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Information about Hutu

Hutu
Total population
5-9.5 million
Regions with significant populations
Rwanda, Burundi, Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (mainly refugees)
Languages
Kirundi, Kinyarwanda, French
Religions
Catholicism, Protestantism, Sunni Islam, indigenous beliefs.
Related ethnic groups
Tutsi
The Hutu are a Central African ethnic group, living mainly in Rwanda and Burundi.

Population statistics

The Hutu are the largest of the three ethnic groups in Burundi and Rwanda; according to the United States Central Intelligence Agency, 84% of Rwandans[1] and 85% of Burundians[2] are Hutu, although other sources have found statistics that differ by several percent.[3] The division between the Hutu and the Tutsi, the larger of the other two groups, is based more upon social class than ethnicity, as there are no significant lingual, physical, or cultural differences between them. (The Twa pygmies, the smallest of Rwanda and Burundi's three groups, also share language and culture with the Hutu and Tutsi, but are much shorter and have agreed-upon genetic differences.)[4][5]

Competing theories about origins

Main article: Origins of Tutsi and Hutu
The Hutu arrived in Africa's Great Lakes region during the 1000s, displacing the Twa pygmies,[6] and dominated the area with a series of small kingdoms until the arrival of the Tutsi. Several theories exist to explain the Tutsi and their differences (if any) from the Hutu. One is that the Tutsi were a Hamitic people who migrated south from what is now Ethiopia, conquering the Hutu kingdoms and establishing dominance over the Hutu and Twa between the 1400s and the 1700s.[6] However, an alternate theory, that the Hutu and Tutsi were originally one people, but were artificially divided by German and then Belgian colonists so the Tutsi minority could serve as local overseers for Berlin and Brussels, has received support among those supporting Rwandan national unity, but may be an attempt at historical revisionism.[7][8] Still others suggest that the two groups are related but not identical, and that the differences between the two were exacerbated by Europeans[9] or by a gradual, natural split as those who owned cattle became known as Tutsi and those who didn't became Hutu.[5] Mahmood Mamdani states that the Belgian colonial power designated people as Tutsi or Hutu on the basis of cattle ownership, physical measurements and church records.[10]

Post-colonial history of the Hutu and Tutsi

The Belgian-sponsored Tutsi monarchy survived until 1959, when Kigeli V was exiled from the colony (then called Ruanda-Urundi.) In Burundi, Tutsis, who are the minority, maintained control of the government and military. In Rwanda, the political power was transferred from the minority Tutsi to the majority Hutu.

In Burundi, there was a well prepared genocide against Hutu population in 1972,[11] and an estimated 500,000 Hutu and moderate Tutsi died. Those who participated in that genocide are free after the current government of Burundi continue to urge all the people to forgive each other on all of the killings. There have been other mass killings against the Hutu population in Burundi, like in 1988, when the government struck innocent civilians in the region of Ntenga and Marangara in Burundi. In 1993, Burundi's first democratically elected Hutu president, Melchior Ndadaye, was assassinated. It was widely believed that the assassins were Tutsi extremists and this lead to an attack on the Tutsi by the Hutu population. These mass killings are recognised as a genocide in the final report of the International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi presented to the United Nations Security Council in 2002.[12]

In Rwanda, the opposite occurred, Hutus killed thousands of Tutsis.[13] Tutsis, however, remained in control of Burundi. During the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, United Nations peacekeepers stepped back as Hutu extremists killed[14] around 800,000 Tutsis,[15] as well as moderate Hutu politicians. About 30% of the Twa population of Rwanda also died in the fighting.[16]

As of 2006, violence between the Hutu and Tutsi has subsided, but the situation in both Rwanda and Burundi is still tense, and tens of thousands of Rwandans are still living outside the country (see Great Lakes refugee crisis).[1]

See also

References

1. ^ CIA World Factbook writers. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html#People Rwanda: People]. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
2. ^ CIA World Factbook writers. [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/by.html#People Burundi: People]. CIA World Factbook. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
3. ^ Kinyarwanda. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
4. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica writers. Twa. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 2006-11-01.
5. ^ The Meaning of “Hutu,” “Tutsi,” and “Twa”. Human Rights Watch (1999). Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
6. ^ Burundi. Lonely Planet Publications. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
7. ^ Joseph Mutaboba. I am Rwandese (at bottom of page). New Internationalist. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
8. ^ Saumitra Sen (2006-10-30). Invasion Theories. Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
9. ^ Vernellia R., Randall (2006-02-16). Sexual Violence and Genocide Against Tutsi Women. University of Dayton. Retrieved on 2007-01-03.
10. ^ Mahmood Mamdani (2001) When Victims Become Killers: Colonialism, Nativism, and the Genocide in Rwanda, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
11. ^ Staff. pastgenocides, Burundi resources on the website of Prevent Genocide International lists the following resources:
  • Michael Bowen, Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi, 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp.
  • René Lemarchand, Selective genocide in Burundi (Report - Minority Rights Group ; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp.
  • Rene Lemarchand, Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide (New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and Cambridge University Press, 1996), 232 pp.
  • Edward L. Nyankanzi, Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi (Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp.
  • Christian P. Scherrer, Genocide and crisis in Central Africa : conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn. : Praeger, 2002.
  • Weissman, Stephen R. "Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy", United States Institute of Peace

12. ^ International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report Source Name: United Nations Security Council, S/1996/682; received from Ambassador Thomas Ndikumana, Burundi Ambassador to the United States, Date received: 7 June 2002. Paragraph 496.
13. ^ The Hutu Revolution. Human Rights Watch (1999). Retrieved on 2006-10-31.
14. ^ Timeline of the genocide. PBS. Retrieved on 2006-12-30.
15. ^ "How the genocide happened", BBC, 2004-04-01. Retrieved on 2006-10-31. 
16. ^ "Minorities Under Siege: Pygmies today in Africa", UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-12-11. 

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Kirundi (also written Rundi) is a Bantu language (D62 in Guthrie's classification) spoken by some 6 million people in Burundi and adjacent parts of Tanzania and Congo-Kinshasa, as well as in Uganda. 84% of the speakers are Hutu, 15% are Tutsi and 1% are Twa.
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Kinyarwanda is the chief spoken language in Rwanda. It is also spoken in the east of D.R. Congo and in the south of Uganda (Bufumbira-area). It is a tonal language of the Bantu language family (Guthrie D61).
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Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu. A Human Rights Watch analysis estimated that 77% of the Tutsi population of Rwanda was slaughtered in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994.
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Tutsi are one of three native peoples of the nations of Rwanda and Burundi in central Africa, the other two being the Twa and the Hutu. A Human Rights Watch analysis estimated that 77% of the Tutsi population of Rwanda was slaughtered in the Rwandan Genocide of 1994.
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Twa, also known as Batwa, are a pygmy people who were the oldest recorded inhabitants of the Great Lakes region of central Africa. Current populations are found in the nations of Rwanda, Burundi, Uganda, and the eastern portion of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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