Information about Human Ecology
Human ecology is an academic discipline that deals with the relationship between humans and their natural, social and created environments. Human ecology investigates how humans and human societies interact with nature and with their environment.
In the 1970's William R. Catton and Riley E. Dunlap built on earlier works by Chicago School's Robert E. Park and Hawley. One main idea of Catton and Dunlap was to go away from the Durkheimian paradigm of explaining social facts only with social facts. Instead, they included physical and biological facts as independent variables influencing social structure and other social phenomena. This change of paradigm can be described as a change from a classical sociological view of human exemptionalism to a new view (named new ecological paradigm by Catton and Dunlap). Humans are no longer seen as an exceptional species that uses culture to adapt to new environments and environmental change, influenced more by social than by biological variables, but rather as one species out of many that interacts with a bounded natural environment.
In contrast to the Chicago School of Human Ecology developed by Park, Burgess, and Mckenzie during the 1920s, contemporary research in the School of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine goes beyond the biological and economic foundations of human ecology to provide a broader, cross-disciplinary perspective on the ways in which human-environment relations are jointly influenced by physical environmental, political, legal, psychological, cultural, and societal forces ([1] [2] This emphasis is shared by the Centre for Human Ecology, Scotland ([3]
A line of conflict between this new paradigm and the classical sociological approach is the de-valuating of society and culture. Human ecology views human communities and human populations as part of the ecosystem of earth. In this view, sociology would be only a sub-discipline of ecology -- the special ecology of the species Homo sapiens sapiens. Of course, this is seen as an affront by most sociologists.
It is disputed whether human ecology is properly seen as a sub-discipline of anthropology, sociology or ecology. A point that strengthens the latter position is the methodological approach of human ecology, that is orientation rather along the lines of natural science than the social sciences. Since the focus of Human Ecology is the way in which humans adapt, biologically and culturally, to their environment, Anthropology is clearly one of the parent disciplines. The inclusion or exclusion of human ecology in sociology proper varies between countries and schools of sociological thinking. Environmental sociology is a field of sociology which encompasses the interactions between humans and nature/natural environment, but is rooted in the methodological and theoretical canon of sociology. Sometimes human ecology is seen as part of environmental sociology, sometimes it is seen as something completely different. Influences can also be seen between human ecology and the field of political ecology.
Historically, University departments of Human Ecology have drawn, to some degree, on faculty from Women's and Gender Studies and other faculty specializing in child development and other studies of the family.
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Establishing the field of human ecology
In the USA, human ecology was established as a sociological field in the 1920's, although geographers were using the term much earlier. Amos H. Hawley published Human Ecology -- A Theory of Community Structure in 1950. He dedicated the book to one of the pioneers in the field who had begun writing the work with Hawley, R.D. McKenzie. Hawley contributed other works to the development of the field. In 1961, an important reader, Studies in Human Ecology, was published (edited by George A. Theodorson).In the 1970's William R. Catton and Riley E. Dunlap built on earlier works by Chicago School's Robert E. Park and Hawley. One main idea of Catton and Dunlap was to go away from the Durkheimian paradigm of explaining social facts only with social facts. Instead, they included physical and biological facts as independent variables influencing social structure and other social phenomena. This change of paradigm can be described as a change from a classical sociological view of human exemptionalism to a new view (named new ecological paradigm by Catton and Dunlap). Humans are no longer seen as an exceptional species that uses culture to adapt to new environments and environmental change, influenced more by social than by biological variables, but rather as one species out of many that interacts with a bounded natural environment.
In contrast to the Chicago School of Human Ecology developed by Park, Burgess, and Mckenzie during the 1920s, contemporary research in the School of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine goes beyond the biological and economic foundations of human ecology to provide a broader, cross-disciplinary perspective on the ways in which human-environment relations are jointly influenced by physical environmental, political, legal, psychological, cultural, and societal forces ([1] [2] This emphasis is shared by the Centre for Human Ecology, Scotland ([3]
A line of conflict between this new paradigm and the classical sociological approach is the de-valuating of society and culture. Human ecology views human communities and human populations as part of the ecosystem of earth. In this view, sociology would be only a sub-discipline of ecology -- the special ecology of the species Homo sapiens sapiens. Of course, this is seen as an affront by most sociologists.
It is disputed whether human ecology is properly seen as a sub-discipline of anthropology, sociology or ecology. A point that strengthens the latter position is the methodological approach of human ecology, that is orientation rather along the lines of natural science than the social sciences. Since the focus of Human Ecology is the way in which humans adapt, biologically and culturally, to their environment, Anthropology is clearly one of the parent disciplines. The inclusion or exclusion of human ecology in sociology proper varies between countries and schools of sociological thinking. Environmental sociology is a field of sociology which encompasses the interactions between humans and nature/natural environment, but is rooted in the methodological and theoretical canon of sociology. Sometimes human ecology is seen as part of environmental sociology, sometimes it is seen as something completely different. Influences can also be seen between human ecology and the field of political ecology.
Historically, University departments of Human Ecology have drawn, to some degree, on faculty from Women's and Gender Studies and other faculty specializing in child development and other studies of the family.
Quotes on human ecology
Human Ecology is an interdisciplinary applied field that uses a holistic approach to help people solve problems and enhance human potential within their near environments - their clothing, family, home, and community. Human Ecologists promote the well-being of individuals, families, and communities through education, prevention, and empowerment.– [4]
Human ecology explores not only the influence of humans on their environment but also the influence of the environment on human behaviour, and their adaptive strategies as they come to understand those influences better. [...] For us, human ecology is a methodology as much as an area of research. It is a way of thinking about the world, and a context in which we define our questions and ways to answer those questions [...]– [5]
See also
- Robert E. Park
- Ernest Burgess
- Charles Galpin
- John Paul Goode
- Garrett Hardin
- Osbert Lancaster
- Alastair McIntosh
- Daniel Stokols
- Louis Wirth
- Peter Wessel Zapffe
- Environmental communication
- Ecology, espc. Ecology#Human ecology
- Integral theory
- Environmental Psychology
- Human behavioral ecology
- Sociobiology
- Rural sociology
- Environmental sociology
- Personal life
- Important publications in human ecology
External links
Educational Institution Links and Program Information- Australian National University : Human Ecology Studies
- Australasian School of Human Ecology
- Bitonte College : Health & Human Ecology
- Brescia U. : Human Ecology, Food and Nutrition
- Cameron U. : Psych. & Human Ecology
- Cinvestav : Maestría en Ecología Humana
- College of Human Ecology at Kansas State University
- College of the Atlantic, College of the Atlantic
- College of Human Ecology at Cornell
- Department of Human Ecology at Rutgers University, New Jersey, U.S.
- http://www.hecol.ualberta.ca/ Degree Programs in Human Ecology, Alberta, Canada.
- Masters in Human Ecology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland
- College of Human Ecology at Ohio State University
- Department of Human Ecology at U. Texas/Austin
- East Carolina U. : College of Human Ecology
- Göteborg U. : Human Ecology Studies
- Kyung Hee U. : School of Human Ecology
- Louisiana State : School of Human Ecology
- Louisiana Tech Human Ecology
- Morgan U. : Dept. of Human Ecology
- Ohio State : College of Human Ecology
- Rutgers Dept. of Human Ecology
- School of Social Ecology at University of California, Irvine
- Seoul National University : College of Human Ecology
- Tennessee Tech : School of Human Ecology
- Texas A&M : Agriculture, Nutrition and Human Ecology
- U. of Manitoba : Faculty of Human Ecology
- U. of Maryland : Dept. of Human Ecology
- U. of Minnesota : College of Human Ecology
- U. of Tennessee : Dept. of Human Ecology
- U. of Texas : Dept. of Human Ecology
- U. of Wisconsin : School of Human Ecology
- Universität Klagenfurt : Institute of Social Ecology
- Virginia State : Dept. of Human Ecology
- Vrije Universiteit Brussels
- Centre for Human Ecology, Scotland
- HumanEcologyForum.org, Human Ecology Global Collaboration and Communication Network
- Institute of Human Ecology, China
- U. College London : Human Ecology Research Group
- Human Ecology Review, the journal of SHE
- Human Ecology : An Interdisciplinary Journal
- Human Ecology Review ISSN 1074-4827
Resources
- Buttel, Frederick H. (1986): Sociology and the Environment: The Winding Road toward Human Ecology, International Social Science Journal 38: 337-356.
- University of Alberta, Human Ecology Degree programs. http://www.hecol.ualberta.ca/
- Ehrlich, Paul R; Anne H. Ehrlich; John P. Holdren. (1973): Human Ecology: Problems and Solutions. San Francisco: Freeman.
- Glaeser, Bernhard (1996): Humanökologie: Der sozialwissenschaftliche Ansatz, in ''Naturwissenschaften,' 83: 145-152.
- Gross, Matthias (2004): Human Geography and Ecological Sociology: The Unfolding of a Human Ecology, 1890 to 1930 – and Beyond. Social Science History 28 (4): 575-605.
- Last, John. M (1998) Human Ecology and Public Health, McGraw & Hill.
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Agriculture and forestry
- Agronomy
- Animal science
- Agrology
- Environmental science
- Agricultural economics
- Aquaculture
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society is a grouping of individuals which is characterized by common interests and may have distinctive culture and institutions. Members of a society may be from different ethnic groups.
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Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general.
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The social environment, also known as the milieu, is the identical or similar social positions and social roles as a whole that influence the individuals of a group.
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Motto
"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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Geography - (from the Greek words Geo (γη) or Gaea (γαία), both meaning "Earth", and graphein (γράφειν) meaning "to describe" or "to write"
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Robert Ezra Park (February 14 1864–February 7 1944) was an American urban sociologist, one of the main founders of the original Chicago School of sociology.
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Life
Park was born in Harveyville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Minnesota...... Click the link for more information.
Émile Durkheim (IPA: [dyʁˈkɛm]; April 15, 1858 – November 15, 1917) was a French sociologist whose contributions were instrumental in the formation of sociology and anthropology.
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Since the late 1960s, the word paradigm (IPA: /ˈpærədaɪm/) has referred to a thought pattern in any scientific discipline or other epistemological context.
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Social structure is a term frequently used in sociology and more specifically in social theory — yet rarely defined or clearly conceptualised (Jary and Jary 1991, Abercrombie et al 2000).
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Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate,") generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activity significant importance.
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University of California, Irvine is a public coeducational research university situated in Irvine, California. Founded in 1965, it is the second-youngest University of California campus and is widely known as UCI or UC Irvine.
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A community is a social group of organisms sharing an environment, normally with shared interests. In human communities, intent, belief, resources, preferences, needs, risks and a number of other conditions may be present and common, affecting the identity of the participants and
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population is the collection of people or organisms of a particular species living in a given geographic area or mortality, and migration, though the field encompasses many dimensions of population change including the family (marriage and divorce), public health, work and the
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Sociology (from Latin: socitus, "companion"; and the suffix -ology, "the study of", from Greek λόγος, lógos, "knowledge") is the systematic and scientific study of society and societal behavior.
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Ecology (also known as Oekologie, Okology, or Oekology[1],from Greek: οίκος, oikos, "household"; and λόγος, logos
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Political ecology is the study of how political, economic, and social factors affect environmental issues. The majority of studies analyze the influence that society, state, corporate, and transnational powers have on environmental problems and influencing environmental policy.
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Interdisciplinarity is the act of drawing from and integrating two or more academic disciplines, professions, technologies, departments, their methods and insights, in the pursuit of a common goal.
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Holism (from ὅλος holos, a Greek word meaning all, entire, total) is the idea that all the properties of a given system (biological, chemical, social, economic, mental,
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Robert Ezra Park (February 14 1864–February 7 1944) was an American urban sociologist, one of the main founders of the original Chicago School of sociology.
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Life
Park was born in Harveyville, Pennsylvania, and grew up in Minnesota...... Click the link for more information.
Ernest Watson Burgess (May 16, 1886 – December 27, 1966) was an urban sociologist at the University of Chicago. Burgess was born in Tilbury, Ontario, and educated at Kingfisher College in Oklahoma. He continued graduate studies in sociology at the University of Chicago.
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John Paul Goode was one the key geographers in American Geography’s Incipient Period from 1900-1940 (McMaster and McMaster 306). Goode was born in Stewartville, Minnesota on November 21, 1862.
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Garrett James Hardin (April 21, 1915 – September 14, 2003) was a leading and controversial ecologist from Dallas, Texas, who was most known for his 1968 paper, The Tragedy of the Commons.
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Alastair McIntosh (born 1955) is a Scottish writer, academic and activist, his most well known work is Soil and Soul: People Versus Corporate Power (Aurum Press, 2001). In 2006 he published his collected poetry, Love and Revolution (Luath Press).
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Daniel Stokols is Professor of Planning, Policy, and Design and Dean Emeritus of the School of Social Ecology at the University of California, Irvine. Dr. Stokols received his B.A. degree at the University of Chicago and his M.A. and Ph.D.
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Louis Wirth (August 28, 1897–May 3, 1952) was a German born, Jewish American sociologist, member of the Chicago school of sociology.
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Life
Louis Wirth was born in the small village of im Hunsrück, Germany...... Click the link for more information.
Peter Wessel Zapffe (December 18 1899-October 12 1990) was a Norwegian author and philosopher. He was born in Tromsø and was well known for his somewhat pessimistic view of human existence.
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