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Information about Human Y Chromosome Dna Haplogroups

In human genetics, Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups are haplogroups defined by differences in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the Y chromosome (called Y-DNA).

The Y Chromosome Consortium has established a system of defining Y-DNA haplogroups by letters A through R, with further subdivisions using numbers and lower case letters.[1]

Y-chromosomal Adam is the name given by researchers to a theoretical male who is the most recent common patrilineal (male-lineage) ancestor of all living humans. Estimations of the date of this common ancestor have varied significantly in different studies.

Major haplogroups

Major Y-chromosome haplogroups include:

Table view

Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups
Y-most recent common ancestor
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ABR
BCR
CDEF
DEGHIJK
IJLMNOP
NOQR

Full Phylogenetic Tree

Groups A and B

Haplogroups A and B are only found in sub-Saharan Africa (and in populations extracted from there in modern times, primarily via Atlantic slave trade). The first to branch off was A, with defining mutation M91. All other haplogroups are summarized as BR (also referred to as YxA).

Groups with mutation M168 (CR)

The defining mutations separating CR (all haplogroups excepting A and B) are M168 and M294. These mutations predate the "Out of Africa" migration. The defining mutations of DE probably occurred in Northeastern Africa some 50,000 years ago. The M130 and M216 mutations that distinguish Haplogroup C from all other descendants of CR may have occurred somewhat earlier, perhaps even as early as 60,000 years ago, after the first Out of Africa migration brought Homo sapiens to the southern coast of Southwest Asia.

Groups descended from Haplogroup F (GR)

The groups descending from haplogroup F are found in some 90% of the world's population, but almost exclusively outside of sub-Saharan Africa. The mutation of IJ corresponds to a wave of migration out of the Middle East or Western Asia some 45 ka that subsequently spread into Europe (Cro-Magnon). Haplogroup G originated in the Middle East or Caucasus, or perhaps further east as far as Pakistan some 30 ka, and spread to Europe with the Neolithic Revolution. Haplogroup H probably occurred in India some 30-40 ka, and remains prevalent there, spreading westwards in historical times with the Roma migration. Haplogroup K probably originated in southwestern Asia and spread widely to Africa, Eurasia, Australia and the South Pacific.

Groups descended from Haplogroup K (LR)

Haplogroup L is mainly found in South Asia. Haplogroup M is most prevalent in Papua New Guinea. The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Central Asia. Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia and spread both east into Siberia and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia. Haplogroup P gave rise to groups Q and R, and is rarely found in its undifferentiated stage. It probably originated in Central Asia or the Altai region. Haplogroup Q also originated in Central Asia, migrating east to North America.

Groups descended from Haplogroup NO (M214)

The NO haplogroup appeared ca. 35-40 ka in Central Asia. Haplogroup N probably originated in Mongolia and spread both east into Siberia and west, being the most common group found in Uralic peoples. Haplogroup O is found at its highest frequency in East Asia and Southeast Asia, with lower frequencies in the South Pacific, Central Asia, and South Asia.

Groups descended from Haplogroup P (M45)

Haplogroup Q is a branch of haplogroup P (M45). It is believed to have arisen in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. Haplogroup Q is closely related to haplogroup R (M207), as both Groups Q and R share a common marker (M45).
  • Haplogroup Q (MEH2, M242, P36) M242 found amongst all Q subgroups in addition to the additional markers listed after each subclade (Occurred ~15,000-20,000 years ago. Found in Asia and the Americas)
  • Haplogroup Q*
  • Haplogroup Q1 (M120, N14)
  • Haplogroup Q1*
  • Haplogroup Q1a (M378)
  • Haplogroup Q2 (M25, M143)
  • Haplogroup Q3 (M3) Found in North America, Central America, and South America.
  • Haplogroup Q3*
  • Haplogroup Q3a (M19)
  • Haplogroup Q3b (M194)
  • Haplogroup Q3c (M199)
  • Haplogroup Q4 (P48)
  • Haplogroup Q5 (M323)
  • Haplogroup Q6 (M346)
The bulk of Haplogroup R is represented in lineages R1a and R1b. R1a likely originated in the Eurasian Steppes, and is associated with the Kurgan culture and Proto-Indo-European expansion. It is primarily found in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Slavic peoples of Eastern Europe. R1b originated prior to or during the last glaciation, when it was concentrated in refugia in southern Europe; it is also found sparsely distributed among various peoples of Asia and Africa. Some form of R1b, perhaps R1b1* (P25), probably migrated westward to populate Western Europe around 35,000 ybp. Its subclade R1b1c (M269) is the haplogroup that is most commonly found among modern European populations, especially those of Western Europe.

See also

References

External links

Human genetics describes the study of inheritance as it occurs in human beings. This article describes only basic features of human genetics; for the genetics of disorders please see: Medical genetics.

Chromosomes

Humans have 46 chromosomes, arranged in 23 pairs (i.e.
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In the study of molecular evolution, a haplogroup is a large group of haplotypes, which are series of alleles at specific locations on a chromosome.

In human genetics, the haplogroups most commonly studied are Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroups and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)
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Genetic recombination is the process by which a strand of DNA is broken and then joined to the end of a different DNA molecule. In eukaryotes recombination commonly occurs during meiosis as chromosomal crossover between paired chromosomes.
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The Y chromosome is the sex-determining chromosome in humans and most other mammals. In mammals, it contains the gene SRY, which triggers testis development, thus determining sex.

Overview

Most mammals have one pair of sex chromosomes in each cell.
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In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-mrca) is the patrilineal human most recent common ancestor (mrca) from whom all Y chromosomes in living men are descended. Y-chromosomal Adam is thus the male counterpart of Mitochondrial Eve (the mt-mrca), the matrilineal human most
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The most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all organisms in the group are directly descended. The term is most frequently used of humans.
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In human genetics, Y-chromosomal Adam (Y-mrca) is the patrilineal human most recent common ancestor (mrca) from whom all Y chromosomes in living men are descended. Y-chromosomal Adam is thus the male counterpart of Mitochondrial Eve (the mt-mrca), the matrilineal human most
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In human genetics, Haplogroup A (M91) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Haplogroup A is localized to East Africa and Southern Africa and represents the oldest and most diverse of the human Y-chromosome haplogroups.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup BR, also known as Haplogroup YxA (SRY10831.1 (SRY1532), M42, M94, M139, M299) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Haplogroup BR split off from haplogroup A 55,000 years bp, probably originating in North East Africa.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup B (M60) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Haplogroup B is localized to sub-Saharan Africa, especially to tropical forests of West-Central Africa. After Y-haplogroup A, it is the second oldest and one of the most diverse human Y-haplogroups.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup CR (M168, M294) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Haplogroup CR contains the M168 change, which is present in all Y-chromosome haplogroups except A and B and is therefore the common ancestral type of all early migration out of Africa as per the
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In human genetics, Haplogroup C (RPS4Y=M130, M216) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Haplogroup C seems to have come into existence shortly after M168 was introduced, probably at least 60,000 years before present.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup DE (M1, M145, M203) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup DE is the original YAP+ haplogroup[1].

Haplogroup DE* has been found at a very low frequency among the males of modern populations of Nigeria.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup F (defining mutations M89, P14, and M213) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. This haplogroup and its subclades contain more than 90% of the world's extant male population, including almost everyone outside of Africa, except for Tibet, Kazakhstan, Mongolia,
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In human genetics, Haplogroup D (M174) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

D is believed to have originated in Africa some 50,000 years before present. Along with haplogroup E, D contains the distinctive YAP polymorphism, which indicates their common ancestry.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup E (M96) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup is found in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe. Haplogroup E is found in Africa, Asia and Europe and it is divided into three clades: E1 and E2 are found exclusively in Africa,
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In human genetics, Haplogroup G (M201) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is a branch of Haplogroup F (M89), and is theorized to have originated, according to the latest thinking, in the Near East, and began to spread with the Neolithic Agricultural Revolution, perhaps with the
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In human genetics, Haplogroup H (M69) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

This haplogroup is found at a high frequency in India. It is generally rare outside of the Indian subcontinent but is common among the Roma people, particularly the H-M82 subgroup.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup IJ (S2, S22) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup IJ is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup F (M89, P14, M213).
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In human genetics, Haplogroup K (M9) is a Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

It first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago in Iran or southern Central Asia. Today, haplogroup K and its descendant haplogroups are the patrilineal ancestors of most of the people living in
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In human genetics, Haplogroup I (M170, P19, M258) is a Y-chromosome haplogroup.

Haplogroup I (the letter I, not the number 1) can be found in most present-day European populations, most commonly in Scandinavia, Sardinia, and the Slavic &Bulgarian populations of the Western
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In human genetics, Haplogroup J (previously known as HG9 or Eu9/Eu10) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup known as the "Semitic marker". It is defined by the 12f2.1 genetic marker, or the equivalent M304 marker.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup L (M20) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup is associated with South Asia. It has also been found at low frequencies among populations of Central Asia, Southwest Asia, and Southern Europe along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup M (M4) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup is associated with Southeast Asia, particularly Melanesia, Indonesia, and Micronesia.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup NO (M214) is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. Haplogroup NO is a descendant branch of the greater Haplogroup K (M9) and a phylogenetic sibling of Haplogroup K2, Haplogroup L, Haplogroup M, and Haplogroup P.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup P (M45) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup contains the patrilineal ancestors of most Europeans and almost all of the indigenous peoples of the Americas.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup N (LLY22G, M231) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup appears in Central Europe, Northern Europe, and throughout both the European and Asian parts of Russia.
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In human genetics, Haplogroup O (M175) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

This haplogroup appears in 80-90% of all men in East and Southeast Asia, and it is almost exclusive to that region: M175 is almost nonexistent in Western Siberia, Western Asia, and Europe and is
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In human genetics, Haplogroup Q (M242) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup.

Haplogroup Q is a branch of haplogroup P (M45). It is believed to have arisen in Siberia approximately 15,000 to 20,000 years ago.
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