Information about Inner Plexiform Layer

For the moth genus, see Retina (moth).

The retina is a thin layer of neural cells that lines the back of the eyeball of vertebrates and some cephalopods. It is comparable to the film in a camera.
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Elsevier, the world's largest publisher of medical and scientific literature, forms part of the Reed Elsevier group. Based in Amsterdam, the company has substantial operations in the UK, USA and elsewhere.
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Fibril is a fine fiber approximately 1 nm in diameter.

Cytoplasmic fibrils are observed on the protoplasmic cylinders found in most spirochetal species, although no function of the cytoplasmic fibrils has been ascribed.
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Dendrites (from Greek dendron, “tree”) are the branched projections of a neuron that act to conduct the electrical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or
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Location Varies by type
Function Varies but often excitatory projection

Morphology Varies

A ganglion cell (more correctly, a retinal ganglion cell) is a type of neuron typically located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye that
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The inner nuclear layer or layer of inner granules is made up of a number of closely packed cells, of which there are three varieties, viz.: bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.
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Boston University (BU) is a private research university located in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Although chartered by the Massachusetts Legislature in 1869, Boston University traces its roots to the establishment of the Newbury Biblical Institute in Newbury,
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sensory system: in this case, vision, for the visual system. ]]

A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information.
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The visual system is the part of the nervous system which allows organisms to see. It interprets the information from visible light to build a representation of the world surrounding the body.
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Eyes are organs of vision that detect light. Different kinds of light-sensitive organs are found in a variety of organisms. The simplest eyes do nothing but detect whether the surroundings are light or dark, while more complex eyes can distinguish shapes and colors.
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For the moth genus, see Retina (moth).

The retina is a thin layer of neural cells that lines the back of the eyeball of vertebrates and some cephalopods. It is comparable to the film in a camera.
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photoreceptor, or photoreceptor cell, is a specialized type of neuron found in the eye's retina that is capable of phototransduction. More specifically, the photoreceptor absorbs photons from the visual field and signals this information to other neurons through a change in
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Cone cells, or cones, are photoreceptor cells in the retina of the eye which function best in relatively bright light. The cone cells gradually become more sparse towards the periphery of the retina.
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Location Retina
Function Low light photoreceptor

Morphology rod shaped
Presynaptic connections None
Postsynaptic connections Bipolar Cells and Horizontal cells

Rod cells, or rods
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Horizontal cells are the laterally interconnecting neurons in the outer plexiform layer of the retina.

Organization

There are three basic types of horizontal cells, designated HI, HII and HIII.
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Location Retina (Inner Nuclear Layer)
Function Convey gradients between photoreceptor cells to retinal ganglion cells

Morphology bipolar
Presynaptic connections Rods , cones and Horizontal Cells
Postsynaptic connections
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Location INL of the retina
Function inhibitory or neuromodulatory interneurons
Neurotransmitter GABA, glycine, DA, or 5-HT
Morphology Varies
Presynaptic connections Bipolar cells
Postsynaptic connections
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Location Varies by type
Function Varies but often excitatory projection

Morphology Varies

A ganglion cell (more correctly, a retinal ganglion cell) is a type of neuron typically located near the inner surface of the retina of the eye that
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Giant retinal ganglion cells are ganglion cells with large dendritic trees discovered in the human and macaque retina by Dacey et al (2005).

Giant retinal ganglion cells contain a visual pigment, melanopsin, allowing them to respond directly to light.
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Photosensitive ganglion cells, or melanopsin-containing ganglion cells, are a recently discovered type of nerve cell in the retina of the eye which, unlike other retinal ganglion cells, are intrinsically photosensitive.
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Müller glia, or Müller cells, are glia found in the vertebrate retina, which normally serve the functions of any normal glial cells. However, following injury to the retina, it has been seen that Müller glia actually de-differentiate into a neural progenitor.
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The nerve fiber layer (or layer of nerve fibers or stratum opticum) is formed by the expansion of the fibers of the optic nerve; it is thickest near the porus opticus, gradually diminishing toward the ora serrata.
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The ganglion cell layer (ganglionic layer) consists of a single layer of large ganglion cells, except in the macula lutea, where there are several strata.

The cells are somewhat flask-shaped; the rounded internal surface of each resting on the stratum opticum, and
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The inner nuclear layer or layer of inner granules is made up of a number of closely packed cells, of which there are three varieties, viz.: bipolar cells, horizontal cells, and amacrine cells.
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The outer plexiform layer (external plexiform layer) is a layer of neuronal synapses in the retina of the eye. It consists of a dense network of synapses between dendrites of horizontal cells from the inner nuclear layer, and photoreceptor cell inner segments from the outer
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external limiting membrane (or outer limiting membrane) at the bases of the rods and cones.

Additional images

External links

• Histology at BU 07902loa

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The elements composing the Layer of Rods and Cones (Jacob’s membrane) are of two kinds, rod cells and cone cells, the former being much more numerous than the latter except in the macula lutea.
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The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is the pigmented cell layer just outside the neurosensory retina that nourishes retinal visual cells, and is firmly attached to the underlying choroid and overlying retinal visual cells.
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