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Information about Interleukin 6

Interleukin 6 (interferon, beta 2)
Image source: PDB rendering based on 1ALU.
Available structures: 1alu, 1il6, 1p9m, 2il6
Identifiers
Symbol(s)IL6; HGF; BSF2; HSF; IFNB2; IL-6
Orthologs
HumanMouse
Entrez356916193
EnsemblENSG00000136244ENSMUSG00000025746
UniprotP05231Q0PMN1
RefseqNM_000600 (mRNA)
NP_000591 (protein) 		NM_031168 (mRNA)
NP_112445 (protein)
Location Chr 7: 0 - 0 Mb Chr 5: 0 - 0 Mb



Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by T cells and macrophages to stimulate immune response to trauma, especially burns or other tissue damage leading to inflammation. In terms of host response to a foreign pathogen, IL-6 has been shown, in mice, to be required for resistance against the bacterium, Streptococcus pneumoniae[1]. IL-6 is also a "myokine," a cytokine produced from muscle, and is elevated in response to muscle contraction[2]. Additionally, osteoblasts secrete IL-6 to stimulate osteoclast formation. Smooth muscle cells in the tunica media of many blood vessels also produce IL-6 as a pro-inflammatory cytokine.

Functions of IL-6

IL-6 is one of the most important mediators of fever and of the acute phase response. In the muscle and fatty tissue IL-6 stimulates energy mobilization which leads to increased body temperature. IL-6 can be secreted by macrophages in response to specific microbial molecules, referred to as pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). These PAMPs bind to highly important detection molecules of the innate immune system, called Toll-like receptors (TLRs), that are present on the cell surface (or in intracellular compartments) which induce intracellular signaling cascades that give rise to inflammatory cytokine production. IL-6 is also essential for hybridoma growth and is found in many supplemental cloning media such as briclone. Inhibitors of IL-6 (including estrogen) are used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis.

The IL-6 receptor

IL-6 signals through a cell-surface type I cytokine receptor complex consisting of the ligand-binding IL-6Rα chain (CD126), and the signal-transducing component gp130 (also called CD130). CD130 is the common signal transducer for several cytokines including leukemia inhibitory factor(LIF), ciliary neurotropic factor, oncostatin M, IL-11 and cardiotrophin-1, and is almost ubiquitously expressed in most tissues. In contrast, the expression of CD126 is restricted to certain tissues. As IL-6 interacts with its receptor, it triggers the gp130 and IL-6R proteins to form a complex, thus activating the receptor. These complexes bring together the intracellular regions of gp130 to initiate a signal transduction cascade through certain transcription factors, Janus kinases (JAKs) and Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs).

IL-6 is probably the best studied of the cytokines that use gp130 in their signalling complexes. Other cytokines that signal through receptors containing gp130 are Interleukin 11 (IL-11), Interleukin 27 (IL-27), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), cardiotrophin-like cytokine (CLC), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus interleukin 6 like protein (KSHV-IL6).[3] These cytokines are commonly referred to as the IL-6 like or gp130 utilising cytokines.

In addition to the membrane-bound receptor, a soluble form of IL-6R (sIL-6R) has been purified from human serum and urine. Many neuronal cells are unresponsive to stimulation by IL-6 alone, but differentiation and survival of neuronal cells can be mediated through the action of sIL-6R. The sIL-6R/IL-6 complex can stimulate neurites outgrowth promote survival of neurons, hence may be important in nerve regeneration through remyelination.

Reference

1. ^ van der Poll T, Keogh CV, Guirao X, Buurman WA, Kopf M, Lowry SF (1997). "Interleukin-6 gene-deficient mice show impaired defense against pneumococcal pneumonia". J Infect Dis 176 (2): 439-44. PMID 9237710. 
2. ^ Febbraio MA, Pedersen BK (2005). "Contraction-induced myokine production and release: is skeletal muscle an endocrine organ?". Exerc Sport Sci Rev 33 (3): 114-9. PMID 16006818. 
3. ^ Kishimoto T, Akira S, Narazaki M, Taga T (1995). "Interleukin-6 family of cytokines and gp130". Blood 86: 1243-1254. 

Further reading

  • De Kloet ER, Oitzl MS, Schöbitz B (1994). "Cytokines and the brain corticosteroid receptor balance: relevance to pathophysiology of neuroendocrine-immune communication.". Psychoneuroendocrinology 19 (2): 121-34. PMID 8190832. 
  • Morishita R, Aoki M, Yo Y, Ogihara T (2003). "Hepatocyte growth factor as cardiovascular hormone: role of HGF in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease.". Endocr. J. 49 (3): 273-84. PMID 12201209. 
  • Ishihara K, Hirano T (2003). "IL-6 in autoimmune disease and chronic inflammatory proliferative disease.". Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 13 (4-5): 357-68. PMID 12220549. 
  • Culig Z, Bartsch G, Hobisch A (2003). "Interleukin-6 regulates androgen receptor activity and prostate cancer cell growth.". Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 197 (1-2): 231-8. PMID 12431817. 
  • Rattazzi M, Puato M, Faggin E, et al. (2004). "C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 in vascular disease: culprits or passive bystanders?". J. Hypertens. 21 (10): 1787-803. DOI:10.1097/01.hjh.0000084735.53355.44. PMID 14508181. 
  • Tackey E, Lipsky PE, Illei GG (2005). "Rationale for interleukin-6 blockade in systemic lupus erythematosus.". Lupus 13 (5): 339-43. PMID 15230289. 
  • Berger FG (2005). "The interleukin-6 gene: a susceptibility factor that may contribute to racial and ethnic disparities in breast cancer mortality.". Breast Cancer Res. Treat. 88 (3): 281-5. DOI:10.1007/s10549-004-0726-0. PMID 15609131. 
  • Stenvinkel P, Ketteler M, Johnson RJ, et al. (2005). "IL-10, IL-6, and TNF-alpha: central factors in the altered cytokine network of uremia--the good, the bad, and the ugly.". Kidney Int. 67 (4): 1216-33. DOI:10.1111/j.1523-1755.2005.00200.x. PMID 15780075. 
  • Vgontzas AN, Bixler EO, Lin HM, et al. (2005). "IL-6 and its circadian secretion in humans.". Neuroimmunomodulation 12 (3): 131-40. DOI:10.1159/000084844. PMID 15905620. 
  • Jones SA (2005). "Directing transition from innate to acquired immunity: defining a role for IL-6.". J. Immunol. 175 (6): 3463-8. PMID 16148087. 
  • Kristiansen OP, Mandrup-Poulsen T (2006). "Interleukin-6 and diabetes: the good, the bad, or the indifferent?". Diabetes 54 Suppl 2: S114-24. PMID 16306329. 
  • Copeland KF (2006). "Modulation of HIV-1 transcription by cytokines and chemokines.". Mini reviews in medicinal chemistry 5 (12): 1093-101. PMID 16375755. 
  • Mastorakos G, Ilias I (2007). "Interleukin-6: a cytokine and/or a major modulator of the response to somatic stress.". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1088: 373-81. DOI:10.1196/annals.1366.021. PMID 17192581. 
  • Dubiński A, Zdrojewicz Z (2007). "[The role of interleukin-6 in development and progression of atherosclerosis]". Pol. Merkur. Lekarski 22 (130): 291-4. PMID 17684929. 


 •  • [ e]
Cytokines: interleukins
IL-1 superfamilyIL-1 (IL-1Ra) - IL-18 - IL-33
IL-6 like/gp130 utilizingIL-6 - IL-11 - IL-27 - IL-30 - IL-31
IL-10 familyIL-10 - IL-19 - IL-20 - IL-22 - IL-24 - IL-26
Interferon type IIIIL-28 - IL-29
Common Gamma-c familyIL-2/IL-15 - IL-3 - IL-4 - IL-7 - IL-9 - IL-13 - IL-21
OtherIL-5 - IL-8 - IL-12 - IL-14 - IL-16 - IL-17/IL-25 - IL-23 - IL-32
Hugo is a male given name, a latinized form of the name Hugh, a German/Teutonic name meaning "Bright in Mind and Spirit".

Hugo is one of the most popular names in Europe ranking as high as #2 in France, #6 in Spain, and #7 in Belgium in 2006.
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The Gene Ontology project, or GO, provides a controlled vocabulary to describe gene and gene product attributes in any organism. It can be broadly split into two parts.
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The Entrez Global Query Cross-Database Search System is a powerful federated search engine, or web portal that allows users to search many discrete health sciences databases at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) website.
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Ensembl is a bioinformatics research project precisely a Genome Browser aiming to "develop a software system which produces and maintains automatic annotation on selected eukaryotic genomes".
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UniProt is the universal protein database, a central repository of protein data created by combining Swiss-Prot, TrEMBL and PIR. This makes it the world's most comprehensive resource on protein information.
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Cytokines are a group of proteins and peptides that are used in organisms as signaling compounds. These chemical signals are similar to hormones and neurotransmitters and are used to allow one cell to communicate with another.
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T cells belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and NK cells by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface that is called the
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Macrophages (Greek: "big eaters", from makros "large" + phagein "eat") are cells within the tissues that originate from specific white blood cells called monocytes.
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S. pneumoniae

Binomial name
Streptococcus pneumoniae
(Klein 1884)
Chester 1901

Streptococcus pneumoniae, or pneumococcus
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An osteoblast (from the Greek words for "bone" and "germ" or embryonic) is a mononucleate cell that is responsible for bone formation. Osteoblasts produce osteoid, which is composed mainly of Type I collagen.
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An osteoclast (from the Greek words for "bone" and "broken") is a type of bone cell that removes bone tissue by removing the bone's mineralized matrix. This process is known as bone resorption.
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Smooth muscle is a type of non-striated muscle, found within the "walls" of hollow organs and elsewhere like the bladder and abdominal cavity, the uterus, male and female reproductive tracts, the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the vasculature, the skin and the
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The tunica media (or just media) is the middle layer of an artery or vein.[1]

Artery

It is made up of smooth muscle cells and elastic tissue. It lies between the tunica intima on the inside and the tunica adventitia on the outside.
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Cytokines are a group of proteins and peptides that are used in organisms as signaling compounds. These chemical signals are similar to hormones and neurotransmitters and are used to allow one cell to communicate with another.
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Fever
Classifications and external resources

ICD-10 R 50.
ICD-9 780.6

DiseasesDB .htm 18924 |]

Fever (also known as pyrexia, or a febrile response from the Latin word febris
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Acute-phase proteins are a class of proteins whose plasma concentrations increase (positive acute phase proteins) or decrease (negative acute phase proteins) in response to inflammation. This response is called the acute-phase reaction (also called acute phase response).
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Macrophages (Greek: "big eaters", from makros "large" + phagein "eat") are cells within the tissues that originate from specific white blood cells called monocytes.
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A pathogen or infectious agent is a biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host.[1] The term is most often used for agents that disrupt the normal physiology of a multicellular animal or plant.
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Hybridoma cells are cells that have been engineered to produce a desired antibody in large amounts. To produce monoclonal antibodies, B-cells are removed from the spleen of an animal that has been challenged with the relevant antigen.
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Briclone is an IL-6 enriched cloning medium for use in the stages following fusion in hybridoma production. It can also be used for limited dilution cloning of hybridoma cells. BriClone is used as a 5% v/v supplement in complete hybridoma culture medium.
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Estrogens (alternative spellings: oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of steroid compounds, named for their importance in the estrous cycle, and functioning as the primary female sex hormone.
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Osteoporosis
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 M 80. -M 82.
ICD-9 733.0

DiseasesDB 9385

eMedicine med/1693   ped/1683
MeSH D010024 Osteoporosis is a disease of bone leading to an increased risk of fracture.
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Type I cytokine receptors are proteins expressed on the surface of cells that recognize and respond to cytokines with four α-helical strands. These receptors are also known under the name hemopoietin receptors
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The cluster of differentiation (CD) is a protocol used for the identification and investigation of cell surface molecules present on leukocytes. CD molecules can act in numerous ways, often acting as receptors or ligands (the molecule that activates a receptor) important to
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Glycoprotein 130 (also known as gp130, IL6ST or CD130) is a transmembrane protein which is the founding member of the class of tall cytokine receptors. It forms one subunit of type I cytokine receptors within the IL-6 receptor family.
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Leukemia inhibitory factor, or LIF, an interleukin 6 class cytokine, is a chemical in cells that affects their growth and development.

Function

LIF derives its name from its ability to induce the terminal differentiation of myeloid leukaemic cells.
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Identifiers
Symbol CNTFR

Entrez 1271
HUGO 2170
OMIM 118946

RefSeq NM_001842
UniProt P26992
Other data

Locus Chr. 9 p13 Ciliary neurotrophic factor
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Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleitropic cytokine that belongs to the Interleukin 6 group of cytokines. Of these cytokines it mose closely resembles Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in both structure and function.
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Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a cytokine (first isolated in 1990) that originates from bone marrow stroma and activates B cells and megakaryocytes.[1] It is also known under the names Adipogenesis inhibitory factor (AGIF)[2] and Oprelvekin.
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Cardiotrophin-1 is a cytokine.

External links

  • MeSH cardiotrophin+1

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