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Information about Hypertext Fiction

Hypertext fiction is a genre of electronic literature, characterized by the use of hypertext links which provides a new context for non-linearity in "literature" and reader interaction. The reader typically chooses links to move from one node of text to the next, and in this fashion arranges a story from a deeper pool of potential stories. Its spirit can also be seen in interactive fiction.

The term can also be used to describe traditionally-published books in which a non-linear and interactive narrative is achieved through internal references. Vladimir Nabokov's Pale Fire (1962) and Julio Cortázar's Rayuela (1963; translated as Hopscotch) are early examples (predating the word hypertext), while a common pop-culture example is the "Choose Your Own Adventure" format of young adult fiction.

History

The first hypertext fictions were published prior to the development of the World Wide Web, using software such as Storyspace and Hypercard. Michael Joyce's Afternoon, a story, first presented in 1987 and published by Eastgate Systems in 1991, is generally considered one of the first hypertext fictions; although Alan Lance Andersen's hypertext fantasy story Elfland catacombs (Winterhearth: 1981) was published several years earlier using Commodore Basic programming. Afternoon was followed by a series of other Storyspace hypertext fictions from Eastgate Systems, including Stuart Moulthrop's Victory Garden, its name was Penelope by Judy Malloy, (whose hyperfiction Uncle Roger was published online on Artcom Electronic Network on The WELL from 1986-1987) Carolyn Guyer's Quibbling, Shelley Jackson's Patchwork Girl and Deena Larsen's Marble Springs. Judy Malloy's l0ve0ne, created in 1994, was the first selection in the Eastgate Web Workshop.

Douglas Cooper's Delirium (1994) was the first novel serialized on the World Wide Web; it permitted navigation between four parallel story strands. Shortly thereafter, in 1997, Mark Amerika released GRAMMATRON, a significantly more multi-linear work which was eventually exhibited in art galleries. In 2000, it was included in the Whitney Biennial of American Art. [1][2]

Some other web examples of hypertext fiction include Adrienne Eisen's Six Sex Scenes (1995), Stuart Moulthrop's Hegirascope, (1995,1997) Sunshine 69, The Unknown (which won the trAce(Alt X award in 1998), The Company Therapist, and Caitlin Fischer's These Waves of Girls (2001) (which won the ELO award for fiction in 2001).

The internationally oriented but U.S. based Electronic Literature Organization (ELO) was founded in 1999 to promote the creation and enjoyment of electronic literature. Other organisations for the promotion of electronic literature include trAce Online Writing Community, a British organisation that has fostered electronic literature in the UK, Dichtung Digital, a journal of criticism of electronic literature in English and German, and ELINOR, a network for electronic literature in the Nordic countries, which provides a directory of Nordic electronic literature. The Electronic Literature Directory lists many works of electronic literature in English and other languages.

See also

References

External links

Electronic literature is "work with an important literary aspect that takes advantage of the capabilities and contexts provided by the stand-alone or networked computer" [1].
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Hypertext most often refers to text on a computer that will lead the user to other, related information on demand. Hypertext represents a relatively recent innovation to user interfaces, which overcomes some of the limitations of written text.
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Interactive fiction, often abbreviated IF, describes software simulating environments in which players use text commands to control characters and influence the environment. Works in this form can be understood as literary narratives and as computer games.
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Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov

Born: April 22 [O.S. April 10] 1899
Saint Petersburg, Russia
Died: July 2 1977 (aged 78)
Montreux, Switzerland
Occupation: novelist, lepidopterist, professor
Literary movement: Modernism, Postmodernism
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Pale Fire

First US edition of Pale Fire
Author Vladimir Nabokov
Country United States
Language English
Genre(s) Literary
Publisher G. P.
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Julio Cortázar (August 26, 1914 – February 12, 1984) was a Belgian-born Argentine intellectual and author of several experimental novels and many short stories.

Early life


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Hopscotch
Author Julio Cortázar
Original title Rayuela
Country Argentina
Language Spanish
Genre(s) Episodic novel
Publisher Editorial Sudamericana, Argentina
Publication date 1963
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Choose Your Own Adventure is a series of children's gamebooks first published by Bantam Books from 1979-1998 and currently being re-published by Chooseco. Each story is written from a second-person point of view, with the reader assuming the role of the protagonist and
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World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, a user views web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks.
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Michael Joyce (b. 1945) is a professor of English at Vassar College, NY, USA. He is also an important author and critic of hypertext fiction and electronic literature.
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Afternoon, a story is a work of electronic literature written in 1987 by American author Michael Joyce. It was published by Eastgate Systems in 1990 and is known as the first hypertext fiction.
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1950s  1960s  1970s  - 1980s -  1990s  2000s  2010s
1984 1985 1986 - 1987 - 1988 1989 1990

Year 1987 (MCMLXXXVII
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Eastgate Systems, Inc.

corporation
Founded December 1982
Headquarters Watertown, Massachusetts

Industry Macintosh software industry Windows software industry Electronic publishing
Products Mac OS, Mac OS X and Windows software
Website www.eastgate.
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1960s  1970s  1980s  - 1990s -  2000s  2010s  2020s
1988 1989 1990 - 1991 - 1992 1993 1994

Year 1991 (MCMXCI
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Elfland Catacombs is one of the earliest examples of hypertext fiction. It was published by Winterhearth company in 1981, several years before Michael Joyce's Afternoon, a story (which is generally thought to be "the first hypertext fiction").
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Eastgate Systems, Inc.

corporation
Founded December 1982
Headquarters Watertown, Massachusetts

Industry Macintosh software industry Windows software industry Electronic publishing
Products Mac OS, Mac OS X and Windows software
Website www.eastgate.
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Shelley Jackson

Jackson in 2005.
Born: 1963 (age 44)
The Philippines
Occupation: Novelist, artist
Nationality: American
Debut works: Patchwork Girl (1995)
Influences: L.
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Douglas Anthony Cooper (born 1960 in Toronto, Ontario, Canada) is a writer who lives in Oaxaca, Mexico. He is often compared to metaphysical novelists like Italo Calvino and Milan Kundera, and many critics, including The New York Times, have likened him to Vladimir Nabokov.
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Editing of this page by unregistered or newly registered users is currently disabled until (UTC) due to vandalism.
If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or
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World Wide Web (commonly shortened to the Web) is a system of interlinked, hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, a user views web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia and navigates between them using hyperlinks.
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Mark Amerika is an American artist and author.

Career

Amerika received his MFA from Brown University. After publishing two cult-novels, The Kafka Chronicles and Sexual Blood , he turned his energy towards net art.
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The Whitney Museum of American Art, often referred to simply as "the Whitney", harbors one of the most important collections of 20th century American art. Located in New York City, USA, the Whitney's permanent collection contains more than 12,000 works in a wide variety of media.
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19th century - 20th century - 21st century
1960s  1970s  1980s  - 1990s -  2000s  2010s  2020s
1995 1996 1997 - 1998 - 1999 2000 2001

Year 1998 (MCMXCVIII
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21st century - 22nd century
1970s  1980s  1990s  - 2000s -  2010s  2020s  2030s
1998 1999 2000 - 2001 - 2002 2003 2004

2001 by topic:
News by month
Jan - Feb - Mar - Apr - May - Jun
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The Electronic Literature Organisation (ELO) is a nonprofit organisation initiated in 1999 to promote the creation and enjoyment of electronic literature. Until 2005, the organisation was based at the University of California, Los Angeles.
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20th century - 21st century
1960s  1970s  1980s  - 1990s -  2000s  2010s  2020s
1996 1997 1998 - 1999 - 2000 2001 2002

Year 1999 (MCMXCIX
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Jay David Bolter is a professor of Language, Communication and Culture at the Georgia Institute of Technology. Some of his main points of study include the evolution of media, the usage of technology in education, and the role of computers in the writing process.
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J. Yellowlees Douglas is an Associate Professor of Management Communication at the University of Florida. She has spent much of the past decade researching hypertext fiction and interactive fiction.
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N. Katherine Hayles (16 December, 1943 - ) is a noted postmodern literary critic and theorist as well as the author of How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature and Informatics which won the Rene Wellek Prize
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Hypertext poetry, a form of e-poetry, is hard to delineate, since it is often very visual, thus seeping into hypertext fiction and visual arts. A definition would include its use of links using hypertext mark-up.
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