''For other uses, see Kangxi (disambiguation)

Kangxi Emperor
Clan name:	Aixin-Jueluo (愛新覺羅) Aisin-Gioro
Given name:	Xuanye (玄燁) Hiowan Yei
Dates of reign:	February 7, 1661–December 20, 1722
Era name:	Kāngxī (康熙; K'ang-hsi) Elhe Taifin Enghe Amugulang
Era dates:	February 18, 1662–February 4, 1723
Temple name:	Shengzu (聖祖) Šengdzu
Posthumous name: (short)	Emperor Ren (仁皇帝) Gosin Hūwangdi
Posthumous name: (full)	Emperor Hétiān Hóngyùn Wénwǔ Ruìzhé Gōngjiǎn Kuānyù Xiàojìng Chéngxìn Zhōnghé Gōngdé Dàchéng Rén 合天弘運文武睿哲恭儉寬裕孝敬誠信中和功德大成仁皇帝 [Listen (helpinfo)]
General note: Names given in Chinese, then in Manchu (full posthumous name is in Chinese only). General note: Dates given here are in the Gregorian calendar.

The Kangxi Emperor (Chinese: 康熙; Pinyin: Kāngxī; Wade-Giles: K'ang-hsi; May 4, 1654 – December 20, 1722) was an Emperor of the Manchu Qing dynasty,^[1] and the second Qing emperor to rule over China proper, from 1661 to 1722. His reign of 61 years makes him the longest-reigning Emperor of China in history, though it should be noted that having ascended the throne aged seven, he did not exercise much, if any, control over the empire until later, that role being fulfilled by his four guardians and his grandmother the Dowager Empress Xiao Zhuang.

The Beginning of the Reign

Born on May 4, 1654 to the late Emperor Shunzhi, Emperor Kangxi (Aixin-Jueluo.Xuanye (愛新覺羅.玄燁) succeeded the imperial throne at the age of 8 on February 17, 1662, twelve days after his father's death. Emperor Kangxi ruled during the years from 1662 to 1723 -- the longest reign on the throne in China's history, 61 years.

His father died in his early twenties, and as Kangxi was not able to rule in his minority, the Shunzhi Emperor appointed Sonin, Suksaha, Ebilun, and Oboi as the Four Regents. Sonin died soon after his granddaughter was made the Empress, Heseli, leaving Suksaha at odds with Oboi politically. In a fierce power struggle, Oboi had Suksaha put to death, and seized absolute power as sole Regent. For a while Kangxi and the Court accepted this arrangement. In 1669 the Emperor arrested Oboi with help from the Xiao Zhuang Grand Dowager Empress and began to take control of the country himself.

In the spring of 1662, Kangxi ordered the Great Clearance in southern China, in order to fight the anti-Qing movement, begun by Ming Dynasty loyalists under the leadership of Zheng Chenggong (also known as Koxinga), to regain Beijing. This involved moving the entire population of the coastal regions of southern China inland.

He listed three major issues of concern, being the flood control of the Yellow River, the repairing of the Grand Canal and the Revolt of the Three Feudatories in South China. The Revolt of the Three Feudatories broke out in 1673 and Burni of the Chahar Mongols also started a rebellion in 1675.

The Revolt of the Three Feudatories presented a major challenge. Wu Sangui's forces had overrun most of southern China and he tried to ally himself with local generals. A prominent general of this kind was Wang Fuchen. Kangxi, however, united his court in support of the war effort and employed capable generals such as Zhou Pei Gong and Tu Hai to crush the rebellion. He also extended commendable clemency to the common people who had been caught up in the fighting. Although Kangxi personally wanted to lead the battles against the 3 Feudatories, he was advised not to by his advisors. Kangxi would later lead the battle against the Mongol Dzungars.

Kangxi crushed the rebellious Mongols within two months and incorporated the Chahar into the Eight Banners. After the surrender of the Zheng family, the Qing Dynasty annexed Taiwan in 1684. Soon afterwards, the coastal regions were ordered to be repopulated, and to encourage settlers, the Qing government gave a pecuniary incentive to each settling family.

In a diplomatic success, the Kangxi government helped mediate a truce in the long-running Trinh-Nguyen War in the year 1673. The war in Vietnam between these two powerful clans had been going on for 45 years with nothing to show for it. The peace treaty that was signed lasted for 101 years (Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation by D. R. SarDesai, pg. 38, 1988).

Russia and the Mongols

At the same time, the Emperor was faced with the Russian advance from the north. The Qing Dynasty and the Russian Empire fought along the Sahaliyan ula (Amur, or Heilongjiang) Valley region in 1650s, which ended with a Qing victory. The Russians invaded the northern frontier again in 1680s. After series of battles and negotiations, the two empires signed the Treaty of Nerchinsk in 1689 giving China the Amur valley and fixing a border.

At this time the Khalkha Mongols preserved their independence and only paid tribute to the Manchu Empire. A conflict between the Houses of Jasaghtu Khan and Tösheetü Khan led another dispute between the Khalkha and the Dzungar Mongols over influence over Tibetan Buddhism. In 1688 Galdan, the Dzungar chief, invaded and occupied the Khalkha homeland. The Khalkha royal families and the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu crossed the Gobi Desert, sought help from the Qing Dynasty and, as a result, submitted to the Qing. In 1690, the Dzungar and the Manchu Empire clashed at the battle of Ulaan Butun in Inner Mongolia, during which the Qing army was severely mauled by Galdan. In 1696, the Kangxi Emperor himself as commander in chief led 3 armies with a total of 80,000 in the campaign against the Dzungars. The notable 2nd in command general behind Kangxi was Fei Yang Gu who was personally recommended by Zhou Pei Gong. The Western section of the Qing army crushed Galdan's army at the Battle of Zuunmod and Galdan died in the next year. The Dzungars continued to threaten China and invaded Tibet in 1717. They took Lhasa with an army 6,000 strong in response to the deposition of the Dalai Lama and his replacement with Lha-bzan Khan in 1706. They removed Lha-bzan from power and held the city for two years, destroying a Chinese army in 1718. Lhasa was not retaken until 1720.

The Banner System

Overall speaking, the 8 Banner Army was already in decline. The 8 Banner Army was at this time inferior to the Qing army at its peak during Huang Taji and early Shunzhi's reign; however, it was still superior to the later Yongzheng period and even more so than the Qianlong period. In addition, the Green Standard Army was still powerful. Notable generals are Tu Hai, Fei Yang Gu, Zhang Yong, Zhou Pei Gong, Shi Lang, Mu Zhan, Shun Shi Ke, Wang Jing Bao. These generals were noticeably stronger than the Qianlong period's generals. The main reason for this decline was because of the change in system between Kangxi and Qianlong's reign. During Kangxi's reign, the empire still used the ancestor's military system that was far more efficient and strict. Based on the old system, if a general was to return by himself, he was to be slayed. If a soldier returned by himself, the soldier was to be slayed. Basically, a group of general and soldiers are to co-exist. This obviously meant that the generals and soldiers would fight for their lives because if the rest of the group were defeated, he would also die either way. By Qianlong's reign, the system became more lenient and the war lords were starting to become satisfied with their life. Because the Lord status was passed on for generations, by Qianlong's reign, the war lords started to become more lenient and frugal in their life style. The warlords' ancestor's had already given them fame and they're living a good life, which means the war lords saw the training of the army not as important as it once was. In a sense, during Kangxi's reign was a reign where he tried to reunify China, which meant the war lords had to get back in combat, but by Qianlong's reign it was mostly expansion.

Treasury status

Near the beginning at 1668, the country had 14,930,000 taels. During 1692, the treasury had 27,385,631 taels. During 1702-1709, the treasury had consistently about 50,000,000 taels. During 1710, the treasury had dropped to 45,880,000 taels. During 1718, the treasury was at 44,319,033 taels. During 1720, the treasury significantly dropped to 39,317,103 taels. By the end of Kangxi's reign in 1721, the treasury had 32,622,421 taels left. Reasons for this great decline- 1. the wars has been taking great amounts of money from the treasury. 2. The border defense against the Dzungars + the later civil war in Tibet dealt a particular toll on the treasury- reducing its contents to less than 10 million taels. 3. Due to Kangxi's old age and worn body, the emperor had no more energy left to handle the corrupt officials directly like he was able to when he was younger. Though Kangxi tried to use kindness to cure the corrupt officials, the corrupt officials were quite noticeable in Kangxi's final years. Such unabated corruption increased the toll on the treasury.

To try and cure this treasury problem, Kangxi advised Yong Prince (the future Yongzheng emperor) some plans and tactics to use make the economy more efficient; however, Kangxi in his life time would not have enough energy or time to make the reforms himself; therefore, leaving job to Yongzheng. The other problem that worried Kangxi when he died was the civil war in Tibet; however, that problem life like the treasury problem would be solved during Yongzheng's reign.

Cultural achievements

The Emperor, Kangxi ordered the compiling of the most complete dictionary of Chinese characters ever put together, The Kangxi Dictionary. In many ways this was an attempt to win over the Chinese gentry. Many scholars still refused to serve a foreign conquestion dynasty and remained loyal to the Ming Dynasty. Kangxi persuaded many scholars to work on the dictionary without asking them to formally serve the Qing. In effect they found themselves gradually taking on more and more responsibilities until they were normal officials.

Kangxi also was fond of Western technology and tried to bring Western technology to China. This was helped through Jesuit missionaries whom he summoned almost everyday to the Forbidden City. From 1711 to 1723 Matteo Ripa, an Italian priest born near Salerno, sent to China by Propaganda Fide, worked as a painter and copper-engraver at the Manchu court. In 1723 Matteo Ripa returned to Naples from China with four young Chinese Christians, in order to let them became priests and go back to China as missionaries; this was the fundation of the "Collegio dei Cinesi", sanctioned by Pope Clement XII to help the propagation of Christianity in China. The "Chinese Institute" turns out to be the first Sinology School of the European Continent and the first nucleus of what would then become the Istituto Orientale and today's "Università degli studi di Napoli L'Orientale" (Naples Eastern University).

Kangxi was also the first Chinese Emperor to have played a western instrument, the piano. He also invented a very useful and effective Chinese calendar.

Twice Removing the Crown Prince

One of the greatest mysteries of the Qing Dynasty was the event of Kangxi's will, which along with three other events, are known as the "Four greatest mysteries of the Qing Dynasty". To this day, whom Kangxi chose as his successor is still a topic of debate amongst historians, even though, supposedly, he chose Yinzhen, the 4th Prince, who was to become emperor Yongzheng. Many claimed that Yongzheng forged the will, and some suggest the will had chosen Yinti, the 14th Prince, who was apparently the favourite, as successor. However, there is strong evidence that Kangxi had in fact chosen Yinzhen as his successor.

Kangxi's first Empress gave birth to his second surviving son Yinreng, who was at age 2 named Crown Prince of the Great Qing Empire, which at the time, being a Han Chinese custom, ensured stability during a time of chaos in the south. Although Kangxi let several of his sons to be educated by others, he personally brought up Yinreng, intending to make him the perfect heir.

Yinreng was tutored by the esteemed mandarin Wang Shan, who was deeply devoted to the prince, and who was to spend the latter years of his life trying to revive Yinreng's position at court. Through the long years of Kangxi's reign, however, factions and rivalries formed. Those who favored Yinreng, the 4th Imperial Prince Yinzhen, and the 13th Imperial Prince Yinxiang had managed to keep them in contention for the throne. Even though Kangxi favoured Yinreng and had always wanted the best out of him, Yinreng did not prove co-operative.

He was said to have very cruel habits, beaten and killed his subordinates, alleged to have had sexual relations with one of Kangxi's concubines, which was defined as incest and a capital offense, and purchased young children from the Jiangsu region for his pleasure. Furthermore, Yinreng's supporters, led by Songgotu, had gradually developed a "Crown Prince Party" (太子黨). The faction, among other objectives, wished to elevate Yinreng to the Throne as soon as possible, even if it meant using unlawful methods.

Over the years the aging Emperor had kept constant watch over Yinreng, and he was made aware of many of his flaws. The relationship between father and son gradually worsened. Many thought that Yinreng would permanently damage the Qing Empire if he were to succeed the throne. But Kangxi himself also knew that a huge battle at court would ensue if he was to abolish the Crown Prince position entirely. Forty-six years into Kangxi's reign (1707), Kangxi decided that "after twenty years, he could take no more of Yinreng's actions, which he partly described in the Imperial Edict as "too embarrassing to be spoken of", and decided to demote Yinreng from his position as Crown Prince.

With Yinreng rid of and the position empty, discussion began regarding the choice of a new Crown Prince. Yinzhi (胤禔), Kangxi's eldest surviving son, the Da-a-go (大阿哥), was placed to watch Yinreng in his newly found house arrest, and assumed that because his father placed this trust in himself, he would soon be made heir.

The 1st Prince had at many times attempted to sabotage Yinreng, even employing witchcraft. He went as far as asking Kangxi for permission to execute Yinreng, thus enraging Kangxi, which effectively erased all his chances in succession, as well as his current titles. In Court, the Eighth Imperial Prince, Yinsi, seemed to have the most support among officials, as well as the Imperial Family.

In diplomatic language, Kangxi advised that the officials and nobles at court to stop the debates regarding the position of Crown Prince. But despite these attempts to quiet rumours and speculation as to who the new Crown Prince might be, the court's daily businesses were strongly disrupted. Furthermore, the 1st Prince's actions led Kangxi to think that it may have been external forces that caused Yinreng's disgrace. In the Third Month of the 48th Year of Kangxi's reign (1709), with the support of the 4th and 13th Imperial Princes, Kangxi re-established Yinreng as Crown Prince to avoid further debate, rumours and disruption at the imperial court. Kangxi had explained Yinreng's former wrongs as a result of mental illness, and he had had the time to recover, and think reasonably again.

In 1712, during Kangxi's last visit south to the Yangtze region, Yinreng and his faction yet again vied for supreme power. Yinreng ruled as regent during daily court business in Beijing. He had decided, with bad influence from many of his supporters, to allow an attempt at forcing Kangxi to abdicate when the Emperor returned to Beijing. Through several credible sources, Kangxi had received the news, and with power in hand, using strategic military manoeuvring, he saved the Empire from a coup d'etat. When Kangxi returned to Beijing in December 1712, he was enraged, and removed the Crown Prince once more. Yinreng was sent to court to be tried and placed under house arrest.

Kangxi had made it clear that he would not grant the position of Crown Prince to any of his sons for the remainder of his reign, and that he would place his Imperial Valedictory Will inside a box inside Qianqing Palace, only to be opened after his death, and thus no one knew Kangxi's real intentions. What was on his will is subject to intense historical debate.

Disputed Succession

Following the abolition, Kangxi made several sweeping changes in the political landscape. The 13th Imperial Prince, Yinxiang, was placed under house arrest for "cooperating" with the former Crown Prince. Yinsi, too, was stripped of all imperial titles, only to have them restored years later. The 14th Imperial Prince Yinti, whom many considered to have the best chance in succession, was named "Border Pacification General-in-chief" quelling rebels and was away from Beijing when the political debates raged on. Yinsi, along with the 9th and 10th Princes, had all pledged their support for Yinti. Yinzhen was not widely believed to be a formidable competitor.

Official documents recorded that during the evening hours of December 20, 1722, Kangxi assembled seven of the non-disgraced Imperial Princes in Beijing at the time, being the 3rd, 4th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 16th, 17th Princes to his bedside. After his death, Longkodo announced Kangxi's will of passing the throne to the 4th Prince Yinzhen. Yinti happened to be in Xinjiang fighting a war, and was summoned to Beijing. He did not arrive until days after Kangxi's death. In the meantime Yinzhen had declared that Kangxi had named him as heir. The dispute over his succession revolves around whether or not Kangxi intended his 4th or 14th son to acceed to the throne. (See: Yongzheng) He was entombed at the Eastern Tombs (東陵) in Zunhua County (遵化縣), Hebei.

See also

• Kangxi dictionary
• Oboi
• Ming Zhu

Family

• Father: Shunzhi Emperor of China (3rd son)
• Mother: Concubine from the Tongiya clan (1640–1663). Her family was of Jurchen origin but lived among Chinese for generations. It had Chinese family name Tong (佟) but switched to the Manchu clan name Tongiya. She was made the Ci He Dowager Empress (慈和皇太后) in 1661 when Kangxi became emperor. She is known posthumously as Empress Xiao Kang Zhang (Chinese: 孝康章皇后; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Nesuken Eldembuhe Hūwanghu).

Consorts

the total number is approximately 64.

1. Empress Xiao Cheng Ren (died 1674) from the Heseri clan – married in 1665,Empress Xiaozhuang used this marriage to rule Oboi by Soni.
2. Empress Xiao Zhao Ren (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Genggiyen Gosin Hūwanghu) from the Niuhuru clan.
3. Empress Xiao Yi Ren (Manchu: Hiyoošungga Fujurangga Gosin Hūwanghu) from the Tunggiya clan, Yongzheng Emperor's foster-mother.
4. Empress Xiao Gong Ren; Manchu: Hiyoošungga Gungnecuke Gosin Hūwanghu) from the Uya clan, Yongzheng Emperor's mother.
5. Imperial Noble Consort Yi Hui (1668–1743) from the Tunggiya clan, Empress Xiao Yi Ren's younger sister.
6. Imperial Noble Consort Dun Chi (1683–1768) from the Guargiya clan.
7. Honored Imperial Noble Consort Jing Min (?–1699) from the Janggiya clan.
8. Noble Consort Wen Xi (?–1695) from the Niuhuru clan, Empress Xiao Zhao Ren's younger siser.
9. Consort Rong (?–1727) from the Magiya clan.
10. Consort I (?–1733) from the Gorolo clan.
11. Consort Hui (?–1732) from the Nala clan.
12. Consort Shun Yi Mi (1668–1744) from the Wang clan was Han chinese from origin.
13. Consort Chun Yu Qin (?–1754) from the Chen clan.
14. Consort Liang (?–1711) from the Wei clan.
15. Consort Cheng （？-1740） from the Daigiya clan.
16. Consort Xuan (?-1736) from the Borjigit clan was Mongol from origin.
17. Consort Ding (1661-1757) from the Wanliuha clan.
18. Consort Ping (?-1696) from the heseri clan, Empress Xiao Cheng Ren's younger sister.
19. Consort Hui (different Chinese character from Consort 'Hui')(?-1670) form the borjigit clan.

Sons

Having the longest reign in Chinese history, Kangxi also has the most children out of all Qing Dynasty Emperors. He has, officially on record, a total of 24 sons and 12 daughters. The actual number is much higher, as most of his children died from various illnesses.

Kangxi's Sons

#1	Record Name2	谱名	Mother		Title	爵位	Notes
	Chenghu	承祜	Hui-fei				died young
	Chengrui	承瑞	Empress XiaoCheng				died young
	Chengqing	承慶					died young
	Sayinchamhg	賽音察渾	Rong-fei				died young
	Changhua	長華	Rong-fei				died young
	Changsheng	長生	Rong-fei				died young
1	Yinzhi	胤禔	Hui-fei	1672 - 1734	Beizi		Born Baoqing
2	Yinreng	胤礽	Empress Xiaocheng	1674 - 1725	Crown Prince	太子	Crown Prince title abolished in 1708 and 1712
	Wanpu	萬黼		1674 -			died young
	Yinzhan	胤禶		1675 -			died young
3	Yinzhi	胤祉	Rong-fei	1677 - 1732	Prince Cheng	诚亲王	peerage revoked by Yongzheng
4	Yinzhen	胤禛	Empress Xiaogong	1678 - 1735	Prince Yong	雍亲王	Emperor 1722 - 1735
5	Yinqi	胤祺	Yi-fei	1679 - 1732	Prince Heng	恒亲王
6	Yinzuo	胤祚	Empress Xiaogong	1680 - 1685			Died young
7	Yinyou	胤祐	Cheng-fei	1680 - 1730	Prince Chun	淳君王
8	Yinsi	胤禩	Liang-fei	1681 - 1726	Prince Lian	廉亲王	Title abolished, expelled from clan, Renamed Akina
9	Yintang	胤禟	Yi-fei	1683 - 1726	Beizi	贝子	Titles removed, expelled from clan, Renamed Saisihe
10	Yin'e	胤俄	Wenxi-Guifei	1683 - 1731	State Duke	辅国公	Titles removed
11	Yinzi	胤禌	Yi-fei	1684			Died young
12	Yintao	胤祹	Ding-fei	1685 - 1764	Prince Fu	履亲王	Given peerage by nephew Qianlong Emperor
13	Yinxiang	胤祥	JingMin-Huangguifei	1686 - 1730	Prince Yi	怡亲王	Peerage title inherited
14	Yinzheng	胤祯	Empress Xiaogong	1688 - 1756	Prince Xun	恂郡王	Peerage title abolished, rumored to be Kangxi's actual successor Born Yinzheng, to avoid the nominal taboo of the Emperor, change into Yunti(允禵)
15	Yinyu	胤禑	Shunyimi-Fei	1693 - 1731	Prince Yu	愉郡王
16	Yinlu	胤祿	Shunyimi-Fei	1695 - 1768	Prince Zhuang	莊亲王	Adopted by another branch of clan
17	Yinli	胤礼	Jin-Fei	1697 - 1738	Prince Guo	果亲王
18	Yinxie	胤祄	Shunyimi-Fei	1701 - 1708			Died young
19	Yinji	胤禝	Xiang-pin	1706 - 1708			Died young
20	Yinwei	胤禕	Xiang-pin	1693 - 1731	Prince Yu	愉郡王
21	Yinxi	胤禧	Xi-pin	1711 - 1758	Prince Shen	慎郡王
22	Yinhu	胤祜	Jin-pin	1711 - 1731	Beile	贝勒
23	Yinqi	胤祁	Jing-pin	1713 - 1731	Beile	贝勒
24	Yinmi	胤祕	Mu-pin	1716 - 1773	Prince Jian	缄亲王

• Notes: (1) The order by which the Princes were referred to, and recorded on official documents were all dictated by the number they were assigned by the order of birth. This order was unofficial until 1677, when Kangxi decreed that all of his male descendants will now adhere to a generation code as their middle character (see Chinese name). As a result of the new system, the former order was abolished, with Yinzhi becoming the first Prince, thus the current numerical order. (2) All of Kangxi's sons changed their names upon Yongzheng's accession in 1722 by modifying the first character from "胤" (yin) to "允" (yun) to avoid the nominal taboo of the Emperor. Yinxiang was posthumously allowed to change him name back to "Yinxiang".

Daughters

1. Seventh daughter: Princess (1682 - 1682), daughter of Empress Xiao Yi Ren
2. Eighth daughter: Princess Wen Xian (固倫溫憲公主) (1683 - 1702).
3. Twelfth daughter: (1686 - 1697).

Notes

External links

Sources

• Spence, Jonathan. Emperor of China: Self-Portrait of K'ang-hsi. Jonathan Cape (1974) ISBN 0224009400.

Kangxi Emperor House of Aisin-Gioro Born: May 4 1654 Died: December 20 1722
Preceded by The Shunzhi Emperor	Emperor of China 1661–1722	Succeeded by The Yongzheng Emperor