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Information about Indus Script

Indus script
TypeUndeciphered (most often believed to be logographic, syllabic, or a mix of both)
LanguagesUnknown
Time period2600–1900 BC
ISO 15924Inds
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode.
Enlarge picture
An Indus Valley seal with the seated figure termed pashupati. The writing above it is inscribed in the mature Indus script.


The term Indus script (Harappan script) refers to short strings of symbols associated with the Harappan civilization (Indus Valley Civilization—most of the Indus sites are distributed in present day Pakistan and North West India) used between 2600–1900 BC. In spite of many attempts at decipherments and claims, it is as yet undeciphered. That the underlying language is unknown and the lack of a bilingual (a "Rosetta stone") makes the decipherments extremely difficult.

The script generally refers to that used in the mature Harappan phase, which perhaps evolved from a few signs found in early Harappa after 3500 BC,[1] and was followed by the mature Harappan script. A few Harappan signs appear until around 1100 BC. The Harappan signs are most commonly associated with flat, rectangular stone tablets called seals, but they are also found on at least a dozen other materials. The first publication of a Harappan seal dates to 1873, in the form of a drawing by Alexander Cunningham. Since then, well over 4000 symbol-bearing objects have been discovered, some as far afield as Mesopotamia. After 1900 BC, the systematic use of the symbols ended, after the final stage of the Mature Harappan civilization. Some early scholars, starting with Cunningham in 1877, thought that the script was the archetype of the Brahmi script used by Ashoka. Cunningham's ideas were supported by G.R. Hunter, Iravatham Mahadevan and a minority of scholars continue to argue for the Indus script as the predecessor of the Brahmic family. However most scholars disagree, claiming instead that the Brahmi script derived from the Aramaic script.

Script characteristics

The script is written from right to left,[2] and sometimes follows a boustrophedonic style. Since the number of principal signs is about 400-600,[3] midway between typical logographic and syllabic scripts, many scholars accept the script to be logo-syllabic[4] (typically syllabic scripts have about 50-100 signs whereas logographic scripts have a very large number of principal signs). Several scholars maintain that structural analysis indicates an agglutinative language underneath the script. However, this is contradicted by the occurrence of signs supposedly representing suffixes at the beginning or middle of words.

Attempts at decipherment

Over the years, numerous decipherments have been proposed, but none has been accepted by the scientific community at large. The following factors are usually regarded as the biggest obstacles for a successful decipherment:
  • The substrate language has not been identified, nor the language family to which it belongs.
  • The average length of the inscriptions is less than five signs, the longest being one of only 27 signs.
  • No bilingual texts have been found.

Dravidian hypothesis

The Russian scholar Yuri V. Knorozov (or Knorosov), who has edited a multi-volumed corpus of the inscriptions, surmises that the symbols represent a logosyllabic script, with an underlying Dravidian language as the most likely linguistic substrate.[5] Knorozov is perhaps best known for his decisive contributions towards the decipherment of the Maya script, a pre-Columbian writing system of the Mesoamerican Maya civilization. Knorozov's investigations were the first to conclusively demonstrate that the Maya script was logosyllabic in character, an interpretation now confirmed in the subsequent decades of Mayanist epigraphic research.

The Finnish scholar Asko Parpola repeated several of these suggested Indus script readings. The discovery in Tamil Nadu of a late Neolithic (early 2nd millennium BC, i.e. post-dating Harappan decline) stone celt adorned with Indus script markings has been considered to be significant for this identification.[6][7] However, their identification as Indus signs has been disputed.

All scholars accept that the Dravidian theory is unproven. Iravatham Mahadevan, who supports the Dravidian hypothesis, says, "we may hopefully find that the proto-Dravidian roots of the Harappan language and South Indian Dravidian languages are similar. This is a hypothesis [...] But I have no illusions that I will decipher the Indus script, nor do I have any regret."[8]

Script vs. ideographical symbols

If the signs are purely ideographical, they may contain no information about the language spoken by their creators: they would qualify either as a purely logographic script, or as a system of symbols not qualifying as a script in the true sense (pictograms).

Steve Farmer, Richard Sproat, and Michael Witzel[9] make the case that the symbols were not coupled to oral language, which in part explains the extreme brevity of the inscriptions. This view has been challenged by Parpola.[10]

Subimal Sinharoy notes that "there is abstraction in symbolic depiction, whether it is modern art or an ancient Harappan seal."[11]

Decipherment claims

The topic is popular among amateur researchers, and there have been various (mutually exclusive) decipherment claims. None of these suggestions has found academic recognition to date.

List of decipherment claims:

Late Indus script

Enlarge picture
Late Indus script found on pottery at Bet Dwarka dated to 1528 BC based on thermoluminescence dating.
Onshore explorations near Bet Dwarka in Gujarat revealed the presence of late Indus seals depicting a 3-headed animal, earthen vessel inscribed in a late Harappan script, and a large quantity of pottery similar to Lustrous Red Ware bowl and Red Ware dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jar and incurved bowls which are datable to the 16th century BC in Dwarka, Rangpur and Prabhas. The thermoluminescence date for the pottery in Bet Dwaraka is 1528 BC. This evidence suggests that a late Harappan script was used until around 1500 BC. [1] Other excavations in India at Vaisali, Bihar [2] and Mayiladuthurai, Tamil Nadu [3] have revealed Indus symbols being used as late as 1100 BC.

Notes

1. ^ Whitehouse, David (1999) 'Earliest writing' found BBC
2. ^ (Lal 1966)
3. ^ (Wells 1999)
4. ^ (Bryant 2000)
5. ^ (Knorozov 1965)
6. ^ (Subramanium 2006; see also A Note on the Muruku Sign of the Indus Script in light of the Mayiladuthurai Stone Axe Discovery by I. Mahadevan (2006)
7. ^ Significance of Mayiladuthurai find
8. ^ Interview at Harrappa.com
9. ^ (Farmer 2004)
10. ^ (Parpola 2005)
11. ^ Thoughts on Tibet Frontline - Dec. 9 - 22, 2000
12. ^ Indus Script among Dravidian Speakers, Coimbatore: Rukmani Offset Press (1995); see also Mahadevan (2002) and M. Witzel in: Archaeological Fantasies: How Pseudoarchaeology Misrepresents the Past and Misleads the Public, Routledge (2006), p. 220.
13. ^ see Koenraad Elst, Remarks in expectation of a decipherment of the Indus script
14. ^ review: Karel Werner, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (1999); zeenews.com article
15. ^ review: "Horseplay in Harappa" by Witzel and Farmer
16. ^ Srinivasan Kalyanaraman (2004), Sarasvati in 7 vols., Babasaheb Apte Smaraka Samiti, Bangalore.

References

See also

 •  • [ e]
Languages of South Asia
Main articles
Languages of India (list by number of speakers - scheduled) Languages of Pakistan Languages of Bangladesh Languages of NepalLanguages of Sri Lanka Historic languages
Linguistic history of India Vedic Sanskrit Classical Sanskrit Prakrit Pāli Classical Tamil Middle Indic Contemporary languages
Indo-Aryan: Hindustani: Hindi Urdu Bengali Gujarati Maithili Marathi Oriya Punjabi Assamese Sindhi Dogri Nepali Konkani Kashmiri Dravidian: Telugu Tamil Kannada Malayalam Brahui Iranian: Persian Balochi Pashto Tajik Tibeto-Burman: Nepal Bhasa Tibetan Meitei Bodo Sikkimese Mizo Kokborok AoTenyidie Garo Munda: Santhali Ho Mon-Khmer: Nicobarese Khasi isolates: Nihali Burushaski Andamanese of European influence: French English Portuguese Scripts
Indus Brahmi Brahmic family: Devanagari Telugu Tamil Gurmukhi Bengali RanjanaOriya Malayalam KannadaGujarati Arabic: Nasta'liq Shahmukhi Language activism
Sanskrit revival Language movement Pure Tamil movement Nepal Bhasa movement Anti-Hindi agitations

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  • c. 2600 BC — The Harappan civilization rises to become a powerful civilization.
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    The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3000–1500 BCE, flourished 2600–1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in what is now Pakistan and western India, extending westward into
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    The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 3000–1500 BCE, flourished 2600–1900 BCE), abbreviated IVC, was an ancient civilization that flourished in the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys primarily in what is now Pakistan and western India, extending westward into
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    c. 2900 BC–2334 BC — Mesopotamian wars of the Early Dynastic period continue.
  • c. 2600 BC — The Harappan civilization rises to become a powerful civilization.
  • c. 2600 BC — Pre-Palace Period, phase I, in Crete (Mellersh 1970)
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