Information about Iso 646
ISO 646 is an ISO standard that since 1972 has specified a 7-bit character code from which several national standards are derived. Since the portion of ISO 646 shared by all countries specified only those letters used in the English alphabet, other countries using the Latin alphabet with extensions needed to create national variants of ISO 646 to be able to use their native languages. Since universal acceptance of the 8 bit byte did not exist at that time, the national characters had to be made to fit within the constraints of 7 bits, meaning that some characters that appear in ASCII do not appear in other national variants of ISO 646.
During the 1960s, there was debate regarding whether character encoding standards (at either the national or international levels) for computers should follow 1) existing practice in the telecommunications industry (which was largely paper-tape based, but which was commonly transmitted on-line digitally over wires) or, conversely, 2) existing practice in the punched-card portion of the computer industry, whose heritage was especially the off-line storage of World War II-era electro-mechanical punched-card machines predating electronic computers. For obvious corporate-history reasons regarding Hollerith punched cards, IBM sided with the punched-card character encodings, embodied by EBCDIC, whereas many other computer manufacturers sided with the telecommunications industry's character encodings.
The ISO 8859 series of standards governing 8-bit character encodings supersede the ISO 646 international standard and its national variants. The ISO 10646 standard, directly related to Unicode, supersedes all of ISO 646's and ISO 8859's sets of national-variant character encodings with arguably one unified set of character encodings.
Other proprietary standards approved later for international use by some standard committees:
The specifics of the changes for some of these variants are given in this table:
In the table above, the cells with non-white background emphasize the differences from the US variant used in the Basic Latin subset of ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode.
The characters displayed in cells with red background could be used as combining diacritics, when preceded or followed with a backspace C0 control (this encoding method is deprecated or is not recommended as it was part of some withdrawn national standards). Without such complex encoding, they are no different from the symbols used in the US variant (although glyph variants are still possible, especially on the quotation marks, and circumflex or tilde symbols).
Later, when 8 bit character sets gained more acceptance, ISO 8859-1, ISO 8859-2, and ISO 8859-3 became the preferred method of coding most of these variants.
Spanish, Castilian}}}
Writing system: Latin (Spanish variant)
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: —
Spanish (
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History
ISO/IEC 646 and its predecessor ASCII, ANSI X3.4, largely endorses existing practice regarding character encodings in the telecommunications industry's networkDuring the 1960s, there was debate regarding whether character encoding standards (at either the national or international levels) for computers should follow 1) existing practice in the telecommunications industry (which was largely paper-tape based, but which was commonly transmitted on-line digitally over wires) or, conversely, 2) existing practice in the punched-card portion of the computer industry, whose heritage was especially the off-line storage of World War II-era electro-mechanical punched-card machines predating electronic computers. For obvious corporate-history reasons regarding Hollerith punched cards, IBM sided with the punched-card character encodings, embodied by EBCDIC, whereas many other computer manufacturers sided with the telecommunications industry's character encodings.
The ISO 8859 series of standards governing 8-bit character encodings supersede the ISO 646 international standard and its national variants. The ISO 10646 standard, directly related to Unicode, supersedes all of ISO 646's and ISO 8859's sets of national-variant character encodings with arguably one unified set of character encodings.
National variants
Some national variants of ISO 646 are:
|
|
Other proprietary standards approved later for international use by some standard committees:
|
|
The specifics of the changes for some of these variants are given in this table:
| Codes | Characters for each ISO 646 compatible charset | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| binary | decimal | hexa | INV | US | T.61 | JA | JA-O | KR | CN | IRV | GB | DK | NO | NO-2 | SE | SE-C | DE | HU | FR | FR-0 | CA-1 | CA-2 | IE | IS | ita | por | PT | esp | ES | CU | MT | YU |
| 010 0010 | 34 | 22 | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " | " |
| 010 0011 | 35 | 23 | # | # | # | # | # | # | # | £ | # | # | § | # | # | # | # | £ | £ | # | # | £ | # | £ | # | £ | # | # | # | # | # | |
| 010 0100 | 36 | 24 | $ | ¤ | $ | $ | $ | ¥ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ¤ | ¤ | $ | ¤ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | $ | ¤ | $ | $ | |
| 010 1001 | 39 | 27 | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ' | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ' | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? |
| 010 1100 | 44 | 2C | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , | , |
| 010 1101 | 45 | 2D | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| 010 1111 | 47 | 2F | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / | / |
| 100 0000 | 64 | 40 | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | @ | É | § | Á | à | à | à | à | Ó | Ğ | § | § | ´ | § | · | @ | @ | ? | |
| 101 1011 | 91 | 5B | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | [ | Æ | Æ | Æ | Ä | Ä | Ä | É | ° | ° | â | â | É | Ş | ° | Ã | Ã | ¡ | ¡ | ¡ | g | ? | |
| 101 1100 | 92 | 5C | align="center" | ¥ | ¥ | ? | align="center" | align="center" | align="center" | Ø | Ø | Ø | Ö | Ö | Ö | Ö | ç | ç | ç | ç | Í | align="center" | ç | Ç | Ç | Ñ | Ñ | Ñ | z | Ğ | ||
| 101 1101 | 93 | 5D | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | ] | Å | Å | Å | Å | Å | Ü | Ü | § | § | ê | ê | Ú | Æ | é | Õ | Õ | ¿ | Ç | ] | h | C | |
| 101 1110 | 94 | 5E | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | ? | Ü | ? | ? | ^ | ? | î | É | Á | Ö | ? | ? | ? | ? | ¿ | ¿ | ? | C | ||
| 101 1111 | 95 | 5F | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ | _ |
| 110 0000 | 96 | 60 | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | é | ` | á | µ | µ | ô | ô | ó | ğ | ù | ` | ` | ` | ` | ` | c | ? | |||
| 111 1011 | 123 | 7B | { | { | { | { | { | { | { | æ | æ | æ | ä | ä | ä | é | é | é | é | é | é | ş | à | ã | ã | ° | ´ | ´ | G | ? | ||
| 111 1100 | 124 | 7C | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | ø | ø | ø | ö | ö | ö | ö | ù | ù | ù | ù | í | | | ò | ç | ç | ñ | ñ | ñ | Z | d | |
| 111 1101 | 125 | 7D | } | } | } | } | } | } | } | å | å | å | å | å | ü | ü | è | è | è | è | ú | æ | è | õ | õ | ç | ç | [ | H | c | ||
| 111 1110 | 126 | 7E | ~ | ? | ? | ~ | ? | ? | ? | ¯ | | | ? | ü | ß | ? | ¨ | ¨ | û | û | á | ö | ì | ° | ? | ? | ¨ | ¨ | C | c | |||
The characters displayed in cells with red background could be used as combining diacritics, when preceded or followed with a backspace C0 control (this encoding method is deprecated or is not recommended as it was part of some withdrawn national standards). Without such complex encoding, they are no different from the symbols used in the US variant (although glyph variants are still possible, especially on the quotation marks, and circumflex or tilde symbols).
Later, when 8 bit character sets gained more acceptance, ISO 8859-1, ISO 8859-2, and ISO 8859-3 became the preferred method of coding most of these variants.
Variants of ASCII that are not ISO 646
There are also some 7-bit character sets that are not officially part of the ISO 646 standard. Examples include:- 7-bit Greek, ELOT 927. The Greek alphabet is mapped to positions 0x61–0x71 and 0x73–0x79, on top of the Latin lowercase letters. This mapping with the high bit set is ISO 8859-7.
- 7-bit Cyrillic, KOI-7 or Short KOI. The Cyrillic characters are mapped to positions 0x60–0x7E, on top of the Latin lowercase letters. Superseded by the KOI-8 variants.
- 7-bit Hebrew, SI 960. The Hebrew alphabet is mapped to positions 0x60–0x7A, on top of the lowercase Latin letters (and grave accent for aleph). 7-bit Hebrew was always stored in visual order. This mapping with the high bit set, i.e. with the Hebrew letters in 0xE0–0xFA, is ISO 8859-8.
- 7-bit Arabic, ASMO 449. The Arabic alphabet is mapped to positions 0x41–0x5A and 0x60–0x6A, on top of both uppercase and lowercase Latin letters. This mapping with the high bit set is ISO 8859-6.
See also
External links
- Zeichensatz nach ISO 646 (ASCII) (in German)
- History at GNU Aspell website
- Character Tables by Koichi Yasuoka (see Domestic ISO646 Character Tables and Quasi-ISO646 Character Tables)
- Turkish Text Deasciifier a tool (based on statistical pentagram analysis of the Turkish language) which reverts an ASCII'fied Turkish text by determining the appropriate (but ambiguous) diacritics normally needed in Turkish but missing in the US-ASCII set.
International Organization for Standardization (Organisation internationale de normalisation), widely known as ISO, is an international standard-setting body composed of representatives from various national standards organizations.
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BIT is an acronym for:
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- Bannari amman Institute of Technology
- Bangalore Institute of Technology
- Beijing Institute of Technology
- Benzisothiazolinone
- Bilateral Investment Treaty
- Bhilai Institute of Technology - Durg
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The modern English alphabet consists of the 26 letters[1] of the Latin alphabet:
Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Minuscule Forms (also called
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Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Minuscule Forms (also called
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Latin alphabet
Child systems Numerous: see Alphabets derived from the Latin
Sister systems Cyrillic
Coptic
Armenian
Runic/Futhark
Unicode range See Latin characters in Unicode
ISO 15924 Latn
Note
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Child systems Numerous: see Alphabets derived from the Latin
Sister systems Cyrillic
Coptic
Armenian
Runic/Futhark
Unicode range See Latin characters in Unicode
ISO 15924 Latn
Note
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byte (pronounced /baɪt/) is a unit of measurement of information storage, most often consisting of eight bits. In many computer architectures it is a unit of memory addressing.
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American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), generally pronounced ask-ee IPA: /ˈæski/ ( [1] ), is a character encoding based on the English alphabet.
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American National Standards Institute or ANSI (IPA pronunciation: [ænsiː]) is a private nonprofit organization that oversees the development of voluntary consensus standards for products, services, processes,
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Telecommunication is the transmission of signals over a distance for the purpose of communication. In modern times, this process typically involves the sending of electromagnetic waves by electronic transmitters, but in earlier times telecommunication may have involved the use of
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Centuries: 19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
- -
-
Their 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive.
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1930s 1940s 1950s - 1960s - 1970s 1980s 1990s
1960 1961 1962 1963 1964
1965 1966 1967 1968 1969
- -
-
Their 1960s decade refers to the years from 1960 to 1969, inclusive.
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Allied powers:
Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
Italy
...et al.
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Soviet Union
United States
United Kingdom
China
France
...et al. Axis powers:
Germany
Japan
Italy
...et al.
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computer is a machine which manipulates data according to a list of instructions.
Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
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Computers take numerous physical forms. The first devices that resemble modern computers date to the mid-20th century (around 1940 - 1941), although the computer concept and various machines
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Herman Hollerith (February 29, 1860 – November 17, 1929) was a German-American statistician who developed a mechanical tabulator based on punched cards in order to rapidly tabulate statistics from millions of pieces of data.
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International Business Machines Corporation
Public (NYSE: IBM )
Founded 1889, incorporated 1911
Headquarters Armonk, New York, USA
Key people Samuel J.
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Public (NYSE: IBM )
Founded 1889, incorporated 1911
Headquarters Armonk, New York, USA
Key people Samuel J.
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Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC) is an 8-bit character encoding (code page) used on IBM mainframe operating systems, like z/OS, OS/390, VM and VSE, as well as IBM minicomputer operating systems like OS/400 and i5/OS (see also Binary Coded Decimal).
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ISO 8859, more formally ISO/IEC 8859, is a joint ISO and IEC standard for 8-bit character encodings for use by computers. The standard is divided into numbered, separately published parts, such as ISO/IEC 8859-1, ISO/IEC 8859-2, etc.
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The international standard ISO/IEC 10646 defines the Universal Character Set (UCS) as a character set on which many encodings are based. It contains nearly a hundred thousand abstract characters, each identified by an unambiguous name and an integer number called its
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Unicode is an industry standard allowing computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in any of the world's writing systems. Developed in tandem with the Universal Character Set standard and published in book form as The Unicode Standard
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This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
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Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
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French (français, pronounced [fʁɑ̃ˈsɛ]) is a Romance language originally spoken in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland, and today by about 300 million people around the world as either
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This page is currently protected from editing until disputes have been resolved.
Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
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Protection is not an endorsement of the current [ version] ([ protection log]).
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French (français, pronounced [fʁɑ̃ˈsɛ]) is a Romance language originally spoken in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Switzerland, and today by about 300 million people around the world as either
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Anthem
March of the Volunteers (义勇军进行曲)
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March of the Volunteers (义勇军进行曲)
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Motto
Patria y Libertad (Spanish)
"Patriotism and Liberty" a
Anthem
La Bayamesa
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Patria y Libertad (Spanish)
"Patriotism and Liberty" a
Anthem
La Bayamesa
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Spanish, Castilian}}}
Writing system: Latin (Spanish variant)
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: —
Spanish (
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DIN or Din or din can have several meanings:-
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- A din is a loud noise.
- Dīn, an Arabic term meaning "religion" or "way of life".
- Din (Kabbalah) is one of the ten aspects of the Ein Sof in Kabbalah (more commonly known as "Gevurah").
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Anthem
"Das Lied der Deutschen" (third stanza)
also called "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
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"Das Lied der Deutschen" (third stanza)
also called "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
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German language (Deutsch, ] ) is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages.
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Motto
none
(Royal motto: Guds hjælp, Folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke
"The Help of God, the Love of the People, the Strength of Denmark" )
Anthem
Der er et yndigt land (national)
Kong Christian
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none
(Royal motto: Guds hjælp, Folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke
"The Help of God, the Love of the People, the Strength of Denmark" )
Anthem
Der er et yndigt land (national)
Kong Christian
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Danish}}}
Official status
Official language of: Denmark
Greenland
Faroe Islands
European Union
Nordic Council
Regulated by: Dansk Sprognævn ("Danish Language Committee")
Language codes
ISO 639-1: da
ISO 639-2:
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Official status
Official language of: Denmark
Greenland
Faroe Islands
European Union
Nordic Council
Regulated by: Dansk Sprognævn ("Danish Language Committee")
Language codes
ISO 639-1: da
ISO 639-2:
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Association française de Normalisation (AFNOR) is the French national organization for standardization and is that country's ISO member body.
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See also
- International Organization for Standardization
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Herod_Archelaus
