Information about Imperial Forums
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Map of the forums
The Imperial forums are not part of the Roman Forum, which was the public square during the Roman Republic. These forums were the centres of politics, religion and economy in the ancient Rome.
Forum of Caesar
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The forum of Caesar and the temple of Venus Genetrix
Julius Caesar decided to construct a large forum bearing his name. This forum was inaugurated in 46 BC, though it was probably incomplete at this time and was finished later by Augustus.
The Forum of Caesar was constructed as an extension to the Roman Forum. The Forum was used as a replacement venue to the Roman Forum for public affairs as well as government; it was also designed as a celebration of Caesar's power. Caesar had placed, on the front of his forum, a temple devoted to Venus Genitrix, since Caesar's family (gens Julia) claimed to descend by Venus through Aeneas. A statue of Caesar himself riding Bucephalus, the celebrated horse of Alexander the Great, was placed in front of the temple, to symbolise absolute power. This centralised vision corresponded to the ideological function, following the propaganda of the Hellenistic sanctuaries; also the choice of the Forum site carried a meaning: the future dictator didn't want to be far from the central power, represented in the Curia, seat of the Senate. In fact, not long before Caesar's death, the Senate agreed to reconstruct the Curia on the site.
Forum of Augustus
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Forum of Augustus with the temple of Mars Ultor
In the battle of Philippi in 42 BC, in which Augustus and Mark Antony worked together and avenged Caesar's death, defeating the forces of Brutus and Cassius, Augustus vowed to build a temple dedicated to Mars Ultor (Mars the Avenger). The incomplete forum was inaugurated, after 40 years of construction, in 2 BC, adding the second monumental square, the Forum of Augustus.
This new complex lies at right angles to the Forum of Caesar. The temple consists of a very tall wall, and this still distinguishes itself from the popular neighbourhood of Suburra. This high wall served as a firebreak, protecting the Forum area from the frequent conflagrations from which Rome suffered. The rectangular square has long deep porticos with a surface that widens into large semicircular exedras.
Recently 1 more slightly smaller exedra was found south on the wall bordering the forum of Trajan. meaning that in sake of symmetry there must have been other exedra demolished to make room for the forum of Nerva, rising the number to 4 and not 2 exedras This completely changes the layout for the south part of the forum of Augustus, meaning that it is much more similar to the forum of Trajan, and a new theory for this southern part of the forum suggests that in fact there was a basilica between the 2 new exedras (like in the forum of Trajan). This supports the numerous ancient authors that tell us the forum was used has a court of law.
The entire decoration of the Forum was tightly connected to the ideology of Augustus. According to myth, Rome herself was born from the god Mars through Romulus.
Temple of Peace
In 75 AD, under Emperor Vespasian, another great square was built. Separated from the Forum of Augustus, the Forum of Caesar and the Via dell'Argileto which connect the Roman Forum to the Subura, the temple faced the Velian Hill (in the direction of the Colosseum. The fact that this structure is not mentioned as having a civil function has prevented it from being classified as a true Forum. Therefore the structure was simply identified as the Temple of Peace (Templum Pacis) until the late Empire.Also the shape of the square was different: the temple was constructed by a large hall that opened up like an at the bottom of the . A row of columns distinguished the portico from the temple. The central area was not paved like other fora, and it served as a garden, with pools and pedestals for statues, so that it was similar to an open-air museum.
The monument was built to celebrate the conquest of Jerusalem. One of the chambers opened at the end of the porticos housed the Forma Urbis Romae, a marble map of antique Rome, made in the Severan period (3rd century) by drawing on the marble slab that covered the wall.
Forum of Nerva, or the Transitional Forum
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Temple of Minerva in this forum
The limited space, partially occupied by one of the exedras of the Forum of Augustus and by the via dell'Argileto, obliged Vespasian to build the lateral porticos as simply decorations of the bounding walls of the forum. The temple, dedicated to Minerva as protector of the emperor, was built leaning on the exedra of the Forum of Augustus, so that the remaining space became a large monumental entrance (Porticus Absidatus) for all the forums.
Because of the death of Domitian, the forum was inaugurated by his successor, Nerva, who gave his own name to the forum. The Forum of Nerva is also known as Transitional Forum, because it worked as an access way, just like via dell'Argileto had done.
Forum of Trajan
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The forum of Trajan and the visible part of the Trajan's market
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The Forum on a coin by Trajan.
It is probable that Domitian's projects were more ambitious than the building of the small "Forum of Nerva", and probably under his reign they started to remove the small saddle that united the Capitoline Hill to the Quirinal Hill, thus blocking the Forums towards Campus Martius, near to modern Piazza Venezia.
The project was resumed by Trajan with the construction of Trajan's Forum between 112 and 113. The occasion was the conquest of Dacia, whose spoils paid for this celebration of the military conquests of Rome.
The preparation of the Forum required a lot of work. It was necessary to remove the hilly saddle, and to support the cut of Quirinal Hill through the building of the Trajan's market. The Forum square was closed by the Basilica Ulpia, with Trajan's Column at its back. In front of the basilica, a monumental façade was the background of a large, equestrian sculpture of the Emperor. The last Forum was also the biggest and greatest.
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The Forum was the public space in the middle of a Roman city. Modelled on the Roman Forum and Imperial forums in Rome itself, they are to be found in Italy (often forming the piazza of the modern town) and throughout the empire with examples at:
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Comune di Roma
Flag
Seal
Nickname: "The Eternal City"
Motto: "Senatus Populusque Romanus" (SPQR) (Latin)
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Flag
Seal
Nickname: "The Eternal City"
Motto: "Senatus Populusque Romanus" (SPQR) (Latin)
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1st century BC - 1st century
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Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a republican form of government. The republican period began with the overthrow of the Monarchy c.
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The Roman Empire is the name given to both the imperial domain developed by the city-state of Rome and also the corresponding phase of that civilization, characterized by an autocratic form of government. This article however is about the latter.
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Roman Forum: Temple of Vespasian on the left, Arch of Septimius Severus behind the remains of the Temple of Saturn in the foreground. On the right are the three columns of the Temple of Castor and Pollux and the Palatine Hill, and slightly to the left of these is the Chiesa di San
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Forum of Caesar, also known as Caesaris[1], is a section of the Forum Romanum in Rome. It was built by Julius Caesar in 46 BC.
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Construction
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Gaius Julius Caesar
Dictator of the Roman Republic
Reign October, 49 BC–March 15, 44 BC
Full name Gaius Julius Caesar
Born 12 July 100 BC - 102 BC
Rome, Roman Republic
Died 15 March 44 BC (aged 57)
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Dictator of the Roman Republic
Reign October, 49 BC–March 15, 44 BC
Full name Gaius Julius Caesar
Born 12 July 100 BC - 102 BC
Rome, Roman Republic
Died 15 March 44 BC (aged 57)
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Augustus Caesar
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Reign January 16 27 BC – August 19 AD 14
Full name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
Born September 23, 63 BC
Rome, Roman Republic
Died August 19, AD 14 (age 76)
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Emperor of the Roman Empire
Reign January 16 27 BC – August 19 AD 14
Full name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
Born September 23, 63 BC
Rome, Roman Republic
Died August 19, AD 14 (age 76)
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gens (pl. gentes) was a clan, caste, or group of families, that shared a common name (the nomen) and a belief in a common ancestor. In the Roman naming convention, the second name was the name of the gens to which the person belonged.
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- For other meanings of Julius see Julius (disambiguation)
Julius (fem. Julia) is the nomen of the gens Julia, an important patrician family of ancient Rome supposed to have descended from Julus, and thus from the goddess Venus.
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Venus was a major Roman goddess principally associated with love and beauty and fertility, the equivalent of the Greek goddess Aphrodite. She was the consort of Vulcan. She was considered the ancestor of the Roman people by way of its legendary founder, Aeneas, and played a key
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Aeneas (Greek: Αἰνείας, AineÃas; pronounced:
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Bucephalus (Ancient Greek: Βουκεφάλας, from βούς bous, "ox" and
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Alexander III, the Great
Basileus of Macedon, Hegemon of the Hellenic League, Shah of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt
Alexander fighting Persian king Darius III. From Alexander Mosaic, from Pompeii, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale.
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Basileus of Macedon, Hegemon of the Hellenic League, Shah of Persia, Pharaoh of Egypt
Alexander fighting Persian king Darius III. From Alexander Mosaic, from Pompeii, Naples, Museo Archeologico Nazionale.
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The term Hellenistic (derived from Ἕλλην Héllēn, the Greeks' traditional self-described ethnic name) was established by the German historian Johann Gustav Droysen to refer to the spreading of
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Curia in early Roman times was a subdivision of the people, i.e. more or less a tribe, and with a metonymy it came to mean also the meeting place where the tribe discussed its affairs.
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Forum of Augustus is one of the Imperial forums of Rome, built by Augustus. It includes the Temple of Mars Ultor.
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History
Augustus vowed to build a temple honoring Mars the Avenger, the Roman God of War, during the battle of Philippi in 42 BC...... Click the link for more information.
Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (the Second Triumvirate) against the forces of Julius Caesar's assassins Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia.
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1st century BC - 1st century
70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC
45 BC 44 BC 43 BC - 42 BC - 41 BC 40 BC 39 BC
Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
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70s BC 60s BC 50s BC - 40s BC - 30s BC 20s BC 10s BC
45 BC 44 BC 43 BC - 42 BC - 41 BC 40 BC 39 BC
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Marcus Antonius (Latin: M·ANTONIVS·M·F·M·N [1]) (c. January 14, 83 BC – August 1, 30 BC), known in English as Mark Antony, was a Roman politician and general.
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Brutus is a Roman cognomen used by several politicians of the Junii family, especially in the Roman Republic. The plural of Brutus is Bruti, and the vocative form is Brute, as immortalized in the quotation "Et tu, Brute?".
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Cassius may refer to:
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- Cassius (gens), an ancient Roman family name.
- Gaius Cassius Longinus, a Roman general and conspirator against Julius Caesar.
- Cassius Chaerea, assassinated the Roman emperor, Caligula.
- Cassius (band), a French electronic music duo.
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Forum of Augustus is one of the Imperial forums of Rome, built by Augustus. It includes the Temple of Mars Ultor.
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History
Augustus vowed to build a temple honoring Mars the Avenger, the Roman God of War, during the battle of Philippi in 42 BC...... Click the link for more information.
- For the fourth planet from the sun, see Mars.
Mars was the Roman god of war, the son of Juno and either Jupiter or a magical flower. As the word Mars
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1st century BC - 1st century
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The Suburra is the modern Italian name for a neighborhood of Rome; in Antiquity, the word was usually spelled Subura, and was a red-light district. It is a proletarian area in the dip between the southern end of the Viminal and the western end of the Esquiline hills.
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Augustus Caesar
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Reign January 16 27 BC – August 19 AD 14
Full name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
Born September 23, 63 BC
Rome, Roman Republic
Died August 19, AD 14 (age 76)
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Emperor of the Roman Empire
Reign January 16 27 BC – August 19 AD 14
Full name Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus
Born September 23, 63 BC
Rome, Roman Republic
Died August 19, AD 14 (age 76)
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Romulus
Reign April 23, 753 BC - 717 BC
Born 771 BC
Alba Longa
Died 717 BC
Rome
Predecessor None
Successor Numa Pompilius
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Reign April 23, 753 BC - 717 BC
Born 771 BC
Alba Longa
Died 717 BC
Rome
Predecessor None
Successor Numa Pompilius
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