Information about Iupac Name
IUPAC nomenclature is a system of naming chemical compounds and of describing the science of chemistry in general. It is developed and kept up to date under the auspices of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
The rules for naming organic and inorganic compounds are contained in two publications, known as the Blue Book[1] and the Red Book[2] respectively. A third publication, known as the Green Book,[3] describes the recommendations for the use of symbols for physical quantities (in association with the IUPAP), while a fourth, the Gold Book,[4] contains the definitions of a large number of technical terms used in chemistry. Similar compendia exist for biochemistry[5] (in association with the IUBMB), analytical chemistry[6] and macromolecular chemistry [7]. These books are supplemented by shorter recommendations for specific circumstances which are published from time to time in the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry.
This article treats the system of nomenclature in general, notably its aims and historical development. Separate articles treat the naming of organic compounds and inorganic compounds in more detail.
It is also preferable that the name convey some information about the structure or chemistry of a compound. CAS numbers form an extreme example of names which do not perform this function: each refers to a single compound but none contain information about the structure. One might be tempted to add [7647-14-5] to one's meal, but not [133-43-9]—the former is sodium chloride, the latter sodium cyanide.
The form of nomenclature which should be used depends on the public to which it is addressed: as such there is no single correct form, but rather different forms which are more or less appropriate in different circumstances.
A common name will often suffice to identify a chemical compound in a particular set of circumstances. There is little risk that the "salt" on a dinner table will be sodium cyanide (technically a salt itself)! To be more generally applicable, the name should indicate at least the chemical formula: hence table salt is referred to chemically as sodium chloride, which indicates by the rules of inorganic nomenclature that the formula is NaCl. To be more specific still, the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms may need to be specified: there are occasions where it might be necessary to distinguish between sodium chloride (halite structure) (the common form) and cesium chloride (CsCl structure) (of theoretical interest only). In a few specific circumstances (such as the construction of large indices), it becomes necessary to ensure that each compound has a unique name: this requires the addition of extra rules to the standard IUPAC system (the CAS system is the most commonly used in this context), at the expense of having names which are longer and less familiar to most readers. Anther system gaining popularity is the International Chemical Identifier — while InChI symbols are not human readable, they contain complete information about substance structure. That makes them more general than CAS numbers.
The IUPAC system is often criticized for the above failures when they become relevant (for example in differing reactivity of sulfur allotropes which IUPAC doesn't distinguish). While IUPAC has a human-readable advantage over CAS numbering, it would be difficult to claim that the IUPAC names for some larger, relevant molecules (such as rapamycin) are human-readable, and so most researchers simply use the informal names.
The nomenclature of alchemy is rich in description, but does not effectively meet the aims outlined above. Opinions differ whether this was deliberate on the part of the early practitioners of alchemy or whether it was a consequence of the particular (and often esoteric) theoretical framework in which they worked.
While both explanations are probably valid to some extent, it is remarkable that the first "modern" system of chemical nomenclature appeared at the same time as the distinction (by Lavoisier) between elements and compounds, in the late eighteenth century.
The French chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau published his recommendations[8] in 1782, hoping that his "constant method of denomination" would "help the intelligence and relieve the memory". The system was refined in collaboration with Berthollet, de Fourcroy and Lavoisier,[9] and promoted by the latter in a textbook which would survive long after his death at the guillotine in 1794.[10] The project was also espoused by Jöns Jakob Berzelius,[11][12] who adapted the ideas for the German-speaking world.
The recommendations of Guyton covered only what would be today known as inorganic compounds. With the massive expansion of organic chemistry in the mid-nineteenth century and the greater understanding of the structure of organic compounds, the need for a less ad hoc system of nomenclature was felt just as the theoretical tools became available to make this possible. An international conference was convened in Geneva in 1892 by the national chemical societies, from which the first widely accepted proposals for standardization arose.[13]
A commission was set up in 1913 by the Council of the International Association of Chemical Societies, but its work was interrupted by World War I. After the war, the task passed to the newly formed International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which first appointed commissions for organic, inorganic and biochemical nomenclature in 1921 and continues to do so to this day.
To name a compound, some simple rules are followed:
For example, FeCl2 becomes:
The name of FeCl2 is: iron(II) chloride.
Analytical chemistry is the science that seeks ever improved means of measuring the chemical composition of natural and artificial materials.
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Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl.
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The rules for naming organic and inorganic compounds are contained in two publications, known as the Blue Book[1] and the Red Book[2] respectively. A third publication, known as the Green Book,[3] describes the recommendations for the use of symbols for physical quantities (in association with the IUPAP), while a fourth, the Gold Book,[4] contains the definitions of a large number of technical terms used in chemistry. Similar compendia exist for biochemistry[5] (in association with the IUBMB), analytical chemistry[6] and macromolecular chemistry [7]. These books are supplemented by shorter recommendations for specific circumstances which are published from time to time in the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry.
This article treats the system of nomenclature in general, notably its aims and historical development. Separate articles treat the naming of organic compounds and inorganic compounds in more detail.
Aims of chemical nomenclature
The primary function of chemical nomenclature is to ensure that the person who hears or reads a chemical name is under no ambiguity as to which chemical compound it refers: each name should refer to a single substance. It is considered less important to ensure that each substance should have a single name, although the number of acceptable names is limited.It is also preferable that the name convey some information about the structure or chemistry of a compound. CAS numbers form an extreme example of names which do not perform this function: each refers to a single compound but none contain information about the structure. One might be tempted to add [7647-14-5] to one's meal, but not [133-43-9]—the former is sodium chloride, the latter sodium cyanide.
The form of nomenclature which should be used depends on the public to which it is addressed: as such there is no single correct form, but rather different forms which are more or less appropriate in different circumstances.
A common name will often suffice to identify a chemical compound in a particular set of circumstances. There is little risk that the "salt" on a dinner table will be sodium cyanide (technically a salt itself)! To be more generally applicable, the name should indicate at least the chemical formula: hence table salt is referred to chemically as sodium chloride, which indicates by the rules of inorganic nomenclature that the formula is NaCl. To be more specific still, the three-dimensional arrangement of the atoms may need to be specified: there are occasions where it might be necessary to distinguish between sodium chloride (halite structure) (the common form) and cesium chloride (CsCl structure) (of theoretical interest only). In a few specific circumstances (such as the construction of large indices), it becomes necessary to ensure that each compound has a unique name: this requires the addition of extra rules to the standard IUPAC system (the CAS system is the most commonly used in this context), at the expense of having names which are longer and less familiar to most readers. Anther system gaining popularity is the International Chemical Identifier — while InChI symbols are not human readable, they contain complete information about substance structure. That makes them more general than CAS numbers.
The IUPAC system is often criticized for the above failures when they become relevant (for example in differing reactivity of sulfur allotropes which IUPAC doesn't distinguish). While IUPAC has a human-readable advantage over CAS numbering, it would be difficult to claim that the IUPAC names for some larger, relevant molecules (such as rapamycin) are human-readable, and so most researchers simply use the informal names.
History
)
First page of Lavoisier's Chymical Nomenclature in English.
The nomenclature of alchemy is rich in description, but does not effectively meet the aims outlined above. Opinions differ whether this was deliberate on the part of the early practitioners of alchemy or whether it was a consequence of the particular (and often esoteric) theoretical framework in which they worked.
While both explanations are probably valid to some extent, it is remarkable that the first "modern" system of chemical nomenclature appeared at the same time as the distinction (by Lavoisier) between elements and compounds, in the late eighteenth century.
The French chemist Louis-Bernard Guyton de Morveau published his recommendations[8] in 1782, hoping that his "constant method of denomination" would "help the intelligence and relieve the memory". The system was refined in collaboration with Berthollet, de Fourcroy and Lavoisier,[9] and promoted by the latter in a textbook which would survive long after his death at the guillotine in 1794.[10] The project was also espoused by Jöns Jakob Berzelius,[11][12] who adapted the ideas for the German-speaking world.
The recommendations of Guyton covered only what would be today known as inorganic compounds. With the massive expansion of organic chemistry in the mid-nineteenth century and the greater understanding of the structure of organic compounds, the need for a less ad hoc system of nomenclature was felt just as the theoretical tools became available to make this possible. An international conference was convened in Geneva in 1892 by the national chemical societies, from which the first widely accepted proposals for standardization arose.[13]
A commission was set up in 1913 by the Council of the International Association of Chemical Societies, but its work was interrupted by World War I. After the war, the task passed to the newly formed International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which first appointed commissions for organic, inorganic and biochemical nomenclature in 1921 and continues to do so to this day.
Types of nomenclature
Compositional nomenclature
e.g.hydrogenStock nomenclature/Classical
Stock nomenclature is used for naming inorganic compounds, and is based on the indication of the oxidation state of the metal cation.To name a compound, some simple rules are followed:
- The cationic element is named first.
- The oxidation state of the cation is then given, as roman numerals, in parentheses.
- The anionic element or group is then named. See list of common anion names
For example, FeCl2 becomes:
- iron
- (II)
- chloride
The name of FeCl2 is: iron(II) chloride.
Radical nomenclature
Substitutive nomenclature
Additive nomenclature
See also
- Name
- Nomenclature
- IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry
- IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry
- List of chemical compounds with unusual names
- Wikipedia:Naming conventions (chemistry) - for naming chemical compounds in Wikipedia
References
1. ^ Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Oxford:Pergamon Press, 1979; A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Recommendations 1993, Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993. (ISBN 3-540-41138-0)
2. ^ Connelly NG, McCleverty JA (2001). Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry II: recommendations 2000. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-487-6.
3. ^ Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (3rd Edn.), Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications. (2007)
4. ^ Compendium of Chemical Terminology, IUPAC Recommendations (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications. (1997)
5. ^ Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, London:Portland Press, 1992.
6. ^ Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature, Definitive Rules 1997 (3rd Edn.), Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1998.
7. ^ Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.
8. ^ Guyton de Morveau, L. B. (1782). J. Phys. '19, 310.
9. ^ Guyton de Morveau, L. B.; Lavoisier, A. L.; Berthollet, C. L.; de Fourcroy, A. F. (1787). Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique, Paris.
10. ^ Lavoisier, A. L. (1801). Traité Elémentaire de Chimie (3e edn.), Paris:Deterville.
11. ^ Berzelius, J. J. (1811). J. Phys. '73, 248.
12. ^ Jaime Wisniak (2000). "Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Guide to the Perplexed Chemist". The Chemical Educator 5 (6): 343-350. DOI:10.1007/s00897000430a.
13. ^ Bull. Soc. Chim. (Paris) '3'(7), xiii. (1892)
2. ^ Connelly NG, McCleverty JA (2001). Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry II: recommendations 2000. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry. ISBN 0-85404-487-6.
3. ^ Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry (3rd Edn.), Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications. (2007)
4. ^ Compendium of Chemical Terminology, IUPAC Recommendations (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications. (1997)
5. ^ Biochemical Nomenclature and Related Documents, London:Portland Press, 1992.
6. ^ Compendium of Analytical Nomenclature, Definitive Rules 1997 (3rd Edn.), Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1998.
7. ^ Compendium of Macromolecular Nomenclature, Oxford:Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1991.
8. ^ Guyton de Morveau, L. B. (1782). J. Phys. '19, 310.
9. ^ Guyton de Morveau, L. B.; Lavoisier, A. L.; Berthollet, C. L.; de Fourcroy, A. F. (1787). Méthode de Nomenclature Chimique, Paris.
10. ^ Lavoisier, A. L. (1801). Traité Elémentaire de Chimie (3e edn.), Paris:Deterville.
11. ^ Berzelius, J. J. (1811). J. Phys. '73, 248.
12. ^ Jaime Wisniak (2000). "Jöns Jacob Berzelius A Guide to the Perplexed Chemist". The Chemical Educator 5 (6): 343-350. DOI:10.1007/s00897000430a.
13. ^ Bull. Soc. Chim. (Paris) '3'(7), xiii. (1892)
External links
- IUPAC Provisional Recommendations for the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (2004) (online draft of an updated version of the "Red Book")
- IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (online version of the "Blue Book")
- IUPAC Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols, Terminology, etc. (includes IUBMB Recommendations for biochemistry)
- IUPAC Abbreviated list of quantities, units and symbols in physical chemistry (online version of the "Green Book")
- IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (online version of the "Gold Book", from IUPAC)
- IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (online version of the "Gold Book", from the RSC, allows free text searching.)
Nomenclature refers to a set or system of names or terms, as those used in a particular science or art, used by an individual or community.[1]
Nomenclature may refer to one of the following:
In biology:
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Nomenclature may refer to one of the following:
In biology:
- Botanical nomenclature
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The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) (IPA: [aɪ ju pæk]) is an international non-governmental organization established in 1919 devoted to the advancement of chemistry.
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organic compounds]] An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon; for historical reasons discussed below, a few types of compounds such as carbonates, carbon oxides and cyanides, as well as elemental carbon are
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inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral, not biological, origin. Complementarily, most organic compounds are traditionally viewed as being of biological origin.
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Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry Third Edition (ISBN 978-0-85404-433-7), also known as the Green Book, Prepared for publication by E. Richard Cohen, Tomislav Cvitas, Jeremy G Frey, Bertil Holmstrom, Kozo Kuchitsu, Roberto Marquardt, Franco Pavese, Martin
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Symbols are objects, characters, or other concrete representations of ideas, concepts, or other abstractions. For example, in the United States, Canada and Great Britain, a red octagon is a symbol for the traffic sign meaning "STOP".
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A physical quantity is either a physical property that can be measured (e.g. mass, volume, etc.), or the result of a measurement. The value of a physical quantity Q is expressed as the product of a numerical value and a physical unit [Q].
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Compendium of Chemical Terminology (ISBN 0-86542-684-8) is a book published by IUPAC containing internationally accepted definitions for terms in chemistry. Work on the first edition was initiated by Victor Gold, hence its informal name, the Gold Book.
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Biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes in living organisms.[1] The word "biochemistry" comes from the Greek word βιοχημεία biochēmeia, which means "the chemistry of life.
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For the journal, see .
Analytical chemistry is the science that seeks ever improved means of measuring the chemical composition of natural and artificial materials.
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Polymer chemistry or macromolecular chemistry is a multidisciplinary science that deals with the chemical synthesis and chemical properties of polymers or macromolecules.
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scientific journal is a publication intended to further the progress of science, usually by reporting new research. Most journals are highly specialized, although some of the oldest journals such as Nature
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Pure and Applied Chemistry (abb. Pure Appl. Chem.) is the official journal for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. It is published monthly and contains recommendations and reports, and lectures from symposia.
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The IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
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The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
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CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures and alloys. They are also referred to as CAS numbers, CAS RNs or CAS #s.
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- For sodium in the diet, see salt.
Sodium chloride, also known as common salt, table salt, or halite, is a chemical compound with the formula NaCl.
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Sodium cyanide is a highly toxic chemical compound, also known as sodium salt of hydrocyanic acid and cyanogran. Immediate medical attention is required in the event of cyanide poisoning, as it is quickly fatal.
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This article is about the term salt as referred to in chemistry. For the everyday meaning, see salt or its main ingredient, sodium chloride. For other meanings of the word salt, see salt (disambiguation).
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A chemical formula is a concise way of expressing information about the atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound. A chemical formula is also a short way of showing how a chemical reaction occurs.
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The IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is a systematic method of naming inorganic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
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Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) is a division of the American Chemical Society, and produces Chemical Abstracts, and related products. It is located in Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier (InChI) is a textual identifier for chemical substances, designed to provide a human-readable standard way to encode molecular information and to facilitate the search for such information in databases and on the web.
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Sirolimus (INN) is a relatively new immunosuppressant drug used to prevent rejection in organ transplantation, and is especially useful in kidney transplants. It is also known as rapamycin.
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In the history of science, alchemy (Arabic: الخيمياء, al-khimia) refers to both an early form of the investigation of nature and an early philosophical and spiritual discipline, both combining elements of chemistry,
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Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (August 26, 1743 – May 8, 1794), the father of modern chemistry [1], was a French nobleman prominent in the histories of chemistry, finance, biology, and economics.
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chemical element, or element, is a type of atom that is defined by its atomic number; that is, by the number of protons in its nucleus. The term is also used to refer to a pure chemical substance composed of atoms with the same number of protons.
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