Information about Historical Rankings Of United States Presidents

In political science, historical rankings of United States Presidents are surveys conducted in order to construct rankings of the success of individuals who have served as President of the United States. Ranking systems are usually based on surveys of academic historians and political scientists or popular opinion. The rankings focus on the presidential achievements, leadership qualities, failures and faults (such as corruption).

Three Presidents—George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, and Franklin D. Roosevelt—are consistently ranked at the top of the lists. Usually ranked just below those three are Presidents Thomas Jefferson and Theodore Roosevelt. The remaining "top 10" ranks are often rounded out by Harry S. Truman, Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Woodrow Wilson, Andrew Jackson, and in recent polls, Ronald Reagan. Ranking at the bottom of most polls are Warren G. Harding, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan. William Henry Harrison and James A. Garfield, who died before serving most of their terms, are sometimes not ranked.

Some presidents present special problems because their foreign policy success or failure stands in contradiction to their domestic policy failure or success. Political scientist Walter Dean Burnham noted the "dichotomous or schizoid profiles." Historian Alan Brinkley said: "There are presidents who could be considered both failures and great or near great (for example, Nixon)". James MacGregor Burns observed of Nixon, 'How can one evaluate such an idiosyncratic president, so brilliant and so morally lacking?'"^[1]

Presidents by average scholar rank

#	President	Years in Office	Political party	Average ranking
1	Abraham Lincoln	1861–1865	Republican	1.58
2	Franklin D. Roosevelt	1933–1945	Democrat	2
3	George Washington	1789–1797	Unaffiliated (Pro-Administration)	2.83
4	Thomas Jefferson	1801–1809	Democratic-Republican	4.42
5	Theodore Roosevelt	1901–1909	Republican	4.83
6	Woodrow Wilson	1913–1921	Democrat	6.58
7	Harry S. Truman	1945–1953	Democrat	7.18
8	Andrew Jackson	1829–1837	Democrat	9
9	Dwight D. Eisenhower	1953–1961	Republican	10.73
10	James K. Polk	1845–1849	Democrat	11.08
11	John Adams	1797–1801	Federalist	12.17
12	John F. Kennedy	1961–1963	Democrat	12.5
13	James Madison	1809–1817	Democratic-Republican	12.67
14	Lyndon B. Johnson	1963–1969	Democrat	13.6
15	Ronald Reagan	1981–1989	Republican	13.88
16	James Monroe	1817–1825	Democratic-Republican	14.08
17	Grover Cleveland	1885–1889 and 1893-1897	Democrat	15
18	William McKinley	1897–1901	Republican	16.33
19	John Quincy Adams	1825–1829	Democratic-Republican	16.9
20	William Howard Taft	1909–1913	Republican	19.67
21	Bill Clinton	1993–2001	Democrat	20.67
22	George W. Bush	2001–	Republican	21
23	Martin Van Buren	1837–1841	Democrat	21.58
24	Rutherford B. Hayes	1877–1881	Republican	22
25	George H. W. Bush	1989–1993	Republican	22.14
26	Chester A. Arthur	1881–1885	Republican	25.5
27	Herbert Hoover	1929–1933	Republican	26.17
28 (tie)	Jimmy Carter	1977–1981	Democrat	26.3
28 (tie)	Gerald Ford	1974–1977	Republican	26.3
30	Benjamin Harrison	1889–1893	Republican	27.33
31	Calvin Coolidge	1923–1929	Republican	28.42
32	Richard Nixon	1969–1974	Republican	29.2
33	James A. Garfield	1881	Republican	29.57
34	Zachary Taylor	1849–1850	Whig	29.58
35	John Tyler	1841–1845	Whig/none	31.75
36	Millard Fillmore	1850–1853	Whig	32.41
37	Ulysses S. Grant	1869–1877	Republican	33.42
38	William Henry Harrison	1841	Whig	33.57
39	Andrew Johnson	1865–1869	Democrat/none	34.67
40	Franklin Pierce	1853–1857	Democrat	34.92
41	James Buchanan	1857–1861	Democrat	36.58
42	Warren G. Harding	1921–1923	Republican	37.33

Scholar surveys details

The 1948 poll was conducted by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr. of Harvard University. [1] The 1962 survey was also conducted by Schlesinger, who surveyed 75 historians; the results of this survey are given in the book The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents by William A. Degregorio. Schlesinger's son Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. conducted another poll in 1996, not currently on the above chart.

The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents also gives the results of the 1982 survey, a poll of 49 historians conducted by the Chicago Tribune. A notable difference from the 1962 Schlesinger poll was the ranking of President Eisenhower, who was ranked #22 in 1962, but was ranked #9 in the 1982 survey. The Siena Research Institute of Siena College conducted surveys in 1982, 1990, 1994, and 2002. The 1994 survey placed only two Presidents, Franklin Roosevelt and Abraham Lincoln, above 80 points, and placed two Presidents, Andrew Johnson and Warren G. Harding, below 50 points. [2] [3]

The 1996 column shows the results from a poll conducted from 1989 to 1996 by William J. Ridings, Jr. and Stuart B. McIver, and published in the book Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent. More than 719 people took part in the poll, primarily academic historians and political scientists, although some politicians and celebrities also took part. Participants from every state were included, and emphasis was placed upon getting input from female historians and "specialists in African-American studies", as well as a few non-American historians. Poll respondents rated the Presidents in five categories (leadership qualities, accomplishments & crisis management, political skill, appointments, character & integrity), and the results were tabulated to create the overall ranking.

The C-SPAN Survey of Presidential Leadership was a 1999 survey of academic historians. It found that historians consider Abraham Lincoln, George Washington, and Franklin D. Roosevelt the three best presidents by a wide margin and William Henry Harrison, Andrew Johnson, Franklin Pierce, and James Buchanan the worst. [4]

A 2000 survey by The Wall Street Journal consisted of an "ideologically balanced group of 132 prominent professors of history, law, and political science". This poll sought to include an equal number of liberals and conservatives in the survey, as the editors argued that previous polls were dominated by either one group or the other, but never balanced. According to the editors, this poll included responses from more women, minorities, and young professors than the 1996 Schlesinger poll. The editors noted that the results of their poll were "remarkably similar" to the 1996 Schlesinger poll, with the main difference in the 2000 poll being the lower rankings for the 1960s presidents Lyndon B. Johnson and John F. Kennedy, and higher ranking of President Ronald Reagan at #8. Franklin Roosevelt still ranked in the top three.

Another presidential poll was conducted by The Wall Street Journal in 2005, with James Lindgren of Northwestern University Law School for the Federalist Society. [5] As in the 2000 survey, the editors sought to balance the opinions of liberals and conservatives, adjusting the results "to give Democratic- and Republican-leaning scholars equal weight." Franklin D. Roosevelt still ranked in the top-three, but editor James Taranto noted that Democratic-leaning scholars rated George W. Bush the sixth-worst president of all time, while Republican scholars rated him the sixth-best, giving President George W. Bush a split-decision rating of "average".

Surveys of scholars

#	President	Schlesinger 1948 poll rank	Schlesinger 1962 poll rank	1982 Murray-Blessing survey of 846 historians	Chicago Tribune 1982 poll rank	Siena 1982 poll rank	Siena 1990 poll rank	Siena 1994 poll rank	Ridings- McIver 1996 poll rank	CSPAN 1999 poll rank	Wall Street Journal 2000 poll rank	Siena 2002 poll rank	Wall Street Journal 2005 poll rank	Average
01	George Washington	02	02	03	03	04	04	04	03	03	01	04	01	02.83
02	John Adams	09	10	09	14 (tie)	10	14	12	14	16	13	12	13	12.17
03	Thomas Jefferson	05	05	04	05	02	03	05	04	07	04	05	04	04.42
04	James Madison	14	12	14	17	09	08	09	10	18	15	09	17	12.67
05	James Monroe	12	18	15	16	15	11	15	13	14	16	08	16	14.08
06	John Quincy Adams	11	13	16	19	17	16	12	18	19	20	17	25	16.9
07	Andrew Jackson	06	06	07	06	13	09	11	08	13	06	13	10	09
08	Martin Van Buren	15	17	20	18	21	21	22	21	30	23	24	27	21.58
09	William Henry Harrison	—	—	—	38	26	35	28	35	37	—	36	—	33.57 (7 rankings)
10	John Tyler	22	25	28	29	34	33	34	34	36	34	37	35	31.75
11	James K. Polk	10	08	12	11	12	13	14	11	12	10	11	09	11.08
12	Zachary Taylor	25	24	27	28	29	34	33	29	28	31	34	33	29.58
13	Millard Fillmore	24	26	29	31	32	32	35	36	35	35	38	36	32.41
14	Franklin Pierce	27	28	31	35	35	36	37	37	39	37	39	38	34.92
15	James Buchanan	26	29	33	36	37	38	39	40	41	39	41	40	36.58
16	Abraham Lincoln	01	01	01	01	03	02	02	01	01	02	02	02	01.58
17	Andrew Johnson	19	23	32	32	38	39	40	38	40	36	42	37	34.67
18	Ulysses S. Grant	28	30	35	30	36	37	38	38	33	32	35	29	33.42
19	Rutherford B. Hayes	13	14	22	22	22	23	24	26	25	22	27	24	22
20	James Garfield	—	—	—	33	25	30	27	30	29	—	33	—	29.57 (7 rankings)
21	Chester A. Arthur	17	21	26	24	24	26	26	32	28	26	30	26	25.5
22, 24	Grover Cleveland	08	11	17	13	18	17	19	17	16	12	20	12	15
23	Benjamin Harrison	21	20	23	25	31	29	28	31	31	27	32	30	27.33
25	William McKinley	18	15	18	10	19	19	18	17	15	14	19	14	16.33
26	Theodore Roosevelt	07	07	05	04	05	05	03	05	04	05	03	05	04.83
27	William Howard Taft	16	16	19	20	20	20	21	24	20	19	21	20	19.67
28	Woodrow Wilson	04	04	06	07	06	06	06	06	06	11	06	11	06.58
29	Warren G. Harding	29	31	36	37	39	40	41	38	38	37	40	39	37.33
30	Calvin Coolidge	23	27	30	27	30	31	36	33	27	25	29	23	28.42
31	Herbert Hoover	20	19	21	21	27	28	29	24	34	29	31	31	26.17
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt	03	03	02	02	01	01	01	02	02	03	01	03	02
33	Harry S. Truman	—	09	08	08	07	07	07	07	05	07	07	07	07.18 (11 rankings)
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower	—	22	11	09	11	12	08	09	09	09	10	08	10.73 (11 rankings)
35	John F. Kennedy	—	—	13	14 (tie)	08	10	10	15	08	18	14	15	12.5 (10 rankings)
36	Lyndon B. Johnson	—	—	10	12	14	15	13	12	10	17	15	18	13.6 (10 rankings)
37	Richard Nixon	—	—	34	34	28	25	23	32	25	33	26	32	29.2 (10 rankings)
38	Gerald R. Ford	—	—	24	23	23	27	32	27	23	28	28	28	26.3 (10 rankings)
39	Jimmy Carter	—	—	25	26	33	24	25	19	22	30	25	34	26.3 (10 rankings)
40	Ronald Reagan	—	—	—	—	16	22	20	26	11	08	16	06	13.88 (8 rankings)
41	George H. W. Bush	—	—	—	—	—	18	31	22	20	21	22	21	22.14 (7 rankings)
42	Bill Clinton	—	—	—	—	—	—	16	23	21	24	18	22	20.67 (6 rankings)
43	George W. Bush	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	23	19	21 (2 rankings)

More than one thousand people have participated in the surveys. The issue of the validity of the rankings has been of special interest to historians and political scientists, who have tried to specify the relative importance of personality, leadership, issues and partisanship. Quantitative ranking by groups of scholars has been in favor in recent decades, displacing the traditional methods of evaluation by individual writers as typified by Bailey (1966) and most biographers.

Because Grover Cleveland served two non-consecutive terms as both the 22nd and 24th President, the total number of Presidents in each poll is at least one less than the number of the most recently serving President in the poll. Because of their short time in office, Presidents William Henry Harrison and James Garfield are sometimes omitted from these polls.

Liberal and conservative raters

The Murray-Blessing 1982 survey asked historians whether they were liberal or conservative on domestic, social and economic issues. The table below shows that the two groups had only small differences in ranking the best and worst presidents. There is only one difference between the ideologies' top 10 lists - Lyndon B. Johnson (liberals) instead of Dwight Eisenhower (conservatives) - and the "worst 7" lists also differ by only one person, with the conservatives selecting Jimmy Carter as one of the bottom seven instead of Calvin Coolidge, the liberals' choice for seventh-worst president.

Rankings by Liberals and Conservatives

Rank	Liberals (n=190)	Conservatives (N=50)
1	Lincoln	Lincoln
2	Franklin Roosevelt	Washington
3	Washington	Franklin Roosevelt
4	Jefferson	Jefferson
5	Theodore Roosevelt	Theodore Roosevelt
6	Wilson	Jackson
7	Jackson	Truman
8	Truman	Wilson
9	LB Johnson	Eisenhower
10	John Adams	John Adams
...
30	Coolidge	Carter
31	Pierce	Nixon
32	Buchanan	Pierce
33	Andrew Johnson	Andrew Johnson
34	Grant	Buchanan
35	Nixon	Grant
36	Harding	Harding

Source: Murray and Blessing p 135

Classical Liberal/Libertarian Dissent on the Liberal/Conservative Consensus

While no survey of libertarian historians is known, a chapter in Reassessing the Presidency contains an article by Vedder and Gallaway that ranks presidential performance by the objective measures of change in government spending as a percent of GDP and change in price index during the administration, weighted equally. From a libertarian perspective, a higher-ranked president would have lower government spending and low (even negative) rates of change in price index.

Even though this ranking is crude and mechanistic, it is consonant with the assessments of many classical liberal and libertarian historians such as Robert Higgs, Jeffrey Rogers Hummel, Thomas DiLorenzo, John V. Denson, Ralph Raico, Joseph Stromberg, Scott Trask, Clyde Wilson, and Thomas E. Woods, Jr.

Libertarian Ranking of Presidential Performance

Rank	President
1	Harding
2	A. Johnson
3	Grant
4	Monroe
5	Van Buren
6	Taylor
7	Jefferson
8	Arthur
9	Tyler
10	J. Q. Adams
11	Hayes
12	Cleveland
13	Coolidge
(tied)	Truman
15	J. Adams
16	Polk
(tied)	Buchanan
(tied)	Hoover
19	Eisenhower
20	Fillmore
21	Jackson
22	Washington
23	T. Roosevelt
24	Taft
25	McKinley
26	B. Harrison
27	Clinton
28	Madison
29	Nixon
30	Pierce
(tied)	Kennedy
32	Reagan
33	L. Johnson
34	G. H. W. Bush
35	F. Roosevelt
36	Carter
37	Ford
38	Wilson
39	Lincoln

Source: Vedder and Gallaway, Table 4, Variant 1, p. 19

Popular opinion

C-SPAN viewer survey

C-SPAN asked viewers in 1999 to rank the presidents, and 1,145 people participated. The results of the viewer survey were similar to the results of the 1999 C-SPAN historian survey, with a few notable differences.[6]

1. Abraham Lincoln
2. George Washington
3. Theodore Roosevelt
4. Franklin D. Roosevelt
5. Thomas Jefferson
6. Ronald Reagan
7. Harry S. Truman
8. Dwight D. Eisenhower
9. James Monroe
10. James Madison
11. John Adams
12. John F. Kennedy
13. Woodrow Wilson
14. Andrew Jackson
15. John Quincy Adams
16. George H.W. Bush
17. James Polk
18. William McKinley
19. Lyndon Baines Johnson
20. Richard Nixon

ABC poll

An ABC News poll about presidential greatness, taken 16-20 February 2000, asked 1012 adults nationwide, "Who do you think was the greatest American president?" [7]

1. Abraham Lincoln (19%)
2. John Kennedy (17%)
3. Franklin Roosevelt (11%)
4. No opinion (10%)
5. Ronald Reagan (9%)
6. George Washington (8%)
7. Bill Clinton (7%)
8. Theodore Roosevelt (4%)
9. George H.W. Bush (4%)
10. Thomas Jefferson (3%)
11. Harry Truman (2%)
12. Richard Nixon (2%)
13. Jimmy Carter (1%)
14. Dwight Eisenhower (1%)

Rasmussen Reports poll

A Rasmussen Reports poll taken June 13-24 of 2007 asked 1,000 randomly selected adults to rate America's presidents. Six presidents were rated favorably by at least 80% of respondents. They were George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Thomas Jefferson, Theodore Roosevelt, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and John F. Kennedy. Twenty presidents were viewed favorably by at least 50% of respondents.

Only two presidents were viewed unfavorably by at least 50% of respondents. They were Richard Nixon and George W. Bush, the current president. [8]

Favorably-Viewed Presidents

1. George Washington (94% favorable)
2. Abraham Lincoln (92% favorable)
3. Thomas Jefferson (89% favorable)
4. Theodore Roosevelt (84% favorable)
5. Franklin D. Roosevelt (81% favorable)
6. John F. Kennedy (80% favorable)
7. John Adams (74% favorable)
8. James Madison (73% favorable)
9. Ronald Reagan (72% favorable)
10. Dwight Eisenhower (72% favorable)
11. Harry Truman (70% favorable)
12. Andrew Jackson (69% favorable)
13. Gerald Ford (62% favorable)
14. John Quincy Adams (59% favorable)
15. Ulysses S. Grant (58% favorable)
16. Jimmy Carter (57% favorable)
17. William Taft (57% favorable)
18. George H.W. Bush – the former president (57% favorable)
19. Woodrow Wilson (56% favorable)
20. Bill Clinton (55% favorable)

Unfavorably-Viewed Presidents

1. Richard Nixon (60% unfavorable)
2. George W. Bush – the current president (59% unfavorable)

Washington College poll

A Washington College poll about presidential greatness, taken 11 February 2005, asked 800 adults nationwide, "Thinking about all the presidents of the United States throughout history to the present, who would you say was America's greatest president?"[9]

1. Abraham Lincoln (20%)
2. Ronald Reagan (15%)
3. Franklin D. Roosevelt (12%)
4. John F. Kennedy (11%)
5. Bill Clinton (10%)
6. Other/Don't Know (9%)
7. George W. Bush (8%)
8. George Washington (6%)
9. Theodore Roosevelt (3%)
10. Dwight Eisenhower (3%)
11. Jimmy Carter (2%)
12. Thomas Jefferson (2%)
13. Richard Nixon (1%)
14. John Adams (<1%)
15. Andrew Jackson (<1%)
16. Lyndon Johnson (<1%)

Gallup poll

A Gallup poll about presidential greatness, taken February 9-11, 2007, asked 1006 adults nationwide, "Who do you regard as the greatest United States president?" [10]

1. Abraham Lincoln (18%)
2. Ronald Reagan (16%)
3. John F. Kennedy (14%)
4. Bill Clinton (13%)
5. Franklin Roosevelt (9%)
6. Other/None/No opinion (8%)
7. George Washington (7%)
8. Harry Truman (3%)
9. George W. Bush (2%)
10. Theodore Roosevelt (2%)
11. Dwight Eisenhower (2%)
12. Thomas Jefferson (2%)
13. Jimmy Carter (2%)
14. Gerald Ford (1%)
15. George H.W. Bush (1%)
16. Richard Nixon (-%)

Recent president polls

These polls evaluate Presidents from Dwight D. Eisenhower and later succession.

CNN poll

A CNN poll, taken November 17-19, 2006, asked 1,025 adults nationwide, “Who do you think was the better president: George W. Bush, the current president, or his father, George Bush, who was president from 1989 to 1993?"

Current President: 25%

Former President: 61%

Equally Good or Bad 12%

Unsure 2%

Quinnipiac University poll

A Quinnipiac University poll, taken May 23-30, 2006, asked 1,534 registered American voters to pick the worst U.S. President of the last 61 years. [11].

"Which of these eleven presidents we have had since World War II would you consider the worst president - Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, Ronald Reagan, George Bush Senior, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush?"

1. George W. Bush (34%)
2. Richard Nixon (17%)
3. Bill Clinton (16%)
4. Jimmy Carter (13%)
5. Don't Know/No Answer (5%)
6. Lyndon Johnson (4%)
7. George H. W. Bush (3%)
8. Ronald Reagan (3%)
9. Gerald Ford (2%)
10. Harry Truman (1%)
11. John Kennedy (1%)
12. Dwight Eisenhower (<1%)

USA Today/Gallup poll

A USA Today/Gallup Poll, taken December 8-10, 2006, asked 1009 adults nationwide, "How do you think each of the following presidents will go down in history -- as an outstanding president, above average, average, below average, or poor?"

George W. Bush:

• 4% outstanding
• 15% above average
• 27% average,
• 25% below average
• 29% poor

Bill Clinton:

• 12% outstanding,
• 33% above average,
• 29% average,
• 15% below average,
• 10% poor

George H.W. Bush:

• 5% outstanding,
• 27% above average,
• 50% average,
• 10% below average,
• 8% poor

Ronald Reagan:

• 24% outstanding,
• 40% above average,
• 26% average,
• 6% below average,
• 4% poor,
• 1% unsure

Jimmy Carter:

• 11% outstanding,
• 27% above average,
• 38% average,
• 13% below average,
• 9% poor,
• 3% unsure

Gerald Ford:

• 6% outstanding,
• 17% above average,
• 60% average,
• 9% below average,
• 3% poor,
• 5% unsure

References

• Thomas A. Bailey, Presidential Greatness (1966), a non quantitative appraisal by leading historian
• Degregorio, William A. The Complete Book of U.S. Presidents. 4th ed. New York: Avenel, 1993. Contains the results of the 1962 and 1982 surveys.
• Faber, Charles and Richard Faber. The American Presidents Ranked by Performance (2000)
• Felzenberg, Alvin S. “There You Go Again: Liberal Historians and the New York Times Deny Ronald Reagan His Due,” Policy Review, March—April 1997.
• Melvin G. Holli. The American Mayor: The Best & the Worst Big-City Leaders (1999)
• Miller, Nathan. Star-Spangled Men America's Ten Worst Presidents (1999)
• Murray, Robert K. and Tim H. Blessing. Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents, from Washington Through Ronald Reagan (1994)
• Pfiffner, James P. ; "Ranking the Presidents: Continuity and Volatility" White House Studies, Vol. 3, 2003 pp 23+
• Ridings, William J., Jr. and Stuart B. McIver. Rating the Presidents: A Ranking of U.S. leaders, from the Great and Honorable to the Dishonest and Incompetent. Secaucus, NJ: Carol Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0-8065-1799-9.
• Schlesinger, Jr. Arthur M. "Ranking the Presidents: From Washington to Clinton," Political Science Quarterly (1997) 112:179-90
• Skidmore, Max J. Presidential Performance: A Comprehensive Review (2004)
• Skidmore, Max J. "Ranking and Evaluating Presidents: The Case of Theodore Roosevelt" White House Studies. Volume: 1. Issue: 4. 2001. pp 495+.
• Taranto, James and Leonard Leo, eds. Presidential Leadership: Rating the Best and Worst in the White House. New York: Wall Street Journal Books, 2004. ISBN 0-7432-5433-3, for Federalist Society surveys.
• Vedder, Richard and Gallaway, Lowell, "Rating Presidential Performance" in Reassessing the Presidency: The Rise of the Executive State and the Decline of Freedom ed. John V. Denson, Mises Institute, 2001. ISBN 0-945466-29-3

External links

• "Ranking Presidents: Utter Nonsense Or Useful Analysis?, 2001 column by John Dean
• "The Worst President in History?", 2006 Rolling Stone article by Princeton University historian Sean Wilentz
• "Historians vs. George W. Bush, 2004 article by Millsaps College historian Robert S. McElvaine

See also

• Historical rankings of British Prime Ministers

Lists of Presidents and Vice Presidents of the United States

Presidential lists of order	Order of service | Birthday  | Birth | Death | Age at ascension | Longevity | Military rank | Post-presidency length | Term length | Height | Historical rankings
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Vice President lists	Term length | Order by birth | Tie-breaking votes Longevity
Succession	Line of succession | Designated survivor
Elections	Order by Electoral College margin | 2000 Electors | 2004 electors
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Unsuccessful candidates	Military service | Who received at least one electoral vote
Fictional	Fictional Presidents | Fictional Vice Presidents | Fictional Presidential candidates | Fictional presidential succession