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Information about Iron(ii) Sulfate

Iron(II) sulfate
Other namesferrous sulphate; green vitriol; iron vitriol; copperas; melanterite; szomolnokite
Identifiers
CAS number7720-78-7
Properties
Molecular formulaFeSO4·H2O; FeSO4·4H2O; FeSO4·5H2O; FeSO4·7H2O
Molar mass151.908 g/mol (anhydrous); 169.923 g/mol (monohydrate); 224.120 g/mol (tetrahydrate); 242.135 g/mol (pentahydrate); 278.05 g/mol (heptahydrate)
Appearanceblue/green or white crystals
Density1.898 g/cm³
Melting point 64°C
Boiling point 90°C (becomes FeSO4·H2O)
Solubility in other solventsSoluble
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for
materials in their standard state
(at 25 C, 100 kPa)
Iron(II) sulfate is the chemical compound with the formula (FeSO4). Also known as ferrous sulphate, or copperas, iron(II) sulfate is most commonly encountered as the blue-green heptahydrate. In its anhydrous, crystalline state, its standard enthalpy of formation is ΔfH°solid = -928.4 kJ.mol-1 and its standard molar entropy is S°solid = 107.5 J.K-1.mol-1.

Hydrates

Iron(II) sulfate can be found in various states of hydration, and several of these forms exist in nature.
  • FeSO4·H2O (mineral: szomolnokite)
  • FeSO4·4H2O
  • FeSO4·5H2O (mineral: siderotil)
  • FeSO4·7H2O (mineral: melanterite)
At 90°C, the heptahydrate loses water to form the colourless monohydrate, also called green vitriol or copperas.

Production

In the finishing of steel prior to plating or coating, the steel sheet or rod is passed through pickling baths of sulfuric acid. This treatment produces large quantities of iron(II) sulfate as a waste product. Iron(II) sulfate is prepared commercially by oxidation of pyrite, or by treating iron with sulfuric acid.

Uses

Ferrous sulfate is applied for the purification of water by flocculation and for phosphate removal in municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants to prevent eutrophication of surface water bodies.

Large quantities of this salt are used as a reducing agent, mostly for the reduction of chromate in cement.

Nutrition

Ferrous sulfate is used to treat iron-deficiency anemia. Side effects of therapy may include nausea and epigastric abdominal discomfort after taking iron. These side effects may be minimized by taking ferrous sulfate at bedtime. Copperas was given indiscriminately by untrained persons to slaves in the 18th and 19th centuries for various ailments. The knowledge that it would cause violent nausea and vomiting made it an ideal "remedy" for virtually anything that ailed a slave and kept him from work. Many slaves were poisoned and died from this practice.

Ferrous sulfate is also used to fortify various foods with iron, for example, the enriched corn meal in Cheetos.[1]

Colouring

Ferrous sulfate is used in the manufacture of inks, most notably iron gall ink, which was used from the middle ages until the American Revolution. It also finds use in wool dyeing as a mordant.

Two different methods for the direct application of indigo dye were developed in England in the eighteenth century and remained in use well into the nineteenth century. One of these, known as china blue, involved iron(II) sulfate. After printing an insoluble form of indigo onto the fabric, the indigo was reduced to leuco-indigo in a sequence of baths of ferrous sulfate (with reoxidation to indigo in air between immersions). The china blue process could make sharp designs, but it could not produce the dark hues of other methods.

Ferrous sulfate can also be used to stain concrete a yellowish rust colour.[2]

Woodworkers use ferrous sulfate solutions to color maple wood a silvery hue.

Other uses

In horticulture it is used as a lawn conditioner and moss killer.

In the second half of the 19th century, Ferrous Sulfate was also used as a photographic developer for Collodion process images.

Ferrous sulfate is sometimes added to the cooling water flowing through the brass tubes of a turbine condenser. It forms an erosion-resistant, protective coating on the inside of the tube.

See also

References

External links

CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. They are also referred to as CAS numbers, CAS RNs or CAS #s.
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A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. A chemical formula is also a short way of showing how a chemical reaction occurs.
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Molar mass, symbol M,[1] is the mass of one mole of a substance (chemical element or chemical compound).[2] It is a physical property which is characteristic of each pure substance.
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In physics, density is mass m per unit volume V—how heavy something is compared to its size. A small, heavy object, such as a rock or a lump of lead, is denser than a lighter object of the same size or a larger object of the same weight, such as pieces of
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The melting point of a crystalline solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to liquid. Although the phrase would suggest a specific temperature and is commonly and incorrectly used as such in most textbooks and literature, most crystalline compounds
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boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid.[1][2][3][4]
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Solubility is a physical property referring to the ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent.[1] It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.
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standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 kilopascals exactly). This pressure was changed from 1 atm (101.325 kilopascals) by IUPAC in 1990.[1] The standard state of a material can be defined at any given temperature, most commonly 25 degrees Celsius,
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3, 4, 6
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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6
(strongly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.58 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 999.6 kJmol−1
2nd: 2252 kJmol−1
3rd: 3357 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 100 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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2, −1
(neutral oxide)
Electronegativity 3.44 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 1313.9 kJmol−1
2nd: 3388.3 kJmol−1
3rd: 5300.5 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 60 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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The standard enthalpy of formation or "standard heat of formation" of a compound is the change of enthalpy that accompanies the formation of 1 mole of a substance in its standard state from its constituent elements in their standard states (the most stable form of the element at
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In chemistry, the standard molar entropy is the entropy content of one mole of substance, under conditions of standard temperature and pressure (STP).

The standard molar entropy is usually given the symbol So, and the units J mol−1 K
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Hydrate is a term used in inorganic chemistry and organic chemistry to indicate that a substance contains water.

In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound formed by the addition of water to a host molecule. Thus ethanol could be considered to be the hydrate of ethylene.
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Sulfuric (or sulphuric) acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. It was once known as oil of vitriol, coined by the 8th-century Arabian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) after his discovery of the chemical.
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Steel is an alloy consisting mostly of iron, with a carbon content between 0.02% and 1.7 or 2.04% by weight (C:1000–10,8.67Fe), depending on grade. Carbon is the most cost-effective alloying material for iron, but various other alloying elements are used such as manganese and
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3, 4, 6
(amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity 1.83 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies
(more) 1st: 762.5 kJmol−1
2nd: 1561.9 kJmol−1
3rd: 2957 kJmol−1

Atomic radius 140 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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Sulfuric (or sulphuric) acid, H2SO4, is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. It was once known as oil of vitriol, coined by the 8th-century Arabian alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) after his discovery of the chemical.
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Flocculation is a process where a solute comes out of solution in the form of floc or "flakes." The term is also used to refer to the process by which fine particulates are caused to clump together into floc.
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A phosphate, in inorganic chemistry, is a salt of phosphoric acid. In organic chemistry, a phosphate, or organophosphate, is an ester of phosphoric acid. Phosphates are important in biochemistry and biogeochemistry.
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Sewage is the mainly liquid waste containing some solids produced by humans which typically consists of washing water, faeces, urine, laundry waste and other material which goes down drains and toilets from households and industry.
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Eutrophication, strictly speaking, means an increase in chemical nutrients -- typically compounds containing nitrogen or phosphorus -- in an ecosystem. It may occur on land or in water.
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A reducing agent (also called a reductant or reducer) is the element or a compound in a redox (reduction-oxidation) reaction (see electrochemistry) that reduces another species.
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Chromates and dichromates are salts of chromic acid and dichromic acid, respectively. Chromate salts contain the chromate ion, CrO42−, and have an intense yellow color.
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In the most general sense of the word, cement is a binder, a substance which sets and hardens independently, and can bind other materials together. The name "cement" goes back to the Romans who used the term "opus caementitium" to describe masonry which resembled concrete and was
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Iron deficiency
Classification & external resources

Iron in heme
ICD-10 E 61.1
ICD-9 280.9

DiseasesDB 6947
MedlinePlus 000584
eMedicine med/1188  
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Anemia
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 D 50. -D 64.
ICD-9 280 - 285

DiseasesDB 663
MedlinePlus 000560
eMedicine med/132   emerg/808 emerg/734
MeSH D000740

Anemia (AmE) or anæmia/anaemia
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Nausea
Classifications and external resources

ICD-10 R 11.
ICD-9 787.0

Nausea (Latin: Nausea, Greek: Ναυτεία
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Epigastric is an adjective which means "of, relating to or characterised by the epigastrium". An abdominal pain or an abdominal viscus might be described as "epigastric". The superior and inferior epigastric arteries are considered an important feature of the anterior abdominal
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