Information about History Of Photography
Modern photography began in the 1820s with the first permanent photographs.
Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries. Long before the first photographs were made, Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen) (965–1040) invented the camera obscura and pinhole camera,[1] Albertus Magnus (1139-1238) discovered silver nitrate, and Georges Fabricius (1516-1571) discovered silver chloride. Daniel Barbaro described a diaphragm in 1568. Wilhelm Homberg described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. The fiction book Giphantie (by the French Tiphaigne de la Roche, 1729-1774) described what can be interpreted as photography.
For centuries, images have been projected onto surfaces. According to the Hockney-Falco thesis as argued by artist David Hockney,[2] some artists used the camera obscura and camera lucida to trace scenes as early as the 16th century. However, this theory is heavily disputed by today's contemporary realist artists who are able to create high levels of realism without optical aids.[3] These early cameras did not fix an image, but only projected images from an opening in the wall of a darkened room onto a surface, turning the room into a large pinhole camera. The phrase camera obscura literally means dark chamber. While this early prototype of today's modern camera may have had modest usage in its time, it was an important step in the evolution of the invention.
In partnership, Niépce (in Chalon-sur-Saône) and Louis Daguerre (in Paris) refined the existing silver process. In 1833 Niépce died of a stroke, leaving his notes to Daguerre. While he had no scientific background, Daguerre made two pivotal contributions to the process. He discovered that exposing the silver first to iodine vapour before exposure to light, and then to mercury fumes after the photograph was taken, could form a latent image. Bathing the plate in a salt bath then fixes the image. On January 7 1839 Daguerre announced that he had invented a process using silver on a copper plate called the daguerreotype.[4] A similar process is still used today for Polaroid photos. The French government bought the patent and immediately made it public domain.
In 1832, French-Brazilian painter and inventor Hercules Florence had already created a very similar process, naming it Photographie. In 1839 John Herschel, the astronomer, showed that hyposulfite of soda (also known as hypo, or sodium thiosulfate) could be used to stabilise or fix the image, and made the first glass negative. William Fox Talbot had earlier discovered another means to fix a silver process image but had kept it secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention, Talbot refined his process so that it might be fast enough to take photographs of people. By 1840, Talbot had invented the calotype process. He coated paper sheets with silver chloride to create an intermediate negative image. Unlike a daguerreotype, a calotype negative could be used to reproduce positive prints, like most chemical films do today. Talbot patented this process, which greatly limited its adoption. He spent the rest of his life in lawsuits defending the patent until he gave up on photography. Later George Eastman refined Talbot's process, which is the basic technology used by chemical film cameras today. Hippolyte Bayard had also developed a method of photography but delayed announcing it, and so was not recognized as its inventor.
In 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the collodion process. Photographer and children's author Lewis Carroll used this process.
Slovene Janez Puhar invented the technical procedure for making photographs on glass in 1841. The invention was recognized on July 17 1852 in Paris by the Académie Nationale Agricole, Manufacturière et Commerciale.
Herbert Bowyer Berkeley experimented with his own version of collodian emulsions after Samman introduced the idea of adding dithionite to the pyrogallol developer. Berkeley discovered that with his own addition of sulphite, to absorb the sulphur dioxide given off by the chemical dithionite in the developer, that dithionite was not required in the developing process. In 1881 he published his discovery. Berkeley's formula contained pyrogallol, sulphite and citric acid. Ammonia was added just before use to make the formula alkaline. The new formula was sold by the Platinotype Company in London as Sulpho-Pyrogallol Developer.[5]
The daguerreotype proved popular in responding to the demand for portraiture emerging from the middle classes during the Industrial Revolution. This demand, that could not be met in volume and in cost by oil painting, added to the push for the development of photography. By 1851 a broadside by daguerreotypist Augustus Washington was advertising prices ranging from 50 cents to $10.[6] However, daguerreotypes were fragile and difficult to copy. Photographers encouraged chemists to refine the process of making many copies cheaply, which eventually led them back to Talbot's process.
Ultimately, the modern photographic process came about from a series of refinements and improvements in the first 20 years. In 1884 George Eastman, of Rochester, New York, developed dry gel on paper, or film, to replace the photographic plate so that a photographer no longer needed to carry boxes of plates and toxic chemicals around. In July of 1888 Eastman's Kodak camera went on the market with the slogan "You press the button, we do the rest". Now anyone could take a photograph and leave the complex parts of the process to others, and photography became available for the mass-market in 1901 with the introduction of the Kodak Brownie.
In the twentieth century, photography developed rapidly as a commercial service. End-user supplies of photographic equipment accounted for only about 20 percent of industry revenue. For the modern enthusiast photographer processing black and white film, little has changed since the introduction of the 35mm film Leica camera in 1925.
Although color photography was explored throughout the 19th century, initial experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading. Moreover until the 1870s the emulsions available were not sensitive to red or green light.
The first permanent color photo, an additive projected image of a tartan ribbon, was taken in 1861 by the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell.[7] Several patentable methods for producing images (by either additive or subtractive methods, see below) were devised from 1862 on by two French inventors (working independently), Louis Ducos du Hauron and Charles Cros.[8] Practical methods to sensitize silver halide film to green and then orange light were discovered in 1873 and 1884 by Hermann W. Vogel (full sensitivity to red light was not achieved until the early years of the 20th century).
The first fully practical color plate, Autochrome, did not reach the market until 1907. It was based on a screen-plate method, the screen (of filters) being made using dyed dots of potato starch. The screen lets filtered red, green or blue light through each grain to a photographic emulsion in contact with it. The plate is then developed to a negative, and reversed to a positive, which when viewed through the screen restores colors approximating the original.
Other systems of color photography included that used by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, which involved three separate monochrome exposures ('separation negatives') of a still scene through red, green, and blue filters. These required a special machine to display, but the results are impressive even by modern standards. His collection of glass plates was purchased from his heirs by the Library of Congress in 1948, and is now available in digital format.
A camera lucida is an optical device used as a drawing aid by artists. It was patented in 1806 by William Hyde Wollaston.
..... Click the link for more information.
Conception of permanent images
)
A camera obscura box used for drawing images
For centuries, images have been projected onto surfaces. According to the Hockney-Falco thesis as argued by artist David Hockney,[2] some artists used the camera obscura and camera lucida to trace scenes as early as the 16th century. However, this theory is heavily disputed by today's contemporary realist artists who are able to create high levels of realism without optical aids.[3] These early cameras did not fix an image, but only projected images from an opening in the wall of a darkened room onto a surface, turning the room into a large pinhole camera. The phrase camera obscura literally means dark chamber. While this early prototype of today's modern camera may have had modest usage in its time, it was an important step in the evolution of the invention.
Development of chemical photography
Monochrome process
The first permanent photograph was an image produced in 1826 by the French inventor Nicéphore Niépce on a polished pewter plate covered with a petroleum derivative called bitumen of Judea. Produced with a camera, the image required an eight-hour exposure in bright sunshine. Bitumen hardens with exposure to light. The unhardened material may then be washed away and the metal plate polished, rendering a negative image which then may be coated with ink and impressed upon paper, producing a print. Niépce then began experimenting with silver compounds based on a Johann Heinrich Schultz discovery in 1724 that a silver and chalk mixture darkens when exposed to light.)
"Boulevard du Temple", taken by Louis Daguerre in late 1838 or early 1839, was the first-ever photograph of a person. It is an image of a busy street, but because exposure time was over ten minutes, the city traffic was moving too much to appear. The exception is a man in the bottom left corner, who stood still getting his boots polished long enough to show up in the picture.
In 1832, French-Brazilian painter and inventor Hercules Florence had already created a very similar process, naming it Photographie. In 1839 John Herschel, the astronomer, showed that hyposulfite of soda (also known as hypo, or sodium thiosulfate) could be used to stabilise or fix the image, and made the first glass negative. William Fox Talbot had earlier discovered another means to fix a silver process image but had kept it secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention, Talbot refined his process so that it might be fast enough to take photographs of people. By 1840, Talbot had invented the calotype process. He coated paper sheets with silver chloride to create an intermediate negative image. Unlike a daguerreotype, a calotype negative could be used to reproduce positive prints, like most chemical films do today. Talbot patented this process, which greatly limited its adoption. He spent the rest of his life in lawsuits defending the patent until he gave up on photography. Later George Eastman refined Talbot's process, which is the basic technology used by chemical film cameras today. Hippolyte Bayard had also developed a method of photography but delayed announcing it, and so was not recognized as its inventor.
In 1851 Frederick Scott Archer invented the collodion process. Photographer and children's author Lewis Carroll used this process.
Slovene Janez Puhar invented the technical procedure for making photographs on glass in 1841. The invention was recognized on July 17 1852 in Paris by the Académie Nationale Agricole, Manufacturière et Commerciale.
Herbert Bowyer Berkeley experimented with his own version of collodian emulsions after Samman introduced the idea of adding dithionite to the pyrogallol developer. Berkeley discovered that with his own addition of sulphite, to absorb the sulphur dioxide given off by the chemical dithionite in the developer, that dithionite was not required in the developing process. In 1881 he published his discovery. Berkeley's formula contained pyrogallol, sulphite and citric acid. Ammonia was added just before use to make the formula alkaline. The new formula was sold by the Platinotype Company in London as Sulpho-Pyrogallol Developer.[5]
Popularization
)
A photographer appears to be photographing himself in a 19th-century photographic studio. (c. 1893)
Ultimately, the modern photographic process came about from a series of refinements and improvements in the first 20 years. In 1884 George Eastman, of Rochester, New York, developed dry gel on paper, or film, to replace the photographic plate so that a photographer no longer needed to carry boxes of plates and toxic chemicals around. In July of 1888 Eastman's Kodak camera went on the market with the slogan "You press the button, we do the rest". Now anyone could take a photograph and leave the complex parts of the process to others, and photography became available for the mass-market in 1901 with the introduction of the Kodak Brownie.
In the twentieth century, photography developed rapidly as a commercial service. End-user supplies of photographic equipment accounted for only about 20 percent of industry revenue. For the modern enthusiast photographer processing black and white film, little has changed since the introduction of the 35mm film Leica camera in 1925.
Color process
)
First color image, Maxwell, 1861
Although color photography was explored throughout the 19th century, initial experiments in color could not fix the photograph and prevent the color from fading. Moreover until the 1870s the emulsions available were not sensitive to red or green light.
The first permanent color photo, an additive projected image of a tartan ribbon, was taken in 1861 by the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell.[7] Several patentable methods for producing images (by either additive or subtractive methods, see below) were devised from 1862 on by two French inventors (working independently), Louis Ducos du Hauron and Charles Cros.[8] Practical methods to sensitize silver halide film to green and then orange light were discovered in 1873 and 1884 by Hermann W. Vogel (full sensitivity to red light was not achieved until the early years of the 20th century).
The first fully practical color plate, Autochrome, did not reach the market until 1907. It was based on a screen-plate method, the screen (of filters) being made using dyed dots of potato starch. The screen lets filtered red, green or blue light through each grain to a photographic emulsion in contact with it. The plate is then developed to a negative, and reversed to a positive, which when viewed through the screen restores colors approximating the original.
Other systems of color photography included that used by Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii, which involved three separate monochrome exposures ('separation negatives') of a still scene through red, green, and blue filters. These required a special machine to display, but the results are impressive even by modern standards. His collection of glass plates was purchased from his heirs by the Library of Congress in 1948, and is now available in digital format.
Development of digital photography
)
- 1973 - Fairchild Semiconductor releases the first large image forming CCD chip; 100 rows and 100 columns.
- 1975 - Bryce Bayer of Kodak develops the Bayer filter mosaic pattern for CCD color image sensors
- 1986 - Kodak scientists invent the world's first megapixel sensor
Boom in sales
Digital recording of images is becoming increasingly common, as digital cameras allow instant previews on LCD screens and the image quality of top-of-the-range models has exceeded high-quality 35 mm film, while lower-quality models have become affordable.Cameras in mobile phones
References
1. ^ Nicholas J. Wade, Stanley Finger (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective", Perception 30 (10), p. 1157–1177.
2. ^ Charles Falco, FAQ (accessed March 16, 2007)
3. ^ David K. Yoder, Why David Hockney Should Not Be Taken Seriously (accessed March 16, 2007)
4. ^ Crawford, William (1979). The Keepers of Light: A History and Working Guide to Early Photographic Processes. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Morgan & Morgan, 20. ISBN 0871001586.
5. ^ Levenson, G. I. P (May 1993). "Berkeley, overlooked man of photo science". Photographic Journal 133 (4): 169–71.
6. ^ PHOTOGRAPHY REVIEW; In a John Brown Portrait, The Essence of a Militant. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
7. ^ James Clerk Maxwell (2003). The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0486495604.
8. ^ Brian, Coe (1976). The Birth of Photography. Ash & Grant. ISBN 0904069079.
2. ^ Charles Falco, FAQ (accessed March 16, 2007)
3. ^ David K. Yoder, Why David Hockney Should Not Be Taken Seriously (accessed March 16, 2007)
4. ^ Crawford, William (1979). The Keepers of Light: A History and Working Guide to Early Photographic Processes. Dobbs Ferry, New York: Morgan & Morgan, 20. ISBN 0871001586.
5. ^ Levenson, G. I. P (May 1993). "Berkeley, overlooked man of photo science". Photographic Journal 133 (4): 169–71.
6. ^ PHOTOGRAPHY REVIEW; In a John Brown Portrait, The Essence of a Militant. Retrieved on 2007-03-16.
7. ^ James Clerk Maxwell (2003). The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell. Courier Dover Publications. ISBN 0486495604.
8. ^ Brian, Coe (1976). The Birth of Photography. Ash & Grant. ISBN 0904069079.
See also
External links
- A history of photography from its beginnings till the 1920s, by Dr. Robert Leggat
- History of photography, by J. Monge-Najera, University of Costa Rica
- The First Photograph at The University of Texas at Austin
Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century
1790s 1800s 1810s - 1820s - 1830s 1840s 1850s
1820 1821 1822 1823 1824
1825 1826 1827 1828 1829
- -
-
..... Click the link for more information.
1790s 1800s 1810s - 1820s - 1830s 1840s 1850s
1820 1821 1822 1823 1824
1825 1826 1827 1828 1829
- -
-
Events and trends
..... Click the link for more information.
photograph (often shortened to photo) is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic imager such as a CCD or a CMOS chip.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Photography [fә'tɑgrәfi:],[foʊ'tɑgrәfi:] is the process of recording pictures by means of capturing light on a light-sensitive medium, such as a film or electronic sensor.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Abū ‘Alī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham
Title: Ibn al-Haytham and Alhacen
Birth: 965
death: 1039
..... Click the link for more information.
Title: Ibn al-Haytham and Alhacen
Birth: 965
death: 1039
..... Click the link for more information.
camera obscura (Lat. dark chamber) was an optical device used in drawing, and one of the ancestral threads leading to the invention of photography. In English, today's photographic devices are still known as "cameras".
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
pinhole camera is a camera without a conventional glass lens. An extremely small hole in a very thin material can focus light by confining all rays from a scene through a single point.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Albertus Magnus, O.P. (b. 1193/1206 - d. November 15, 1280), also known as Saint Albert the Great and Albert of Cologne, was a Dominican friar who achieved fame for his comprehensive knowledge of and advocacy for the peaceful coexistence of science and religion.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Silver nitrate is a soluble chemical compound with chemical formula AgNO3. This nitrate of silver is a versatile precursor to many silver compounds, such as those used in photography, although this salt is far less sensitive to light than the halides.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Silver chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AgCl. This white crystalline solid is well known for its low solubility in water (this behavior being reminiscent of the chlorides of Tl+ and Pb2+).
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Tiphaigne de la Roche, Charles-Fran̤ois, (Montebourg, Cotentin, February 19, 1722 РAugust 11, 1774) was a French author.
He studied medicine at Caen university and became Doctor in 1744.
..... Click the link for more information.
He studied medicine at Caen university and became Doctor in 1744.
..... Click the link for more information.
Hockney-Falco thesis is a controversial theory of art history, advanced by artist David Hockney and physicist Charles M. Falco, suggesting that advances in realism and accuracy in the history of Western art since the Renaissance were primarily the result of optical aids such as the
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
David Hockney, CH, RA, (born July 9, 1937) is an English artist, based in Los Angeles, California, United States. An important contributor to the British Pop art movement of the 1960s, he is considered one of the most influential artists of the twentieth century.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
For the 1980 book by Roland Barthes, see .
A camera lucida is an optical device used as a drawing aid by artists. It was patented in 1806 by William Hyde Wollaston.
..... Click the link for more information.
As a means of recording the passage of time, the 16th century was that century which lasted from 1501 through 1600.
See also: 16th century in literature
..... Click the link for more information.
See also: 16th century in literature
Events
1500s
- 1500s: Mississippian culture disappears.
..... Click the link for more information.
pinhole camera is a camera without a conventional glass lens. An extremely small hole in a very thin material can focus light by confining all rays from a scene through a single point.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
photograph (often shortened to photo) is an image created by light falling on a light-sensitive surface, usually photographic film or an electronic imager such as a CCD or a CMOS chip.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Motto
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"
..... Click the link for more information.
Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity"
Anthem
"La Marseillaise"
..... Click the link for more information.
Joseph Nic̩phore Ni̩pce, also spelled Niepce (March 7, 1765 РJuly 5, 1833) was a French inventor, most noted as a pioneer in photography.
He began experimenting with processes to set optical images in 1793.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biography
Niépce was born in Chalon-sur-Saône.He began experimenting with processes to set optical images in 1793.
..... Click the link for more information.
Pewter is a metal alloy, traditionally between 85 and 99 percent tin, with the remainder consisting of 1-15 percent copper, acting as a hardener, with the addition of lead for the lower grades of pewter, which have a bluish tint.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Petroleum (Latin Petroleum derived from Greek πέτρα (Latin petra) - rock + έλαιον (Latin oleum) - oil) or crude oil
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
The photographical process known as Bitumen of Judea is quite possibly the oldest modern photographing technique. The technique was first used by French physicist Nicéphore Niépce in 1827.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on the photographic medium (photographic film or image sensor) during the process of taking a photograph. Exposure is measured in lux seconds, and can be computed from exposure value (EV) and scene luminance.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Silver (IPA: /ˈsɪlvə(ɹ)/) is a chemical element with the symbol Ag (Latin: argentum) and atomic number 47.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Johann Heinrich Schultz (* 12th May 1687 in Colbitz; † 10th October 1744 in Halle), also known as Johann Heinrich Schulze, was a German professor and universal scholar.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Chalk (IPA: /ˈtʃɔːk/) is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite.
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
Commune of
Chalon-sur-Saône
View of Chalon-sur-Saône
Location
Longitude 4° 51' 10" E
Latitude 46° 46' 50" N
Administration
Country France
..... Click the link for more information.
Chalon-sur-Saône
View of Chalon-sur-Saône
Location
Longitude 4° 51' 10" E
Latitude 46° 46' 50" N
Administration
Country France
..... Click the link for more information.
Louis-Jacques-Mand̩ Daguerre (November 18, 1787 РJuly 10, 1851) was a French artist and chemist, recognized for his invention of the daguerreotype process of photography.
..... Click the link for more information.
Biography
He was born in Cormeilles-en-Parisis, France...... Click the link for more information.
Ville de Paris
City flag City coat of arms
Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur
(Latin: "Tossed by the waves, she does not sink")
The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro.
..... Click the link for more information.
City flag City coat of arms
Motto: Fluctuat nec mergitur
(Latin: "Tossed by the waves, she does not sink")
The Eiffel Tower in Paris, as seen from the esplanade du Trocadéro.
..... Click the link for more information.
Iodine (IPA: /ˈaɪədaɪn, ˈaɪədɪn/, or /ˈaɪədiːn/; from Greek: iodes
..... Click the link for more information.
..... Click the link for more information.
2, 1
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.00 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 1007.1 kJ/mol
2nd: 1810 kJ/mol
3rd: 3300 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 150 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.00 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 1007.1 kJ/mol
2nd: 1810 kJ/mol
3rd: 3300 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 150 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
..... Click the link for more information.
This article is copied from an article on Wikipedia.org - the free encyclopedia created and edited by online user community. The text was not checked or edited by anyone on our staff. Although the vast majority of the wikipedia encyclopedia articles provide accurate and timely information please do not assume the accuracy of any particular article. This article is distributed under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License.
Herod_Archelaus
