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Information about Historical Pederastic Couples

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Walt Whitman (seated) and Bill Duckett.


Over the course of history there have been a number of known pederastic relationships between adult men and adolescent boys. In some of these cases both members became well-known historical figures, while in others, only one of the two did.

The legal status of these relationships has varied with culture and jurisdiction. At present pederastic relationships between unrelated individuals above the local age of consent are legal in most jurisdictions.

Though all such relationships are by definition homoerotic in nature, the individuals involved do not necessarily identify themselves as homosexuals. [1] The nature of the relationships have ranged from overtly sexual to what is now referred to as platonic,[2] sometimes out of religious principle.[3]

Problematics of the pederastic record

In the pre-modern and modern West, their equivocal status has made pederastic relationships hard to document, since it was in the interest of both participants to keep the relationship secret. According to historian Michael Kaylor,
[S]ince in Victorian England ‘homosexual behaviour became subject to increased legal penalties, notably by the Labouchère Amendment of the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885, which extended the law to cover all male homosexual acts, whether committed in public or private’, expecting ‘verifiable data’ concerning their unconventional desires is the ultimate scholarly presumption.[4]
Another obstacle to the documentation of such relationships has been the destruction of "incriminating" personal and public records, either to "preserve the honor" of the individuals involved, or as retribution against their perceived transgressions.

Some examples of this destruction of personal records by solicitous next-of-kin are the burning of the papers of Richard Francis Burton (among which his autobiographical magnum opus) by his wife at the time of his death, a project reported to have taken a number of days. Likewise, the sister of Horatio Alger destroyed his correspondence upon his death. The same fate befell the personal papers of Philip II, Duke of Orléans, whose wife entered his chambers upon his death and disposed of his voluminous correspondence with his various minions. Death is not the only occasion when such records are lost. The wife of André Gide burned thirty years of almost daily correspondence between them ("The best of myself," he later claimed) upon learning of his elopement to London with Marc Allégret, his teenage boyfriend, declaring she had been left with "nothing else to do."

Nevertheless a very small percentage of these relationships have become public knowledge, usually because one of the members disclosed it as part of his artistic production, or because the relationship came to the attention of the authorities and the legal record was preserved. In recent years, with the greater public acceptance of homosexual expression, such information has become somewhat easier to come by, especially in those cases where the relationship is no longer illegal.

Known or presumed pederastic couples

In the following list the couples are listed in chronological order, and the name of the older partner precedes that of the younger. Though many more men are known to have engaged in such relationships, only those instances in which the name of the younger partner is known are included. In keeping with various traditions which allow (and actually privilege) chaste pederastic relationships (See Philosophy of pederasty and Nazar ill'al-murd), included below are also relationships in which there is evidence of an erotic component even in the absence of actual sexual relations.

Antiquity

Main article: Pederasty in ancient Greece
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Alcibiades


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Antinous


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Polydeukion
  • Solon and Peisistratus[5]
  • The law giver was the erastes of the future tyrant, presumably around 590 BCE.
  • Peisistratus and Charmus[6]
  • Chariton and Melanippus
  • The two lovers plotted against Phalaris around 560 BCE. They were discovered and tortured to divulge accomplices, but remained silent. The tyrant, impressed, set them free. Their valor and love were celebrated in a Delphic oracle:
::''Blessed were Chariton and Melanippus:
::They showed mortals the way to a friendship that was divine. [7]
  • Theognis of Megara and Cyrnus
  • The poet, thought to have lived in the sixth c. BCE, addressed many of his poems to his young beloved, using them to pass on his wisdom to the boy.[8]
  • Polycrates and Smerdies
  • The love of the tyrant of Samos for his Thracian favorite, some time between 535 and 515, was recorded by the poet Anacreon.[9]
  • Aristogeiton and Harmodius
  • Heroic couple, later lionized by the Athenian democrats, whose 514 BCE plot to assassinate Hippias in was credited with the overthrow of tyranny in Athens.[10]
  • Parmenides of Elea and Zeno of Elea
  • According to Plato, Zeno was "tall and fair to look upon" and was "in the days of his youth . . . reported to have been beloved by Parmenides."[11] This would have occurred around 475 BCE.
  • Hiero I of Syracuse and Daelochus
  • Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse surrounded himself with pederastic intellectuals and had a number of lovers.[12]
  • Phidias and Agoracritus
  • The youth, both beloved and student of the sculptor, is also known for his sculpture of Nemesis at Rhamnus.[13]
  • Phidias and Pantarkes
  • Pantarkes, was an Elian youth and winner of the boys' wrestling match at the 86th Olympics in 436 BCE. He modeled for one of the figures sculpted in the throne of the Olympian Zeus, and Phidias, to honor him, carved "Kalos Pantarkes" into the god's little finger.[14][15][16]
  • Socrates and Alcibiades
  • Each is said to have saved the life of the other in battle, and the relationship, which took place around 435-430 was said to have been chaste.[17]
  • Critias and Euthydemos
  • A relationship mocked by Socrates for the brutish physicality of Critias' desire.
  • Xenophon and Clinias
  • Of his eromenos, Xenophon said, "Now I look upon Clinias with more pleasure than upon all the other beautiful things which are to be seen among men; and I would rather be blind as to all the rest of the world, than as to Clinias. And I am annoyed even with night and with sleep, because then I do not see him; but I am very grateful to the sun and to daylight, because they show Clinias to me."[18]
  • Callias III and Autolycus
  • The relationship between the two, in 421 BCE, is touched upon in Xenophon's Symposium, where Callias entertains both the boy and the father.[19]
  • Themistocles and Stesilaus of Ceos
  • Around 420 BCE Themistocles competed for the boy's love with Aristides. As Plutarch recounts, "... they were rivals for the affection of the beautiful Stesilaus of Ceos, and were passionate beyond all moderation."[20]
  • Pytheas and Teisis
  • Pytheas, who was also the guardian of the youth, appointed to that position by Teisis' father in his will, is held up as being an unwise erastes, concerned with impressing his eromenos and as a result giving him bad advice.[21]
  • Archedemus and Alcibiades II
  • In his childhood, Alcibiades II, son of the famous general by the same name, was notorious for frequenting the house of his erastes, drinking, and reclining with him under a single cloak in sight of all.[22]
  • Archebiades and Alcibiades II
  • After the death of the older Alcibiades, his old associate and co-defendant in the desecration of the Eleusinian mysteries, became the erastes of his son, then in his early teens, ransoming him from imprisonment, a ransom the boy's father had refused to pay, out of disgust with his own son.[23]
  • Lysander and Agesilaus II
  • Lysander had been the eispnelas of Agesilaus and was instrumental in the latter's rise to kingship, only to be spurned by him once he rose to power in 399BCE.
  • Archidamus and Cleonymus
  • Archidamus, son of Agesilaus II, is described by Xenophon to have been in love with the handsome son of Sphodrias. The boy asked his eispnelas to intervene with the king in favor of his father in a life and death legal matter, promising that Archidamus would never be ashamed to have befriended him. That proved to be so, as he was the first Spartan to die at the battle of Leuctra.[24]
  • Archelaus I of Macedon and Craterus (or Crateuas)
  • The king of Macedon was assassinated in 399 BCE by this eromenos, upon reneging on a promise to give the boy his daughter in marriage.[25]
  • Agesilaus II and Megabates
  • By taking on the Perisan boy as beloved, the king of Sparta was following Spartan law.
  • Epaminondas and Asopichos
  • A couple famed for their military prowess, such as in their victory at Leuctra in 371 BCE.
  • Demosthenes and Cnosion
  • After the orator took in his young beloved, his wife is said to have bedded the boy in a fit of jealousy,[26] though Aeschines claims that it was Demosthenes who put his own wife in bed with the youth so as to get children by him.[27]
  • Demosthenes and Aristarchus
  • Much of what is known about this relationship comes from the speeches of Demosthenes' enemy, Aeschines. He accuses Demosthenes of having been such a bad erastes to Aristarchus so as not even to deserve the name. Among his alleged crimes are his complicity in Aristarchus' murder of Nicodemus of Aphidna, whose eyes and tongue were gouged out. This murder took place while the youth was under Demosthenes' tutelage.[28] Another misdeed of Demosthenes, the one allegedly disqualifying him from calling himself an erastes, is his pillaging of Aristarchus' estate. He is alleged to have pretended being in love with the youth so as to get his hands on the boy's inheritance, which he is said to have squandered and from which he is said to have taken three talents upon Aristarchus' fleeing into exile so as to avoid a trial.[29]
  • Demosthenes and Aristion
  • Again, according to Aeschines, Demosthenes had the handsome youth in his house, engaged in unspeakable behavior: There is a certain Aristion, a Plataean..., who as a youth was oustandingly good-looking and lived for a long time in Demosthenes' house. Allegations about the part he was playing ('undergoing or doing what') there vary, and it would be most unseemly for me to talk about it.[30]
  • Philip II of Macedon and Pausanias
  • In 336 BCE Pausanias killed Philip out of jealousy over another lover.
  • Alexander the Great and Bagoas.
  • The two met in 330 BCE after the death of Bagoas' previous patron, Darius III.
  • Demetrius Phalereus and Diognis
  • Between 317 BC and 307 BC, when he was despot of Athens, he had a boyfriend by the name of Diognis, of whom all the Athenian boys were jealous.[31]
  • Xenares and Cleomenes III
  • Xenares inspired the future king before 235 BCE.[32]
  • Cleomenes III and Panteus.
  • According to Plutarch, Panteus was "the most beautiful and valorous youth of Sparta." Later he joined his inspirer in death - when Cleomenes took his own life upon being exiled to Egypt Panteus, seeing that he could still knit his brows, "...kissed him and raised him. Holding the body next to him, he plunged his sword into his own breast." [33]
  • Gaozu of Han and Jiri
  • Reigned 206-195 BCE.
  • Emperor Hui of Han and Hongru
  • Reigned 194-188 BCE. Before the tradition of meritocracy took root, male favorites rose to rank and power.
  • Ptolemy VI Philometor and Galestes
  • The king loved the boy not only for his good looks but also for his wisdom. Ca. 170-140 BCE [34]
  • Emperor Hadrian and Antinous
  • The Roman emperor met this 13 or 14 years old boy from Bithynia in 124 CE. Antinous was deified by Hadrian, when he died six years later. Many statues, busts, coins and reliefs display Hadrian's deep affections for him: [1]
  • Herodes Atticus and Polydeukion
  • Herodes emulated Hadrian in establishing a heroic cult for the boy upon his early death ca. 174 CE.[35]

Oriental world

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Mahmud & Ayaz
  • Yu Xin and Wang Shao
  • The great writer (513-581) was disowned by his beloved upon the latter's rise to power.
  • Walibah ibn al-Hubab and Abu Nuwas
  • Both poets, the younger (b. 756 C.E.) becoming by far the greater of the two.
  • Mahmud of Ghazni and Ayaz
  • The two, sultan and slave, are paragons of male love in Islamic culture. Their story depicts the power of love of a man for a youth, where the king becomes a slave to his slave. Mahmud appointed Ayaz ruler of Lahore in 1021. See Malik Ayaz for anecdotes of their relationship
  • Shah Hussain and Madho Lal
  • Shah Hussain's love for a Brahmin boy called "Madho" or "Madho Lal" is famous, and they are often referred to as a single person with the composite name of "Madho Laal Hussain." Madho's tomb lies next to Hussain's in the shrine.

Middle Ages

  • Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid and Saif
  • "Henri Peres tells us: 'Sodomy is practised in all the courts of the Muluk al-Tawaif.It is sufficient to point out here the love of al-Mutamid for Ibn Ammar and for his page Saif...'"[36]
  • Raoul II, Archbishop of Tours and Jean, Archbishop of Orléans
  • Raoul appointed his adolescent lover (also known as "Flora) in 1097 to the post in Orléans over the vehement objections of other prelates. (Crompton, p.183)
  • Ailred of Rievaulx and Simon
  • Ailred, the abbot of the Cistercian monastery of Rievaulx who was in his mid-twenties in 1135, was in love with a young monk named Simon, about fourteen years of age. The relationship is thought to have remained chaste.[37]
  • Nicoleto Marmagna and Giovanni Braganza
  • In 1357 the Venetian court I Signori di Notte ("The Gentlemen of the Night") sentenced the boatman and his young servant to be burned at the stake. Their relationship of many years standing had been discovered during a voyage from Mestre to Venice. Crompton, p.202)

Pre-modern period

  • Ashikaga Yoshimitsu and Zeami Motokiyo
  • In the shudo tradition, most shoguns took boys as lovers. Zeami caught the eye of his patron (then 16) at 11, in 1374. He became a playwright, father of Noh theater.
  • Ashikaga Yoshimochi and Akamatsu Mochisada
  • Shogun Yoshimochi, son of Yoshimitsu, granted lands which his beloved mismanaged. His own family denounced him, and he had to commit seppuku by order of his lover, the shogun.
  • Ashikaga Yoshinori and Akamatsu Sadamura
  • For love of Sadamura, Shogun Yoshinori lost his life in 1441, assassinated by Akamatsu Mitsusuke, whose lands he had wanted to take and give to Sadamura.
  • Ashikaga Yoshimasa and Akamatsu Norinao
  • Norinao, granted lands at the time in possession of Yamana Sozen, was attacked by the latter and took his own life. The conflict ballooned into the Ōnin civil war of 1467.
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il Salaino
  • Marsilio Ficino and Giovanni Cavalcanti
  • Ficino lived with the youth at his villa for many years, only separating briefly in 1473, occasion of ardent love letters. [38]
  • Leonardo da Vinci and Gian Giacomo Caprotti da Oreno (il Salaino)
  • Il Salaino entered his service in 1490 at 10, and remained for thirty years. [39] [40]
  • Babur and Baburi
  • According to Babur's autobiography, some time around the year 1500,
    Insert the text of the quote here, without quotation marks.
    • Leonardo da Vinci and Francesco Melzi
    • Melzi was Leonardo's last love. In 1505, he joined Leonardo's household at the age of 15. Later he went to France with him and finally inherited the artistic and scientific works of the great Italian master. [41]
    • Benedetto Varchi and Giovanni de' Pazzi
    • Varchi's first love affair was with Giovanni, the adolescent son of a local aristocrat. The father had Varchi knifed upon finding his son stole out of the house to spend his nights with his lover. Varchi survived to have other lovers.[42]
    • Hosokawa Takakuni and Yanagimoto Kenji
    • Takakuni, despite having sworn eternal love to Kenji, allowed Kenji's brother to be murdered. Later Kenji rose in vengeance against him with an army.
    • Yanagimoto Kenji and Takahata Jinkuro
    • Knowing Kenji prepared a rebellion, Jinkuro vowed silence, but refused to break his allegiance to Lord Takakuni, warning Kenji that despite their love, he would not hesitate to kill him in battle.
    • Nicholas Udall and Thomas Cheyney
    • Udall, headmaster at Eton College resigned in 1541 after confessing to having "committed buggery" with his pupil, for which he spent a short time in Marshalsea gaol.[2]
    • Takeda Shingen and Kosaka Masanobu
    • In 1543 the 22-year-old future Daimyo sealed a written vow of love (still in existence) with his 16-year-old retainer, who served him as samurai in battle and page in peacetime. (Leupp, pp.53-54)
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    Cecchino de' Bracci
    • Michelangelo and Cecchino de' Bracci
    • The artist composed fifty rhymed epitaphs for his friend, dead at sixteen in 1543. A few verses refer clearly to their shared physical joys.[43]
    • Pope Julius III and Cardinal Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte
    • The future pope hired the illiterate 14-year-old street urchin for his charms in 1547. Upon being appointed pope in 1550, he raised the boy to the post of cardinal and indulged in pederastic orgies with him and other young cardinals. (Larivière, 1997)
    • Theodore Beza and Audebert
    • Among his 1548 Juvenilia poems was one which was understood to point to his bisexuality, in which he compared his passion for two young lovers, "little Candida" and "little Audebert," concluding he loved Audebert the best. Later this poem would be held against him in particular and against Calvinists in general as a proof of moral failing.[3], [4]
    • Benvenuto Cellini and Fernando di Giovanni di Montepulciano
    • Ended after five years, in 1556, when Cellini, 56, had a falling out with his teen apprentice.
    • Ashikaga Yoshiteru and Matsui Sadonokami
    • Sadonokami remained as the Shogun's lover until he reached adulthood, when he entered the service of the Hosokawa family, where his descendants can be found to the present day.
    • Ashikaga Yoshiteru and Oodate Iwachiyomaru
    • The Jesuit Father Luis Frois writes of the 13-year-old page's seppuku upon the death of his lord, the Shogun in 1565.
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    Mori Ranmaru
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    Francesco Boneri
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    Henry Wriothesley
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    Louis XIII
    • James I of England and Robert Carr, 1st Earl of Somerset
    • The 41-year-old king fell in love with the 17-year-old ex-page at a 1606 jousting bout. Their love lasted several years, though as the boy matured the king was powerless to prevent Carr's “creeping back and withdrawing yourself from lying in my chamber, notwithstanding my many hundred times earnest soliciting you to the contrary.”
    • Charles de Luynes and Louis XIII of France
    • Counselor and friend to the Dauphin who was 23 years his junior, de Luynes was his lover from at least 1615, when the future Louis XIII - already experienced in male love - was 14.
    • Sakabe Gozaemon and Tokugawa Iemitsu
    • The childhood friend and retainer, aged 21, was murdered by his 16-year-old beloved as they shared a bathtub, in 1620. (Crompton, p.439)
    • Louis XIII, King of France, and the Marquis de Cinq-Mars
    • Cardinal Richelieu introduced the twelve-year-old marquis to his king in 1632, thinking the youth would be easy to control. Instead, the marquis tried to convince the king to have Richelieu executed. Cinq-Mars induced some French nobility into revolt, but the effort failed and Richelieu had him beheaded in 1642.[47]
    • Tokugawa Tsunayoshi and Yanagisawa Yoshiyasu
    • Yoshiyasu served the shogun, 12 years his senior, from ca. 1660 at an early age, and both played major roles in the incident of the 47 ronin of 1701.
    • Moriwaki Gonkuro and Mashida Toyonoshin
    • On being challenged to a duel in 1667 by a man whose advances he had rejected, sixteen year old Toyonoshin appeals to his thirty one year old lover, with whom he has been in relationship for three years, for assistance. The two end up fighting and defeating the interloper and his henchmen, then prepare for seppuku to atone for having killed the lord's men, only to be forgiven by the lord for their valor.[48]
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    William Courtenay (Kitty)
    • Jean-Baptiste Lully and Brunet
    • In 1685 the 53-year-old composer was denounced for his dalliances with his young page. The boy confessed to Roman orgies involving so many of the great lords that all was hushed up.
    • Hans Hermann von Katte and Frederick II of Prussia
    • The 18-year-old crown prince Frederick wanted to escape from his brutal father in 1730. He asked his friend von Katte for help, but they didn't get very far. The king showed no mercy - he sentenced von Katte to death and forced his son to watch the execution.
    • Luc de Clapiers, marquis de Vauvenargues and Hippolyte de Seytres
    • Both belonged to a French regiment that fought in Bohemia since 1740. Hippolyte, also an aristocrat, was 18 and Vauvenargue 8 years older when they became companions. The younger of the two died during the Siege of Prague in 1742. De Clapiers addressed his philosophical work Conseil à un jeune homme (Advice to a young Man) to Hippolyte de Seytres. "He understood all the passions and opinions, even the most singular, that the world blames." —Vauvenargues about his friend.
    • William Thomas Beckford and William Courtenay
    • Beckford, 19, fell in love with Courtenay, 10, nicknamed Kitty and "one of the most beautiful boys in England," in 1789. Both pursued lifelong involvement with boys.

    Nineteenth century

    • Cheng I and Chang Pao (Cheung Po Tsai in Cantonese)
    • Cheng I was a pirate of the Chinese coast, who kidnapped the 15 years old Chang Pao in 1801. Chang Pao later became the leader of Cheng's pirate fleet.
    • Lord Byron and Nicolò Giraud
    • Lord Byron fell in love with the French-Italian lad in 1810, when the boy was 15. [49] "It is about two hours since, that, after informing me he was most desirous to follow him (that is me) over the world, he concluded by telling me it was proper for us not only to live, but 'morire insieme'. The latter I hope to avoid - as much of the former as he pleases." —Byron in his letter to John Cam Hobhouse - The Convent, Athens, August 23rd, 1810
    • Edward Fitzgerald and William Kenworthy Browne
    • While on a steamship crossing in 1832, Fitzgerald met the sixteen year old boy and fell in love with him. Their friendship continued until his friend's death in a riding accident in 1859. The poem Euphranor: A Dialogue on Youth was a glorification of Browne.
    • Edward John Eyre and Wylie
    • The Australian explorer met Wylie in 1840 and took him as companion, together with two other Aboriginee boys and an European, on his 1841 expedition across the Nullarbor Plain. Afterwards he formed repeated close associations with such boys.[50]
    • Hail-Storm and Rabbit
    • Of the two Oglala Lakota he met in 1847, Parkman recounts, "Hail-Storm and [Rabbit] were inseparable: they ate, slept and hunted together, and shared with one another almost all that they possessed. If there be anything that deserves to be called romantic in the Indian character, it is to be sought for in friendships such as this, which are quite common among many of the prairie tribes." Hail-Storm was an older adolescent entering manhood, while Rabbit was still a boy. [51]
    • James Brooke and Charles (Doddy) Grant
    • Brooke, Rajah of Sarawak, a man uninterested in women and with a penchant for falling in love with adolescent boys, fell in love with a young recruit, Charles Grant (grandson of the seventh Earl of Elgin), sixteen at the time. His love was reciprocated by the boy.[52]
    • William Johnson Cory and Charles Wood
    • William Johnson, master at Eton, wrote a book of Uranian verse, Ionica, dedicated to his pupil, in 1850.
    • Charles John Vaughan and Alfred Pretor
    • Vaughn, headmaster at Harrow School, in 1851 was engaged in a long-standing love affair with Pretor, the head boy at the school, a youth known as "the house tart."[53] Pretor boasted of the affair to his friend, John Addington Symonds. The latter eventually divulged matters to his father who blackmailed Vaughn into resigning. Pretor never forgave John his indiscretion.[54]
    • John C. Frémont and Jesse Shepard
    • The adventurer and politician took on the thirteen year old boy as his page, a role he filled for two years, until 1863. Jesse had been chosen because he was queer, and the two were constantly together.[55]
    • Russell Conwell and John Ring
    • During the American Civil War Conwell, a non-believer at the time, was attended by a sixteen year old aide de camp named Johnny Ring, a youth who shared his tent and was also charged with safeguarding the captain's saber and was devoutly Christian. The boy "idolized Conwell and was always with him," an affection which Conwell returned. On one occasion, Conwell being away from camp, the platoon was forced into a hasty retreat, setting fire to a bridge to block pursuit. Ring, attempting to save his captain's sword, crossed the burning bridge and enemy lines, retrieving the sword and crossing back through the flames, dying later of his burns. Upon hearing the news, Conwell lost consciousness and spent days in delirium of grief, converting later so as to be able to rejoin his friend after death. According to his own account, is is the memory of the love they shared that gave him the energy to accomplish his works in life.[56]
    • John Addington Symonds and Norman Moor
    • Symonds was introduced to the schoolboy in 1868 by a common friend, and for Norman's sake sought an appointment as teacher at his school, Clifton College.[57]
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    Il Moro
    • Paul Verlaine and Arthur Rimbaud
    • Both major poets, they became lovers in 1871, at 27 and 17 respectively. [58]
    • Henry Morton Stanley and Kalalu
    • Stanley wrote a book about his love for the African boy, around 1870, "My Kalalu."
    • Reginald Brett, 2nd Viscount Esher and Ernlé Johnson
    • Inspired by his teacher and close friend William Johnson Cory, Brett engages the fifteen year old Ernlé in a romantic but chaste mentorship of many years duration starting in 1874.[59]
    • Oscar Browning and George Curzon
    • After fifteen years a master at Eton College, OB, a former student of William Johnson-Cory,[60] was dismissed in 1875 over his "overly amorous"[61] (but purportedly chaste) relationship with the sixteen year old Curzon.[62][63]
    • Wilhelm von Gloeden and Pancrazio Bucini
    • Von Gloeden, a famous fin de siècle photographer of Italian youths, hired Bucini in the early 1880s, when the boy was 13 or 14. Bucini, called "il Moro," was his lover, assistant and finally his heir. In 1936 Bucini, as curator of the collection, successfully defended himself against the charge of keeping pornography, accusation made by the Italian fascists, who destroyed most of the remaining three thousand picture plates.
    • Walt Whitman and Bill Duckett
    • They were together from 1884 to 1889
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    Robert Ross at twenty-four
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    Frank Hird
    • John Ellingham Brooks and Somerset Maugham
    • Brooks, an impoverished British pianist about twenty six at the time, had an affair in 1890 with the sixteen year old Maugham in Heidelberg, where the latter was at university. It was the boy's first sexual experience.[66]
    • Charles D. Williamson and Salvatore
    • Williamson, a former pupil of Johnson Cory and former beloved of Reginald Brett, took Catholic orders and moved to Italy, where in 1892 he developed a relationship with a fifteen year old youth whom he also appointed as houseboy. They were together for four years, until the boy's death.[67]
    • André Gide and Ali
    • The first homoerotic encounter of the young writer, in North Africa, with a young Arab.[68]
    • Lord Ronald Gower and Frank Hird
    • Gower, the model for Lord Henry Wotton in Wilde's "The Picture of Dorian Gray", adopted the boy (no later than 1894) and lived with him in what became a life-long relationship.[69] "Gower may be seen, but not Hird." —Oscar Wilde
    • John Gambril Nicholson and William Alexander (Alec) Melling
    • One of the poet's boyish muses, Melling was the dedicatee of Nicholsen's collection of Uranian poems, A Chaplet of Southernwood, published in 1896.
    • Norman Douglas and Michele
    • Douglas had an affair with the youth, 15, in Capri in 1897.
    • Hector MacDonald and Alaister Robertson
    • At the time of the Battle of Paardeberg in 1900, MacDonald's principal friend was Alaister Robertson, a Glenalmond schoolboy from Aberdeen whose photograph he kept on his desk and with whom he corresponded.[70][71]

    20th and 21st centuries

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    Selim Ahmed
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    Jawaharlal Nehru
    • Lytton Strachey and Duncan Grant
    • Despite Grant's alleged reply to his elder cousin's propositioning, Relations we may be: have them, we may not, the two, former childhood friends, became lovers in 1902 when Grant was a house guest of the Stracheys in London. He was seventeen and Strachey twenty two.[72]
    • Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen and Loulou Locré
    • Loulou was a pupil at the Lycée Carnot, involved with Fersen in 1903.[73]
    • Stefan George and Max Kronberger (Maximin)
    • A chaste love (one of many for George) which lasted one year, till the boy's death at 16 in 1904. George was then creating a cult that lifted Maximin to a godlike status. [74]
    • St. John Lucas and Rupert Brooke
    • Whilst at Rugby in 1904, the 16-year-old RB had a relationship with 25-year-old St. John Lucas, an author and aesthete who gave a great deal of encouragement to RB, and introduced him to the 1890s poets (Wilde, Dowson, etc.).
    • Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen and Nino Cesarini
    • The baron, 24, met the 14 year old laborer in Rome, 1904. They lived in Capri till Fersen's 1923 suicide.
    • Ferdinand Brooks and Jawaharlal Nehru
    • Before his enrollment in the Harrow School in 1905 the young Nehru had a relationship with Brooks, his Theosophist French teacher. [75]
    • Frederick Rolfe and Ermenegildo Vianello
    • The writer, also known as "Baron Corvo" met the boy, a young gondolier of around seventeen years of age, in Venice in 1908 [5]
    • T. E. Lawrence and Selim Ahmed (Dahoum)[76]
    • For love of a Syrian boy of 15 met in 1912 at 24, Lawrence fought for Arab independence. "I liked a particular Arab very much, and I thought that freedom for the race would be an acceptable present." —T.E. Lawrence
    Enlarge picture
    Noel Coward
    • Philip Streatfeild and Noel Coward
    • Streatfeild, a 35 year old painter and member of the Uranian Society, took the 14 year old child actor in and introduced him to high society in 1913. Coward is thought to have modeled for his painting of nude boys on the beach.[77][78]
    • André Gide and Marc Allégret
    • Became lovers in 1916 when they were 47 and 15, remained friends for life. Allégret was the son of Elie Allégret, best man at Gide's 1895 wedding, and later became a renowned filmmaker. [79]
    • E. M. Forster and Mohammed el-Adl
    • Forster met the 17 year old boy in Ramlah around 1917. Their love served as inspiration for much of the writer's later work.
    • Jean Cocteau and Raymond Radiguet (contested)
    • Cocteau met the young poet in 1918 at 29, when the boy was 15 years old. The two collaborated extensively, socialized, and undertook many journeys and vacations together. Cocteau got the youth exempted from military service and exerted his influence to garner the "Nouveau Monde" literary prize for Radiguet's novel, Le Diable au Corps. Some sources suggest that their friendship was loving and sexual.[80][81] Their relationship has been placed in the context of "a series of younger lovers and collaborators"[82] despite the fact that towards the end of his life Cocteau repudiated Radiguet and any suggestion of intimacy between himself and the young man.
    Enlarge picture
    Mohammed el-Adl
    • Karol Szymanowski and Boris Kochno
    • Szymanowski, 37, the foremost early 20th c. Polish composer, met Kochno, 15, a poet and dancer, in Elisavetgrad, 1919. The composer wrote to the boy, and also gave him a Russian translation of "Symposium," the central chapter of his legendary lost novel, Efebos.
    Enlarge picture
    Boris Kochno
    • Sergei Diaghilev and Boris Kochno
    • Diaghilev's librettist for 8 years, till Sergei's death in 1929 at 57. Later, Monte Carlo ballet director.
    • E. M. Forster and Kanaya
    • While serving in 1923 as secretary to the Maharajah of Dewas, Forster entered into a regular relationship with Kanaya, a boy barber provided to him by the Maharajah for sexual purposes "if the boy agrees." The relationship lasted six months.
    • J. R. Ackerley and Ivan Alderman
    • In 1924, having acquired a taste for working class youths, Ackerley spotted the fifteen year old Ivan, who was gay and about to enter art school. The two struck up a relationship, for Ivan his first with an adult, which was to last close to a year.[83]
    • Willem de Mérode and Ekko Ubbens
    • One of de Mérode's chaste pederastic friendships.
    • Benjamin Britten and Wulff Scherchen
    • The composer met the thirteen year old son of Hermann Scherchen in 1934. Their relationship lasted six years, and inspired at least one major work, Young Apollo."[84]
    • W.H. Auden and Michael Yates
    • In 1934 the poet took his former pupil, aged fifteen and by Auden's own account one of the five great loves of his life, on travels through Europe, and was inspired by him to write some of his tenderest love poems, such as Lullaby ("Lay your sleeping head, my love . . .")
    • W.H. Auden and Chester Kallman
    • The two met in 1939 - Auden was 32, Kallman, 18, and while they were lovers only two years they remained life-long partners.
    • Edgar de Evia and Robert Denning
    • They met in 1942 - de Evia was 32, Denning, 15, their relationship lasted 18 years until Denning met Vincent Fourcade, but they remained close friends for life. [85]
    • Giovanni Comisso and Guido Bottegal
    • In 1943 the novelist Comisso (1895 - 1969) fell in love with the 16 years old Guido, who later was shot by partisans for being mistaken for a fascist spy.
    • Bernard Montgomery, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein and Lucien Trueb
    • Monty fell passionately in love the twelve-year-old Swiss youth in 1946, and would spend time with him at his chalet in Gstaad. The intimacy only went as far as bathing the boy and towelling him off. They corresponded for many years.[6][7]
    • Bill Tilden and Bobby
    • Tilden, thought at the time of this death to have been the greatest tennis player in history, was apprehended in late 1946 while fondling his fourteen year old friend as the boy was at the wheel of Tilden's car in Beverly Hills. Though Bobby's father, a film studio executive, did not want Tilden incarcerated, he nonetheless served seven months of a one-year sentence.[86]
    • Michael Davidson and Maung Té-hung
    • In 1949 during his stay in Burma the British journalist took the youth as his companion. (From The World, The Flesh and Myself
    Enlarge picture
    Don Bachardy
    • Christopher Isherwood and Don Bachardy
    • Met in 1952, at 48 and 18, respectively.[87]
    • Sandro Penna and Raffaele
    • The Italian poet took the 14 years old streetboy from Rome to his home in 1956 and lived with him for several years.
    • William S. Burroughs and Kiki
    • During the years in which William S. Burroughs was living in Tangier he had a relationship with a Spanish teenager named "Kiki".
    • and Guy Hocquenghem
    • Guy Hocquenghem began an affair with his teacher in 1959, when he was 15. The gay activist Hocquenghem and the philosopher Scherer remained lifelong friends.
    Enlarge picture
    Ninetto Davoli
    • Pier Paolo Pasolini and Ninetto Davoli
    • The Italian poet, novelist and film director Pasolini started a relationship with the 15 year old Calabrian boy in 1963 and let him play many Comic roles in his movies. [88]
    • Roger Peyrefitte and Alain-Philippe Malagnac d'Argens de Villele
    • Peyrefitte met the 14 year old aristocrat during the filming of his novel Les Amitiés particulières in late 1963. Their love is described in Notre amour and L'Enfant de cœur. Malagnac lived with him from the age of 16, was adopted by Peyrefitte, and eventually married Amanda Lear.
    • Walter Breen and Glen Frendel
    • Breen, married, a numismatist and writer, was engaged in a relationship with Glen, then about fourteen, in 1964.
    • and Stephan (Mutscha)
    • In 1966 the twenty two year old Swiss actor and writer was sentenced to a two and a half year jail term for a love affair with the sixteen year old Stephan, documented in the autobiographical novel Die Konsequenz and later turned into a movie by director Wolfgang Petersen.

    References

    1. ^ Richard A. Posner, Sex and Reason; p148 N3
    2. ^ Hubbard, Thomas K. "Introduction" to Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003. pg. 9.
    3. ^ El-Rouayheb, Khaled (2005) The Love of Boys in Arabic Poetry of the Early Ottoman Period, 1500 – 1800, Middle Eastern Literatures 8,1:3-22.
    4. ^ Kaylor, Michael M. Secreted Desires: The Major Uranians: Hopkins, Pater and Wilde. Brno, CZ: Masaryk University Press, 2006.
    5. ^ Plutarch, The Lives, "Solon"
    6. ^ Plutarch, The Lives, "Solon"
    7. ^ Athenaeus, Deipnosophistai, 13.602
    8. ^ Ed. Thomas K. Hubbard, Homosexuality in Greece and Rome [8]
    9. ^ Aelian, Varia Historia, 9.4
    10. ^ Richard Hunter, Ed. Plato's Symposium (Oxford Approaches to Classical Literature) p.52
    11. ^ Plato, Parmenides, 127
    12. ^ Xenophon, Hiero, I.32-38
    13. ^ Pausanias, IX.34.1 "In the temple are bronze images of Itonian Athena and Zeus; the artist was Agoracritus, pupil and loved one of Pheidias." (...technê de Agorakritou, mathêtou te kai erômenou Pheidiou.)
    14. ^ Plutarch, Erotikos;
    15. ^ Pausanias, V.11.3. "The figure of one binding his own head with a ribbon is said to resemble in appearance Pantarces, a stripling of Elis said to have been the love of Pheidias. Pantarces too won the wrestling-bout for boys at the eighty-sixth Festival." (ton de hauton tainiai tên kephalên anadoumenon eoikenai to eidos Pantarkei legousi, meirakion de Êleion ton Pantarkê paidika einai tou Pheidiou: aneileto de kai en paisin ho Pantarkês palês nikên Olumpiadi hektêi pros tais ogdoêkonta.)
    16. ^ Clement of Alexandria, Protrepticus, 53, 4; "The Athenian Phidias inscribed on the finger of the Olympian Jove, Pantarkes is beautiful. It was not Zeus that was beautiful in his eyes, but the man he loved."
    17. ^ Robert J. Littman, "The Loves of Alcibiades" in Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association, Vol. 101, 1970 (1970), pp. 263-276 "Socrates' and Alcibiades' relationship is very much connected to the role of pederasty in education in classical Greece..."
    18. ^ Diogenes Laertius, LIFE OF XENOPHON
    19. ^ Xenophon, Symposium
    20. ^ Plutarch,     The Lives,'' "Themistocles"
    21. ^ Lysias, Against Teisis, Fr.17.2.1-2, in Hubbard, 2003, p.122
    22. ^ Lysias, Against Alcibiades, I 25-27 in Hubbard, 2003, pp.122-23
    23. ^ Lysias, Against Alcibiades, I 25-27 in Hubbard, 2003, pp.122-23
    24. ^ Xenophon, Hellenica 5.4
    25. ^ Aelian, ''Varia Historia, 8.9
    26. ^ Athenaeus of Naucratis, The Deipnosophists Book XIII "Concerning Women"(Page III)
    27. ^ Aeschines, On the Embassy, 2.149
    28. ^ Aeschines, On the Embassy, 148-150
    29. ^ Dover, J.K., op.cit. pp.46-47
    30. ^ Aeschines, Against the Crown, iii 162
    31. ^ According to Carystius of Pergamum in F.H.G. Fr. 10, in Hubbard, 2003, p.75
    32. ^ John Addington Symonds, A Problem in Greek Ethics, X p.14
    33. ^ John Addington Symonds, op.cit. X p.14
    34. ^ Aelian, Varia Historia, I.30
    35. ^ Giovanni Dall'Orto,Saggi di storia gay > Biografie di personaggi gay > Erode àttico "Erode Attico ebbe amori omosessuali che non si preoccupò di rendere pubblici. Quello che fece più parlare di sé fu l'ultimo, perché quando ad Atene l'adolescente "discepolo" Pollùce (Polydeukes / Polydeukion / Polideuce)"[9]
    36. ^ Ibn Warraq, Why I Am Not a Muslim p.342
    37. ^ Eugene Rice, in glbtq[10]
    38. ^ Beurdeley, Cécile. L'amour bleu, Fribourg 1977
    39. ^ Bramly, Serge. Leonardo : The Artist and the Man, 1994
    40. ^ Clark, Kenneth. Leonardo da Vinci, Cambridge University Press, 1939
    41. ^ Bramly, Serge. Leonardo : The Artist and the Man, 1994
    42. ^ "Giovanni dall'Orto: "[4a] La vicenda (perfino un poco bocaccesca) è narrata in dettaglio in due biografie anonime del XVI secolo intitolate Vita di Benedetto Varchi, che si leggono in: Benedetto Varchi, Storie fiorentine, Le Monnier, Firenze 1857, vol. I. Per l'episodio in questione vedi le pp. XVII-XVIII e 355-357. Cfr. anche Manacorda, Op. cit., p. 11." [11]
    43. ^ "Qui la carne, ora ridotta a polvere, e le mie ossa/ prive dei begli occhi e della mia bellezza/ rendono testimonianza a colui a cui portai grazia nel letto,/ che abbracciavo, e nel quale la mia anima continua a vivere." "MICHELANGELO BUONARROTI" by Giovanni Dall'Orto Babilonia n. 85, January 1991, pp. 14-16 [12]
    44. ^ Bergeron, David M. King James and Letters of Homoerotic Desire, Iowa City: University of Iowa P, 1999
    45. ^ Crompton, op.cit., p.390
    46. ^ MICHAEL SATCHELL, "Hunting for good Will: Will the real Shakespeare please stand up?" in US News and World Report;7/24/00
    47. ^ [13]
    48. ^ Rictor Norton, Ed. My Dear Boy: Gay Love Letters through the Centuries; pp.71-72
    49. ^ Eisler, Benita. Byron: Child of Passion, Fool of Fame, Vintage Books USA, May 2000
    50. ^ Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; p47
    51. ^ Francis jr. Parkman"The Oregon Trail" Ch. XV and XVIII
    52. ^ Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience, Ronald Hyam; pp.44-45
    53. ^ Bradley Wintertonin, "What Palmerston Knew" in London Review of Books, Letters, Vol. 25 No. 10 Cover date: 22 May 2003 [14]
    54. ^ [15]
    55. ^ Charley Shively, Drum Beat: Walt Whitman's Civil War Boy Lovers, pp.47-48
    56. ^ Charley Shively, Drum Beats: Walt Whitman's Civil War Boy Lovers, p.44
    57. ^ Oliver S. Buckton, Secret Selves: Confession and Same-Sex Desire in Victorian Autobiography p.95
    58. ^ Beurdeley, Cécile. L'amour bleu, Fribourg 1977
    59. ^ Morris B.Kaplan, "Sodom on the Thames;'' p.150
    60. ^ H. Montgomery Hyde, The Love That Dared not Speak its Name; p.118
    61. ^ Linda Dowling, Hellenism and Homosexuality in Victorian Oxford p.115
    62. ^ Bart Schultz Henry Sidgwick: Eye of the Universe - An Intellectual Biography p.411
    63. ^ Morris B. Kaplan, Sodom on the Thames: Sex, Love, and Scandal in Wilde Times p.107
    64. ^ Beurdeley, Cécile. L'amour bleu, Fribourg 1977
    65. ^ H. Montgomery Hyde, The Love That Dared not Speak its Name; pp.123-5
    66. ^ Morgan, Ted Somerset Maugham, Jonathan Cape, 1980. ISBN 0-224-01813-2; p.24
    67. ^ Morris B.Kaplan, op.cit. p.153-162
    68. ^ Andre Gide, Si le grain ne meurt
    69. ^ H. Montgomery Hyde, op.cit. p.156
    70. ^ Empire: The British Imperial Experience from 1765 to the Present; Dennis Judd, pp171-172
    71. ^ Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience,'' Ronald Hyam; pp.34-35
    72. ^ "When he was 17, it was decided that he would join the vast household of his London cousins, the Stracheys. It was not long before Lytton Strachey, five years Grant's senior and openly homosexual, declared himself besotted with his handsome cousin. After several rebuffs -- legend has it Grant told Strachey, Relations we may be: have them, we may not -- Strachey finally had his way, becoming the first of Grant's many male lovers." in New York Times June 6, 1999: "Bloomsbury's Secret" By ANDREA BARNET; book review of Duncan Grant: A Biography by Frances Spalding.
    73. ^ Will H.L. Ogrinc (2006), "FRÈRE JACQUES: A SHRINE TO LOVE AND SORROW Jacques d’Adelswärd-Fersen (1880-1923)" Revised and augmented version of the first edition, published in Paidika. The Journal of Paedophilia 3:2 (1994), pp. 30-58. Will H.L. A German version was published in Hamburg (MännerschwarmSkript Verlag) in 2005
    74. ^ David, Claude. Stefan George. Son Oeuvre Poétique, Paris 1952
    75. ^ Stanley Wolpert, in ''Nehru: A Tryst With Destiny)
    76. ^ Robert Aldrich, Gay Life and Culture p.15
    77. ^ Arthur Lazere, review of The Noel Coward Story (on PBS in January, 1999) "His "friendship" at age 14 with painter Philip Streatfield (the only relationship about which the program is somewhat coy - homosexuality may have reached a greater level of acceptance today, but man-boy sex is still taboo) led to a connection with aristocrat Mrs. Astley-Cooper, and indeed, residence at the Cooper estate."[16]
    78. ^ Philip Hoare, Noel Coward: A Biography p.32-33
    79. ^ Martin, Claude. André Gide par lui-même, Paris 1963
    80. ^ François Bott, Radiguet, Flammarion, 1995;
    81. ^ Michel Larivière, Homosexuels et bisexuels célèbres, Delétraz, 1997
    82. ^ Charles Shively, "Cocteau, Jean" in glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture [17]
    83. ^ In [18] after Peter Parker, (1989), "Ackerley: A life of J. R. Ackerley", London: Constable
    84. ^     Lie back and think of Britten'' "Adam Mars-Jones finds that John Bridcut has set himself a daunting task in Britten's Children - to prove whether 'Darling Benjamin' was a mentor or a menace to boys" Sunday June 4, 2006; The Observer [19]
    85. ^ "Robert Denning Dies at 78; Champion of Lavish Décor", by Mitchell Owens, September 4, 2005, New York Times obituary
    86. ^ Frank Deford, Big Bill Tilden pp198-207
    87. ^ "The First Couple: Don Bachardy and Christopher Isherwood" by Armistead Maupin in The Village Voice Volume 30, Number 16 2 July 1985[20]
    88. ^ Siciliano, Enzo. Pasolini: A Biography. Trans. John Shepley. New York: Random House, 1982.

    See also

    Sources

    General
    • Louis Crompton. Homosexuality and Civilization, Cambridge, Mass. and London, 2003. ISBN 0-674-01197-X
    • Michel Larivière. Homosexuels et bisexuels célèbres, Delétraz Editions, 1997. ISBN 2-911110-19-6
    Ancient Greece
    • Kenneth J. Dover. Greek Homosexuality, New York; Vintage Books, 1978. ISBN 0-394-74224-9
    • Thomas K. Hubbard. Homosexuality in Greece and Rome, U. of California Press, 2003. http://www.utexas.edu/courses/cc348hubbard/ ISBN 0-520-23430-8
    • Harald Patzer. Die Griechische Knabenliebe [Greek Pederasty], Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1982. In: Sitzungsberichte der Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft an der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Vol. 19 No. 1.
    • Carola Reinsberg. Ehe, Hetärentum und Knabenliebe im antiken Griechenland, C.H.Beck Verlag, München 1993. ISBN 3-406-37374-7
    • Eva Cantarella, Cormac O Cuilleanain. Bisexuality in the Ancient World , Yale University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-300-04844-0
    • W. A. Percy III. Pederasty and Pedagogy in Archaic Greece, University of Illinois Press, 1996. ISBN 0-252-02209-2
    Muslim Lands
    • Stephen O. Murray and Will Roscoe, et al. Islamic Homosexualities: Culture, History, and Literature, New York: New York University Press, 1997. ISBN 0-8147-7468-7
    • J. Wright & Everett Rowson. Homoeroticism in Classical Arabic Literature. 1998.
    • 'Homosexuality' & other articles in the Encyclopædia Iranica
    See also: Abu Nuwas, Hafez.

    China
    • Chinese couples documented in Hinsch, 1990, p.37, 69.
    Japan
    • Gary Leupp. Male Colors: The Construction of Homosexuality in Tokugawa Japan, Berkeley, University of California Press, 1995. ISBN 0-520-20900-1
    • Tsuneo Watanabe & Jun'ichi Iwata. The Love of the Samurai. A Thousand Years of Japanese Homosexuality, London: GMP Publishers, 1987. ISBN 0-85449-115-5
    • Japanese couples documented in Watanabe and Iwata, 1989, passim, unless otherwise indicated.
    Pre-Modern Period
    • Serge Bramly. Leonardo : The Artist and the Man, Penguin, 1994. ISBN 0-14-023175-7
    Modern
    Misc
    • Source for Kochno: Hubert Kennedy in Paidika 1994, 3.3 p.28.

    External links

    The term pederasty or paederasty can refer to a wide range of erotic practices, generally between adult and adolescent males. Pederastic relations have been variously described - as spiritual or materialistic, lawful or criminal, loving or commercial, compassionate or
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    age of consent typically does not appear in legal statutes,[1] when used with reference to criminal law the age of consent is the minimum age at which a person is considered to be capable of legally giving informed consent to any contract or behaviour regulated by law
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    Homoeroticism refers to the representation of same-sex love and desire, most especially as it is depicted or manifested in the visual arts and literature. It can also be found in performative forms; from theatre to the theatricality of uniformed movements (e.g.
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    Platonic love in its modern popular sense is a non-sexual affectionate relationship, especially in cases where one might easily assume otherwise. A simple example of platonic relationships is a deep, non-sexual (i.e.
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    Sir Richard Francis Burton KCMG FRGS (March 19, 1821 – October 20, 1890) was a British explorer, translator, writer, soldier, orientalist, ethnologist, linguist, poet, hypnotist, fencer and diplomat.
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    Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, Philippe Charles (August 2, 1674 – December 23, 1723) called Duke of Chartres (1674–1701), and then Duke of Orléans (1701–1723) was Regent of France from 1715 to 1723.
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    The topic of pederasty, one that took pride of place over the love of women in the erotic lives of Greek aristocrats in general and 5th century BCAthenians in particular[1]
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    As a Sufi practice of spiritual realization and union with the godhead, the meditation known in Arabic as Nazar ill'al-murd (Arabic: نزار الى المرد
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    Greek pederasty, as idealised by the Greeks from Archaic times onward, was a relationship and bond between an adolescent boy and an adult man outside of his immediate family, and was constructed initially as an aristocratic moral and educational institution.
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    Solon (Greek: Σόλων, c. 638 BC–558 BC) was a famous Athenian statesman, lawmaker, and Lyric poet. The travel writer, Pausanias, listed Solon among the Seven Sages of the ancient world.
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    In Greek mythology, there were four people named Melanippus:
    1. Son of Agrius, killed by Heracles.
    2. Son of Perigune and Theseus.
    3. Son of Astacus, defended Thebes in Seven Against Thebes. In Aeschylus' play, he defended the Proitid gate against Tydeus.

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    Phalaris was tyrant of Acragas (Agrigentum) in Sicily, from approximately 570 to 554 BC.

    He was entrusted with the building of the temple of Zeus Atabyrius in the citadel, and took advantage of his position to make himself despot (Aristotle, Politics, v. 10).
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    Theognis of Megara (fl. 6th century BC) was an ancient Greek poet. More than half of the extant elegiac poetry of Greece before the Alexandrian period is included in the 1,400 lines ascribed to Theognis.
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    Polycrates (Gk. Πολυκράτης), son of Aeaces, was the tyrant of Samos from c. 538 BC to 522 BC.

    He took power during a festival of Hera with his brothers Pantagnotus and Syloson, but soon had Pantagnotus killed and exiled
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    Samos is the name of various places:

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    Anacreon (Greek Ἀνακρέων) (born c. 570 BC) was a Greek lyric poet, notable for his drinking songs and hymns. Later Greeks included him in the canonical list of nine lyric poets.
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    Harmodius (c. 530-514 BC) and Aristogeiton (c. 550-514 BC), known as "the Liberators" and "the Tyrannicides", became heroes in Athens through their role in the overthrow of the Tyranny of the Peisistratid family.
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    Hippias of Elis (Greek: Ἱππίας) Greek Sophist, was born about the middle of the 5th century BC (ca. 460 BC) and was thus a younger contemporary of Protagoras and Socrates. He lived at least as late as Socrates (399 B.C.).
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