Indo Aryan Languages

Information about Indo Aryan Languages

Indo-Aryan Indic
Geographic distribution:	South Asia
Genetic classification:	}}
Subdivisions:	Northern Zone North-Western Zone Central Zone Western Zone Eastern Zone Insular Indo-Aryan Southern Zone
ISO 639-2:	inc

The Indo-Aryan languages form a subgroup of the Indo-Iranian languages, which belong to the Indo-European family of languages. The term "Indic" refers to the same group without what some see as the negative connotations of "Aryan". Note that, unlike the generic adjective "Indian", "Indic" is the term used in the context of Indo-European linguistics, and is not strictly a geographical term; non-Indo-European languages spoken in India are not included in the term, while the Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni, on the other hand, probably testifies to speakers of an Indic language that never settled on the Indian subcontinent.

SIL International in a 2005 estimate counted a total of 209 varieties, the largest in terms of native speakers being Hindustani (Hindi and Urdu, about 540 million), Bengali (about 200 million), Punjabi (about 100 million), Marathi (about 90 million), Gujarati (about 45 million), Nepali (about 40 million),Oriya (about 30 million), and Sindhi (about 20 million), with a total number of native speakers of more than 900 million.

History

The earliest evidence of the group is in Vedic Sanskrit, the language used in the ancient preserved texts of the Indian subcontinent, the foundational canon of Hinduism known as the Vedas. The Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni is of similar age, but the only evidence is a number of loanwords.

In about the 7th century to the 5th century BCE, the Sanskrit language was codified and standardised by the grammarian Panini; this led (in about 200 BCE) to what is now known as "Classical" Sanskrit. However, although this preserved the integrity of the written language for a long time, the spoken language continued to evolve, and by the 6th century, Sanskrit as a spoken language was rare, being by and large replaced by its descendants, the Prakrits. All the Prakrits share a common ancestry, but they are not necessarily mutually intelligible.

In medieval times, the Prakrits diversified into various Middle Indic dialects. "Apabhramsa" is the conventional cover term for transitional dialects connecting late Middle Indic with early Modern Indic, spanning roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. Some of these dialects showed considerable literary production; the Sravakachar of Devasena (dated to the 930s) is now considered to be the first Hindi book.

The next major milestone occurred with the Muslim invasions of India in the 13th, 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. Under the flourishing Mughal empire, Persian became very influential as the language of prestige of the Islamic courts. However, Persian was soon displaced by Urdu. This Indo-Aryan language is a combination with Persian and Arabic elements in its vocabulary, with the grammar of the local dialects.

Indo-Aryan languages spoken in South Asia

The two largest languages that formed from Apabhransa were Bengali and Hindi; others include Gujarati, Oriya, Marathi, and Punjabi.

In the Hindi-speaking areas, the main form was Braj-bhasha, which is still spoken today, but was replaced in the 19th century by the Khari Boli dialect. However, a large amount of modern spoken Hindi vocabulary is derived from Perso-Arabic.

This state of affairs continued until the Partition of India in 1947. Hindustani (a mixture of Urdu and Hindi) was replaced by Hindi as the official language of India, and soon the Perso-Arabic words of Urdu began to be excised from the official Hindi corpus, in a bid to make the language more "Indian". A return to Hindi poets such as Tulsidas resulted in what is known as a Sanskritisation of the language. Arabic or Persian words in common parlance were slowly replaced by Sanskrit words, sometimes borrowed wholesale, or in new compounds. In contemporary times, there is a continuum of Hindi–Urdu, with heavily-Persianised Urdu at one end and Sanskritised Hindi at the other, although the basic grammar remains identical. Most people speak somewhere in the middle: Hindustani.

Bibliography

John Beames, A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali. Londinii: TrÃ¼bner, 1872-1879. 3 vols.
Cardona, George & Dhanesh Jain (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages (Paperback ed.), Routledge, ISBN 041577294X.
Madhav Deshpande (1979). Sociolinguistic attitudes in India: An historical reconstruction. Ann Arbor: Karoma Publishers. ISBN 0-89720-007-1, ISBN 0-89720-008-X (pbk).
Erdosy, George. (1995). The Indo-Aryans of ancient South Asia: Language, material culture and ethnicity. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-014447-6.
Kobayashi, Masato.; & George Cardona (2004). Historical phonology of old Indo-Aryan consonants. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. ISBN 4-87297-894-3.
Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages (Paperback ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521299446.
Misra, Satya Swarup. (1980). Fresh light on Indo-European classification and chronology. Varanasi: Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan.
Misra, Satya Swarup. (1991-1993). The Old-Indo-Aryan, a historical & comparative grammar (Vols. 1-2). Varanasi: Ashutosh Prakashan Sansthan.
Sen, Sukumar. (1995). Syntactic studies of Indo-Aryan languages. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Foreign Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
Vacek, Jaroslav. (1976). The sibilants in Old Indo-Aryan: A contribution to the history of a linguistic area. Prague: Charles University.

External links

• • [ e] Indo-Iranian languages
Indic (Indo-Aryan)	Old: Sanskrit: Vedic Sanskrit - Classical Sanskrit (Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni) Middle: Prakrit: Pāli - Maharashtri - Magadhi New: Bengali (Dialects: Chittagonian, Sylheti) Hindustani (Registers: Hindi, Urdu) Angika Assamese Bhojpuri Bishnupriya Manipuri Dhivehi Dogri Gujarati Konkani Mahl Maithili Marathi Nepali Oriya Punjabi Romani Sindhi Sinhala
Iranian	Eastern: Avestan Bactrian Pamir (Shughni, Sarikoli, Wakhi) Pashto Scythian - Ossetic Sogdian - Yaghnobi Western: Persian: Old Persian - Middle Persian - Modern Persian (Varieties: Farsi, Dari, Tajik) Bukhori Balochi Dari (Zoroastrianism) Gilaki Kurdish Luri Mazandarani Talysh Tat Tati Zazaki
Dardic	Dameli Domaaki Gawar-Bati Kalash Kashmiri Khowar Kohistani Nangalami Pashayi Palula Shina Shumashti
Nuristani	Askunu Kamkata-viri Tregami Vasi-vari Waigali

• • [ e]

Languages of South Asia

Main articles
Languages of India (list by number of speakers - scheduled) Languages of Pakistan Languages of Bangladesh Languages of NepalLanguages of Sri Lanka Historic languages
Linguistic history of India Vedic Sanskrit Classical Sanskrit Prakrit Pāli Classical Tamil Middle Indic Contemporary languages
Indo-Aryan: Hindustani: Hindi Urdu Bengali Gujarati Maithili Marathi Oriya Punjabi Assamese Sindhi Dogri Nepali Konkani Kashmiri Dravidian: Telugu Tamil Kannada Malayalam Brahui Iranian: Persian Balochi Pashto Tajik Tibeto-Burman: Nepal Bhasa Tibetan Meitei Bodo Sikkimese Mizo Kokborok Ao Tenyidie Garo Munda: Santhali Ho Mon-Khmer: Nicobarese Khasi isolates: Nihali Burushaski Andamanese of European influence: French English Portuguese Scripts
Indus Brahmi Brahmic family: Devanagari Telugu Tamil Gurmukhi Bengali Ranjana Oriya Malayalam Kannada Gujarati Arabic: Nasta'liq Shahmukhi Language activism
Sanskrit revival Language movement Pure Tamil movement Nepal Bhasa movement Anti-Hindi agitations

South Asia, also known as Southern Asia, is a southern geopolitical region of the Asian continent comprising territories on and in proximity to the Indian subcontinent. It is surrounded by (from west to east) Western Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, and Southeastern Asia.
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A language family is a group of languages related by descent from a common ancestor, called the proto-language. As with biological families, the evidence of relationship is observable shared characteristics.
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Pahari languages, also known as Northern Zone languages, are a group of related Indo-Aryan languages or dialects spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas from Nepal in the east to the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh in the west.
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The Indo-Aryan languages include some 210 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia; this language family is a part of the Indo-Iranian language family. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.
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Western Indo-Aryan

Geographic
distribution: Western India
Genetic
classification: }}
Subdivisions:

—

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Eastern Indo-Aryan languages include some 210 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia; this language group is a part of the Indo-Aryan language branch of the Indo-European language family.
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The Insular Indo-Aryan languages (also known as Sinhalese-Mahal) include three languages and dialects spoken on the islands of Sri Lanka, Minicoy and the Maldives; this language group is a part of the Indo-Aryan language family.
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Southern Indo-Aryan languages include some 13 (SIL estimate) languages and dialects spoken by many people in Asia; this language family is one of the Indo-Aryan languages. Each subfamily in this list contains subgroups and individual languages.
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ISO 639-2 is the second part of the ISO 639 standard, which lists codes for the representation of the names of languages. The three-letter codes given for each language in this part of the standard are referred to as "Alpha-3" codes. There are 464 language codes in the list.
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Indo-Iranian language group constitutes the easternmost extant branch of the Indo-European family of languages. It consists of four language groups: the Indo-Aryan, Iranian, Nuristani, and Dardic.
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Indo-European languages comprise a family of several hundred related languages and dialects ^[1], including most of the major languages of Europe, the northern Indian subcontinent (South Asia), the Iranian plateau (Southwest Asia), and much of Central Asia.
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Aryan race" is a concept in European culture that was influential in the period of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It derives from the idea that the original speakers of the Indo-European languages and their descendents up to the present day constitute a
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This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
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Indo-European studies is a field of linguistics, dealing with the Indo-European languages. Its goal is to amass information about the hypothetical proto-language from which all of these languages are descended, a language of the early Bronze Age dubbed Proto-Indo-European (PIE),
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Some theonyms, proper names and other terminology of the Mitanni exhibit an Indo-Aryan superstrate, suggesting that an Indo-Aryan elite imposed itself over the Hurrian population in the course of the Indo-Aryan expansion.
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Indian subcontinent is a large section of the Asian continent consisting of countries lying substantially on the Indian tectonic plate. These include countries on the continental crust— India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and parts of Afghanistan, Nepal and Bhutan, island countries
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SIL International is a worldwide non-profit evangelical Christian organization whose main purpose is to study, develop and document lesser-known languages in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy and aid minority language development.
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Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)}}}
Writing system: Devanagari script,
Perso-Arabic script
Official status
Official language of: Fiji,
India (as Hindi and Urdu),
Pakistan (as Urdu)

Regulated by: no official regulation
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Bengali}}}
Writing system: Bengali script
Official status
Official language of:
'''The template is deprecated. Please use instead.
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Punjabi}}}
Writing system: Shahmukhi, Gurmukhi
Official status
Official language of: Punjab (India), Punjab (Pakistan), Lahore, Amritsar, Firozpur Faisalabad and part of Kashmir
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
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Marathi}}}
Writing system: Devanagari script, Modi script (traditional)
Official status
Official language of: States of Maharashtra and Goa , Union territories of Daman-Diu<ref name="goa" /> and Dadra Nagar Haveli<ref name="dadra"
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Gujarati}}}
Writing system: Gujarati script
Official status
Official language of: Gujarat (India)^[1]^[2]
Regulated by: no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1: gu
ISO 639-2: guj
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Nepali}}}
Writing system: Devanagari script
Official status
Official language of: Nepal, Sikkim (India)
Regulated by: Language Academy of Nepal
Language codes
ISO 639-1: ne
ISO 639-2: nep
ISO 639-3: nep

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Oriya may refer to:

The Oriya language of Orissa, India
The Oriya script
The Oriya people

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Sindhī (سنڌي, सिन्धी) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia, which is now a province of Pakistan. It is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 18.5 million people in Pakistan, and 2.
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Vedic Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language, the language of the Vedas, the oldest shruti texts of Hinduism. It is an archaic form of Sanskrit, an early descendant of Proto-Indo-Iranian, attested during the period between roughly 1700 BCE (early Rigveda) and 600
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Hinduism (known as Hindū Dharma in modern Indian languages^[1]
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