisition process.
Views of Knowledge Engineering

There are two main views to knowledge engineering:
  • Transfer View- This is the traditional view. In this view, the assumption is to apply conventional knowledge engineering techniques to transfer human knowledge into artificial intelligent systems.
  • Modeling View- This is the alternative view. In this view, the knowledge engineer attempts to model the knowledge and problem solving techniques of the domain expert into the artificial intelligent system.
Some methodologies to support the development of knowledge or intelligence-based systems:

Bibliography

  • Negnevitsky, Michael (2004). Artificial Intelligence: A Guide to Intelligent Systems. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-321-20466-2. 
  • Penrose-2005">Penrose, Roger (2005). The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds and the Laws of Physics. Owl Books (NY). ISBN 0-8050-7853-3. 

See also

According to the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing (FOLDOC), a knowledge-based system is a program for extending and/or querying a knowledge base.

The Computer User High-Tech Dictionary defines a knowledge-based system
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Software engineering is the application of a systematic, disciplined, quantifiable approach to the development, operation, and maintenance of software.[1] The term software engineering
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Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.
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artificial intelligence (or AI) is "the study and design of intelligent agents" where an intelligent agent is a system that perceives its environment and takes actions which maximizes its chances of success.
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database is a structured collection of records or data that is stored in a computer system so that a computer program or person using a query language can consult it to answer queries. The records retrieved in answer to queries are information that can be used to make decisions.
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Data mining can be defined as "the nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from data".[1] Data mining may also be defined as "the science of extracting useful information from large data sets or databases".
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An expert system, also known as a knowledge based system, is a computer program that contains some of the subject-specific knowledge, and contains the knowledge and analytical skills of one or more human experts.
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Decision support systems are a class of computer-based information systems including knowledge based systems that support decision making activities.

Definitions

Because there are many approaches to decision-making and because of the wide range of domains in which
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geographic information system (GIS) (also known as geographical information system, particularly in the UK, and geomatics in Canada) is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to the
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Logic (from Classical Greek λόγος logos; meaning word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason, or principle) is the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.
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Cognitive science is most simply defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). It is an interdisciplinary study drawing from relevant fields including psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics, anthropology, computer science,
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This article or section is in need of attention from an expert on the subject.
Please help recruit one or [ improve this article] yourself. See the talk page for details.
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Aggregate may refer to:
  • Construction aggregate, materials used in construction, including sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or recycled crushed concrete.
  • Aggregate (composite), in materials science, a component of a composite material used to resist compressive stress.

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Metaknowledge or meta-knowledge is knowledge about knowledge. More precisely speaking, meta-knowledge is systemic problem and domain-independent knowledge which performs or enables operations on another more or less specific domain-dependent knowledge in different
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Systemics is the emerging branch of science that studies holistic systems. It tries to develop logical, mathematical, engineering and philosophical paradigms and frameworks in which physical, technological, biological, social, cognitive and metaphysical systems can be studied and
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Intelligence is a property of mind that encompasses many related abilities, such as the capacities to reason, to plan, to solve problems, to think abstractly, to comprehend ideas, to use language, and to learn. There are several ways to define intelligence.
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Goal-oriented or goal-driven/goal-directed/purposive is a property of systems which are able to think/reason/inference using symbols.

To be goal-oriented is the concept which is included in the ontologies of systemics, cognitive science and engineering.
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CommonKADS is a methodology to support structured knowledge engineering. It has been gradually developed and has been validated by many companies and universities in the context of the European ESPRIT IT Programme.
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Pertti "Spede" Olavi Pasanen (born April 10 1930 in Kuopio – died September 7 2001 in Kirkkonummi) was a Finnish film director and producer, comedian, humorist, TV personality and practitioner of gags.
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Moka is a town in Mauritius. It is the capital of the district of Moka and is also the home to the University of Mauritius and the Mahatma Gandhi Institute.

Schools in Moka include Le Bocage International School, St. Mary Roman Catholic School and Ecole du centre.
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Roger Penrose
Born July 08 1931 (1931--) (age 76)
Colchester, Essex, England
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Roger Penrose
Born July 08 1931 (1931--) (age 76)
Colchester, Essex, England
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Knowledge representation is an issue that arises in both cognitive science and artificial intelligence. In cognitive science it is concerned with how people store and process information.
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Knowledge Management ('KM') comprises a range of practices used by organisations to identify, create, represent, and distribute knowledge for reuse, awareness and learning.
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Knowledge level modeling is the process of theorizing over observations about a world and, to some extent, explaining the behavior of an agent as it interacts with its environment.
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CommonKADS is a methodology to support structured knowledge engineering. It has been gradually developed and has been validated by many companies and universities in the context of the European ESPRIT IT Programme.
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Clinical (or diagnostic) decision support systems (CDSS) are interactive computer programs, which are designed to assist physicians and other health professionals with decision making tasks. A working definition has been proposed by Dr.
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Connectionist expert systems are artificial neural network (ANN) based expert systems where the ANN generates inferencing rules e.g., fuzzy-multi layer perceptron where linguistic and natural form of inputs are used.
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Systemics is the emerging branch of science that studies holistic systems. It tries to develop logical, mathematical, engineering and philosophical paradigms and frameworks in which physical, technological, biological, social, cognitive and metaphysical systems can be studied and
..... Click the link for more information.
Cognitive science is most simply defined as the scientific study either of mind or of intelligence (e.g. Luger 1994). It is an interdisciplinary study drawing from relevant fields including psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, linguistics, anthropology, computer science,
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