Information about Jp 8
JP-8, or JP8 (for "Jet Propellant") is a jet fuel, specified in 1990 by the U.S. government. It is kerosene-based. It is a replacement for the JP-4 fuel; the U.S. Air Force replaced JP-4 with JP-8 completely by the fall of 1996, in order to use less flammable, less hazardous fuel for better safety and combat survivability. U.S. Navy uses a similar formula to JP-8, JP-5. JP-8 is projected to remain in use at least until 2025. It was first introduced at NATO bases in 1978. Its NATO code is F-34. It is specified by MIL-DTL-83133 and British Defence Standard 91-87.
Commercial aviation uses a similar mixture under the name Jet-A. JP-8 in addition contains icing inhibitor, corrosion inhibitors, lubricants, and antistatic agents.
JP-5 has even higher flash point than JP-8, but it also has prohibitively higher cost, limiting its use to aircraft carriers.
Outside of powering aircraft, JP-8 finds its use as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks, and other military vehicles, and serves as a coolant in engines and some other aircraft components.
JP-8 contains less benzene (a carcinogen) and less n-hexane (a neurotoxin) than JP-4. However, it also smells stronger than JP-4 and has an oily feel to touch, while JP-4 feels more like a solvent. Workers have complained of smelling and tasting JP-8 for hours after exposure. As JP-8 is less volatile, it remains on the contaminated surfaces for longer time, increasing the risk of exposure.
JP-8+100 is a version of JP-8 with an additive that increases its thermal stability by 100 °F (56 °C). The additive is a combination of a surfactant, metal deactivator, and an antioxidant. It was introduced in 1994. The additive reduces coking and fouling in engine fuel system. Commercially, this additive is used in Boeing aircraft operated by KLM, and in police helicopters in Tampa, Florida. [1]
JP-8 fuel is used at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, for heating, electrical generation, and melting ice for water. It is used because it will not gel at low temperatures.
Commercial aviation uses a similar mixture under the name Jet-A. JP-8 in addition contains icing inhibitor, corrosion inhibitors, lubricants, and antistatic agents.
JP-5 has even higher flash point than JP-8, but it also has prohibitively higher cost, limiting its use to aircraft carriers.
Outside of powering aircraft, JP-8 finds its use as a fuel for heaters, stoves, tanks, and other military vehicles, and serves as a coolant in engines and some other aircraft components.
JP-8 contains less benzene (a carcinogen) and less n-hexane (a neurotoxin) than JP-4. However, it also smells stronger than JP-4 and has an oily feel to touch, while JP-4 feels more like a solvent. Workers have complained of smelling and tasting JP-8 for hours after exposure. As JP-8 is less volatile, it remains on the contaminated surfaces for longer time, increasing the risk of exposure.
JP-8+100 is a version of JP-8 with an additive that increases its thermal stability by 100 °F (56 °C). The additive is a combination of a surfactant, metal deactivator, and an antioxidant. It was introduced in 1994. The additive reduces coking and fouling in engine fuel system. Commercially, this additive is used in Boeing aircraft operated by KLM, and in police helicopters in Tampa, Florida. [1]
JP-8 fuel is used at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station, for heating, electrical generation, and melting ice for water. It is used because it will not gel at low temperatures.
See also
Polaris Industries sells a military vehicle, the MV800 4X4 ATV, with a 760cc, 40hp spark ignition engine powered by JP8.External links
- MIL-DTL-83133E technical specifications (includes JP-8) United States Defense Energy Support Center
- Current United States Department of Defense Fuel Prices
Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft.
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Description
Jet fuel is clear to straw colored. The most common fuel is an unleaded/paraffin oil-based fuel classified as JET A-1..... Click the link for more information.
20th century - 21st century
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1987 1988 1989 - 1990 - 1991 1992 1993
Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar).
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1960s 1970s 1980s - 1990s - 2000s 2010s 2020s
1987 1988 1989 - 1990 - 1991 1992 1993
Year 1990 (MCMXC) was a common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar).
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Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage,[1] is a flammable hydrocarbon liquid. The name is derived from Greek "keros" (κηρός wax).
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JP-4, or JP4 (for "Jet Propellant") was a jet fuel, specified in 1951 by the U.S. government (MIL-J-5624E). It was a 50-50 kerosene-gasoline blend. It has lower flash point than JP-1, but was preferred because of its better availability. It was the primary U.S.
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JP-5, or JP5 (for "Jet Propellant") is a jet fuel with a high flash point (min. 60°C), developed in 1952 for use in aircraft stationed aboard aircraft carriers where the risk from fire is particularly great. JP-5 remains the primary jet fuel for most navies.
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North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord
Flag of NATO
NATO countries shown in blue
Formation 4 April 1949
Type Military alliance
Headquarters Brussels, Belgium
Membership 26 member states
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Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique Nord
Flag of NATO
NATO countries shown in blue
Formation 4 April 1949
Type Military alliance
Headquarters Brussels, Belgium
Membership 26 member states
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Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII) is an additive to aviation fuels that prevents the formation of ice in fuel lines. FSII is sometimes referred to by the genericized trademark Prist®.
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A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical compound that, when added in small concentration, stops or slows down corrosion of metals and alloys.
A typical good corrosion inhibitor will give 95% inhibition at concentration of 80 ppm, and 90% at 40 ppm.
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A typical good corrosion inhibitor will give 95% inhibition at concentration of 80 ppm, and 90% at 40 ppm.
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A lubricant (colloquially, lube) is a substance (often a liquid) introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the friction and wear between them. A lubricant provides a protective film which allows for two touching surfaces to be separated, thus lessening the friction
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An antistatic agent is a compound used for treatment of materials or their surfaces in order to reduce or eliminate buildup of static electricity generally caused by the triboelectric effect.
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A heater is any object that emits heat or causes another body to achieve a higher temperature. In a household or domestic setting, heaters are commonly used to generate heating (ie. warmth).
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For cooking stoves, see .
“Stove Top” redirects here. For the brand of stuffing, see Stove Top stuffing.
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tank is a tracked armoured combat vehicle designed to engage enemies head-on, using direct fire from a large-calibre gun and supporting fire from machine guns. Heavy armour as well as a high degree of mobility give it survivability, while the tracks allow it to cross even rough
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A coolant, or heat transfer fluid, is a fluid which flows through a device in order to prevent its overheating, transferring the heat produced by the device to other devices that utilize or dissipate it.
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Benzene, or Benzol (see also Benzine) is an organic chemical compound with the formula C6H6. It is sometimes abbreviated Ph–H. Benzene is a colorless and inflammable liquid with a sweet smell and a relatively high melting point.
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The term carcinogen refers to any substance, radionuclide or radiation which is an agent directly involved in the promotion of cancer or in the facilitation
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The term carcinogen refers to any substance, radionuclide or radiation which is an agent directly involved in the promotion of cancer or in the facilitation
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Hexane is an alkane hydrocarbon with the chemical formula CH3(CH2)4CH3. The "hex" prefix refers to its six carbons, while the "ane" ending indicates that its carbons are connected by single bonds.
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A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells – neurons – usually by interacting with membrane proteins such as ion channels. Many of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins.
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A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution. The most common solvent in everyday life is water. Most other commonly-used solvents are organic (carbon-containing) chemicals. These are called organic solvents.
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Surfactants, also known as tensides, are wetting agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lower the interfacial tension between two liquids.
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Metal deactivators are fuel additives and lubricant additives used to stabilize fluids by deactivating (usually by sequestering) metal ions, mostly introduced by the action of naturally occurring acids in the fuel and acids generated in lubricants by oxidative processes with the
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Antioxidant is a molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that transfers electrons from a substance to an oxidizing agent.
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KL ICAO
KLM Callsign
KLM
Founded 1919
Hubs Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
Frequent flyer program Flying Blue
Member lounge KLM Crown Lounge
Alliance SkyTeam
Fleet size 107 (+19 orders)
Destinations 250
Parent company Air France-KLM
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KLM Callsign
KLM
Founded 1919
Hubs Amsterdam Schiphol Airport
Frequent flyer program Flying Blue
Member lounge KLM Crown Lounge
Alliance SkyTeam
Fleet size 107 (+19 orders)
Destinations 250
Parent company Air France-KLM
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Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station is a U.S. research station at the South Pole, in Antarctica.
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Description and history
The Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station is the southernmost continually inhabited place on the planet...... Click the link for more information.
JP-1 (for "Jet Propellant") was an early jet fuel, specified in 1944 by the U.S. government (AN-F-32). It was a pure kerosene fuel with high flash point (relative to aviation gasoline) and a freezing point of −60 °C.
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JP-4, or JP4 (for "Jet Propellant") was a jet fuel, specified in 1951 by the U.S. government (MIL-J-5624E). It was a 50-50 kerosene-gasoline blend. It has lower flash point than JP-1, but was preferred because of its better availability. It was the primary U.S.
..... Click the link for more information.
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JP-5, or JP5 (for "Jet Propellant") is a jet fuel with a high flash point (min. 60°C), developed in 1952 for use in aircraft stationed aboard aircraft carriers where the risk from fire is particularly great. JP-5 remains the primary jet fuel for most navies.
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JP-6 is a type of jet fuel, which was developed for the XB-70 Valkyrie supersonic heavy bomber. JP-6 was similar to JP-5 but with a lower freezing point and improved thermal oxidative stability, with added boron for higher speed and increased range.
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JP-7 (Jet Propellant 7, MIL-T-38219) is a jet fuel developed by the U.S. Air Force for use in supersonic aircraft because of its high flashpoint and thermal stability. It is the fuel used in the Pratt & Whitney J58 engines, used in the Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird.
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Jet fuel is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in jet-engined aircraft.
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Description
Jet fuel is clear to straw colored. The most common fuel is an unleaded/paraffin oil-based fuel classified as JET A-1..... Click the link for more information.
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