Information about Historical Jewish Population Comparisons
Jewish population centers have shifted tremendously over time, due to the constant streams of Jewish refugees created by expulsions, persecution, and officially sanctioned killing of Jews in various places at various times. The 20th century saw a large shift in Jewish populations, due mostly to persecution in Eastern Europe followed by the Holocaust, migration to the United States and the creation of Israel and subsequent expulsions of Sephardic and Mizrahi Jews from the Arab world.
In the Hadrianic war 580,000 Jews were slain, according to Dion Cassius (lxix. 14). According to Theodor Mommsen, in the first century C.E. there were no less than 1,000,000 Jews in Egypt, in a total of 8,000,000 inhabitants; of these 200,000 lived in Alexandria, whose total population was 500,000. Adolf Harnack (Ausbreitung des Christentums, Leipzig, 1902) reckons that there were 1,000,000 Jews in Syria at the time of Nero, and 700,000 in Palestine, and he allows for an additional 1,500,000 in other places, thus estimating that there were in the first century 4,200,000 Jews in the world. Jacobs remarks that this estimate is probably excessive.
As regards the number of Jews in the Middle Ages, Benjamin of Tudela, about 1170, enumerates altogether 1,049,565; but of these 100,000 are attributed to Persia and India, 100,000 to Arabia, and 300,000 to an undecipherable "Thanaim", obviously mere guesses with regard to the Eastern Jews, with whom he did not come in contact. There were at that time probably not many more than 500,000 in the countries he visited, and probably not more than 750,000 altogether. The only real data for the Middle Ages are with regard to special Jewish communities. The Jewish Encyclopedia provides a table of this data [1].
The Middle Ages were mainly a period of expulsions. In 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England; in 1306, 100,000 from France; and in 1492, about 200,000 from Spain. Smaller but more frequent expulsions occurred in Germany, so that at the commencement of the 16th century only four great Jewish communities remained: Frankfurt, 2,000; Worms, 1,400; Prague, 10,000; and Vienna, 3,000 (Heinrich Grätz, Geschichte der Juden x. 29). It has been estimated that during the five centuries from 1000 to 1500, 380,000 Jews were killed during the persecutions, reducing the total number in the world to about 1,000,000. In the 16th and 17th centuries the main centers of Jewish population were in Poland and the Mediterranean countries, Spain excepted.
Again following Jacobs, Jacques Basnage at the beginning of the 18th century estimated the total number of European Jews at 1,360,000, but according to a census at the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the Jews of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth numbered 308,500. As these formed the larger part of the European Jews, it is doubtful whether the total number was more than 400,000 at the middle of the 18th century; and, counting those in the lands of Islam, the entire number in the world at that time could not have been much more than 1,000,000.
Assuming that those numbers are reasonable, the increase in the next few centuries was remarkably rapid. It was checked in Germany by the laws limiting the number of Jews in special towns, and perhaps still more by overcrowding; Jacobs gives citations for there being 7,951 Jews at Prague in 1786 and 5,646 in 1843, and 2,214 at Frankfurt in 1811.
Chubinsky reports that in 1840 the Jews of southern Russia were accustomed to dwell thirteen in a house, whereas among the general population the average was only four to five (Globus, 1880, p. 340). The rapid increase was undoubtedly due to the early age of marriage and the small number of deaths of infants in the stable communities. The chief details known for any length of time are for the Netherlands, Hungary, Poland, and Württemberg; see chart at right.
Jacobs in the Jewish Encyclopedia presents some evidence that Jewish increase in this period may have exceeded that of the general population, but remarks also that such figures of increase are often very deceptive, as they may indicate not the natural increase by surplus of births over deaths, but accession by immigration. This applies especially to Germany during the early part of the 19th century, when Jews from Galicia and Poland seized every opportunity of moving westward. Arthur Ruppin, writing in the late 19th century, when forcible measures were taken to prevent Russian Jews from settling in Germany, showed that the growth of the Jewish population in Germany had almost entirely ceased, owing to a falling birth rate and, possibly, to emigration. Similarly, during this period, England and the United States showed notable Jewish immigration.
This growth in actual numbers was somewhat offset by conversion away from Judaism. While Halakha (Jewish law) says that a Jew who converts is still a Jew, in the climate of persecution that prevailed in much of Europe in this period, conversion tended to be accompanied by a repudiation of Jewish identity, and converts to Christianity generally ceased to be considered part of the Jewish community. The Jewish Encyclopedia gives some statistics on conversion of Jews to Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Greek Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity. [2] The upshot is that some 2,000 European Jews converted to Christianity every year during the 19th century, but that in the 1890s the number was running closer to 3,000 per year, — 1,000 in Austria-Hungary, 1,000 in Russia, 500 in Germany, and the remainder in the Anglo-Saxon world. Partly balancing this were about 500 converts to Judaism each year, mainly formerly Christian women who married Jewish men. For Russia, Galicia, and Romania, conversions were dwarfed by emigration: in the last quarter of the 19th century, probably 1,000,000 Jews from this area of Europe emigrated, primarily to the United States, but many also to the United Kingdom.
Toward the end of the 19th century, estimates of the number of Jews in the world ranged from about 6,200,000 (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1881) to 10,932,777 (American Jewish Year-Book, 1904-1905). This can be contrasted with estimates of about half that number a mere 60 years earlier. [3]
The Jewish Encyclopedia article on which this discussion is largely based estimates only 314,000 Sephardic Jews at the end of the 19th century. More recent scholarship tends to suggest that this estimate is low. The same source gives two wildly different estimate for the Falasha, the Ethiopian Jews, variously estimating them at 50,000 and 200,000; the former would be comparable to their present-day population.
a Asian regions of Turkey included in Europe. Turkey at this time includes Mesopotamia, where there were 35,000 Jews in Baghdad; Adrianople had 17,000.
b Minor discrepancies due to rounding.
c U.S. and Canada.
e Including est. 50,000 for Ethiopia
f Excludes Mesopotamia, which is counted with European Turkey and Rumelia.
Note: The total at the end shows the entire estimated population of the world at that time (1900), not just the listed countries
This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
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Ancient and medieval times
The Torah contains a number of statements as to the number of Jews that left Egypt, the descendants of the seventy sons and grandsons of Jacob who took up their residence in that country. Altogether, including Levites, the number given is 611,730. For non-Levites, this represents men fit for military service, i.e between twenty and sixty years of age; among the Levites the relevant number is those obligated in temple service (males between twenty and fifty years of age). This would imply a population of about 3,000,000. The Census of David is said to have recorded 1,300,000 males over twenty years of age, which would imply a population of over 5,000,000. The number of exiles who returned from Babylon is given at 42,360. Tacitus declares that Jerusalem at its fall contained 600,000 persons; Josephus, that there were as many as 1,100,000, of whom 97,000 were sold as slaves. It is from the latter that most European Jews are descended. These appear (writes Jacobs) to be all the figures accessible for ancient times, and their trustworthiness is a matter of dispute. The difficulties of commissariat in the Sinai desert for such a number as 3,000,000 have been pointed out by John William Colenso.In the Hadrianic war 580,000 Jews were slain, according to Dion Cassius (lxix. 14). According to Theodor Mommsen, in the first century C.E. there were no less than 1,000,000 Jews in Egypt, in a total of 8,000,000 inhabitants; of these 200,000 lived in Alexandria, whose total population was 500,000. Adolf Harnack (Ausbreitung des Christentums, Leipzig, 1902) reckons that there were 1,000,000 Jews in Syria at the time of Nero, and 700,000 in Palestine, and he allows for an additional 1,500,000 in other places, thus estimating that there were in the first century 4,200,000 Jews in the world. Jacobs remarks that this estimate is probably excessive.
As regards the number of Jews in the Middle Ages, Benjamin of Tudela, about 1170, enumerates altogether 1,049,565; but of these 100,000 are attributed to Persia and India, 100,000 to Arabia, and 300,000 to an undecipherable "Thanaim", obviously mere guesses with regard to the Eastern Jews, with whom he did not come in contact. There were at that time probably not many more than 500,000 in the countries he visited, and probably not more than 750,000 altogether. The only real data for the Middle Ages are with regard to special Jewish communities. The Jewish Encyclopedia provides a table of this data [1].
The Middle Ages were mainly a period of expulsions. In 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England; in 1306, 100,000 from France; and in 1492, about 200,000 from Spain. Smaller but more frequent expulsions occurred in Germany, so that at the commencement of the 16th century only four great Jewish communities remained: Frankfurt, 2,000; Worms, 1,400; Prague, 10,000; and Vienna, 3,000 (Heinrich Grätz, Geschichte der Juden x. 29). It has been estimated that during the five centuries from 1000 to 1500, 380,000 Jews were killed during the persecutions, reducing the total number in the world to about 1,000,000. In the 16th and 17th centuries the main centers of Jewish population were in Poland and the Mediterranean countries, Spain excepted.
The modern world
| Date | Population |
|---|---|
| Netherlands | |
| 1829 | 46,408 |
| 1839 | 52,245 |
| 1849 | 58,626 |
| 1859 | 63,790 |
| 1869 | 68,003 |
| 1879 | 81,693 |
| Hungary | |
| 1720 | 12,656 |
| 1785 | 75,089 |
| 1786 | 77,647 |
| 1804 | 124,128 |
| 1805 | 127,816 |
| 1829 | 202,328 |
| 1842 | 241,632 |
| 1850 | 352,400 |
| 1857 | 413,118 |
| 1869 | 516,658 |
| 1880 | 624,737 |
| 1890 | 725,222 |
| Poland | |
| 16th century | 200,000 |
| 1659 | 100,000 |
| 1764 | 315,298 |
| 1816 | 212,000 |
| 1825 | 341,125 |
| 1826 | 368,773 |
| 1828 | 384,263 |
| 1856 | 563,000 |
| 1868 | 764,947 |
| 1875 | 860,327 |
| 1882 | 1,045,000 |
| 1893 | 1,229,000 |
| 1897 | 1,333,000 |
| Württemberg | |
| 1832 | 10,670 |
| 1846 | 12,356 |
| 1858 | 11,088 |
| 1864 | 11,610 |
| 1871 | 12,245 |
| 1880 | 13,331 |
| 1890 | 12,639 |
| 1900 | 11,916 |
| Source: The Jewish Encyclopedia (1901-1906).'' | |
Again following Jacobs, Jacques Basnage at the beginning of the 18th century estimated the total number of European Jews at 1,360,000, but according to a census at the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the Jews of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth numbered 308,500. As these formed the larger part of the European Jews, it is doubtful whether the total number was more than 400,000 at the middle of the 18th century; and, counting those in the lands of Islam, the entire number in the world at that time could not have been much more than 1,000,000.
Assuming that those numbers are reasonable, the increase in the next few centuries was remarkably rapid. It was checked in Germany by the laws limiting the number of Jews in special towns, and perhaps still more by overcrowding; Jacobs gives citations for there being 7,951 Jews at Prague in 1786 and 5,646 in 1843, and 2,214 at Frankfurt in 1811.
Chubinsky reports that in 1840 the Jews of southern Russia were accustomed to dwell thirteen in a house, whereas among the general population the average was only four to five (Globus, 1880, p. 340). The rapid increase was undoubtedly due to the early age of marriage and the small number of deaths of infants in the stable communities. The chief details known for any length of time are for the Netherlands, Hungary, Poland, and Württemberg; see chart at right.
Jacobs in the Jewish Encyclopedia presents some evidence that Jewish increase in this period may have exceeded that of the general population, but remarks also that such figures of increase are often very deceptive, as they may indicate not the natural increase by surplus of births over deaths, but accession by immigration. This applies especially to Germany during the early part of the 19th century, when Jews from Galicia and Poland seized every opportunity of moving westward. Arthur Ruppin, writing in the late 19th century, when forcible measures were taken to prevent Russian Jews from settling in Germany, showed that the growth of the Jewish population in Germany had almost entirely ceased, owing to a falling birth rate and, possibly, to emigration. Similarly, during this period, England and the United States showed notable Jewish immigration.
This growth in actual numbers was somewhat offset by conversion away from Judaism. While Halakha (Jewish law) says that a Jew who converts is still a Jew, in the climate of persecution that prevailed in much of Europe in this period, conversion tended to be accompanied by a repudiation of Jewish identity, and converts to Christianity generally ceased to be considered part of the Jewish community. The Jewish Encyclopedia gives some statistics on conversion of Jews to Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Greek Catholicism and Orthodox Christianity. [2] The upshot is that some 2,000 European Jews converted to Christianity every year during the 19th century, but that in the 1890s the number was running closer to 3,000 per year, — 1,000 in Austria-Hungary, 1,000 in Russia, 500 in Germany, and the remainder in the Anglo-Saxon world. Partly balancing this were about 500 converts to Judaism each year, mainly formerly Christian women who married Jewish men. For Russia, Galicia, and Romania, conversions were dwarfed by emigration: in the last quarter of the 19th century, probably 1,000,000 Jews from this area of Europe emigrated, primarily to the United States, but many also to the United Kingdom.
Toward the end of the 19th century, estimates of the number of Jews in the world ranged from about 6,200,000 (Encyclopædia Britannica, 1881) to 10,932,777 (American Jewish Year-Book, 1904-1905). This can be contrasted with estimates of about half that number a mere 60 years earlier. [3]
The Jewish Encyclopedia article on which this discussion is largely based estimates only 314,000 Sephardic Jews at the end of the 19th century. More recent scholarship tends to suggest that this estimate is low. The same source gives two wildly different estimate for the Falasha, the Ethiopian Jews, variously estimating them at 50,000 and 200,000; the former would be comparable to their present-day population.
Population in 1900
The following table is based on a table in the Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906, which also places these numbers in context of the distribution of world population at that time. [4]|
|
Circa 1900 | |
|
|
|
|
| Region |
Population |
Percent b |
| World |
11,206,849 |
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
Americas, Total |
1,549,621 |
13.8 |
| North c |
1,522,500 |
13.5 |
| Central |
1,000 |
0.00 |
| South |
26,121 |
0.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
Europe, Total |
8,966,781 |
80.0 |
| Russia (1897) |
3,872,625 |
34.6 |
| Poland (Russian)(1897) |
1,316,776 |
11.7 |
| Austria (Cisleithania, includes Galicia) |
1,224,899 |
10.0 |
| Kingdom of Hungary |
851,378 |
7.5 |
| Germany (1901) |
586,948 |
7.5 |
| Turkey a and Rumelia |
282,277 |
2.5 |
| Romania (1900) |
269,015 |
2.4 |
| United Kingdom |
250,000 |
2.2 |
| Other Europe |
312,863 |
2.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
Asia, Total |
300,948 |
2.6 |
| Other Arabia and Asia Minor f |
95,000 |
0.8 |
| Palestine |
78,000 |
0.6 |
| Caucasus |
58,471 |
0.05 |
| Persia |
35,000 |
0.3 |
| Siberia |
34,477 |
0.3 |
| Other |
51,392 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Africa, Total |
372,659 |
3.3 |
| North e |
322,659 |
2.8 |
| Sub-Saharan |
50,000 |
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
Oceania g |
16,840 |
0.01 |
b Minor discrepancies due to rounding.
c U.S. and Canada.
e Including est. 50,000 for Ethiopia
f Excludes Mesopotamia, which is counted with European Turkey and Rumelia.
1900 compared to 2005
The Jewish population of each country in 1900, taken from Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906[5], is compared to 2005 Jewish population (see Jewish population). The names of some of the countries were changed (Abyssinia was changed to Ethiopia, Palestine to Israel, British Isles to United Kingdom, Persia to Iran, Servia to Serbia and Montenegro). If the countries names do not match exactly, only "n/a" appears in the 2005 column below. Some other entries are also problematic: for example, "Germany" today is not exactly the same territory as "Germany" in 1900; the figure given for "Austria, Hungary, Poland" in 1900 corresponds to Austria-Hungary at that time, and would not include all of today's Poland; conversely, it would include the present-day Czech Republic, Slovakia, Transylvania, etc.Note: The total at the end shows the entire estimated population of the world at that time (1900), not just the listed countries
By country
| Country | Jews (1900 est.) | % (1900) | Jews (2005 est.) | % (2005) | Pop change | % change |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Algeria | 51,044 | 1.07% | 100 | 0.0003% | -50,944 | -1.07 |
| Arabia | 30,000 | 0.42% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Argentina | 20,000 | 0.42% | 395,379 | 1% | 375,379 | 0.58 |
| Asia Minor and Syria | 65,000 | 0.55% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Australia | 15,122 | 0.49% | 90,406 | 0.45% | 75,284 | -0.04 |
| Austria, Hungary, Poland | 3,393,053 | 6.36% | 93,224 | 0.164% | -3,299,829 | -6.196 |
| Belgium | 12,000 | 0.18% | 51,821 | 0.5% | 39,821 | 0.32 |
| Bosnia and Herzegovina | 8,213 | 0.58% | 1,006 | 0.025% | -7,207 | -0.555 |
| Brazil | 2,000 | 0.01% | 95,125 | 0.051% | 93,125 | 0.041 |
| Bulgaria | 33,663 | 0.9% | 2,300 | 0.031% | -31,363 | -0.869 |
| Canada | 22,500 | 0.42% | 393,660 | 1.2% | 371,160 | 0.78 |
| Caucasus | 58,471 | 0.77% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Central America | 4,035 | 0.12% | 14,798 | 0.035% | 10,763 | -0.085 |
| China and Japan | 2,000 | 0.0004% | 2,002 | 0.0001% | 2 | -0.0003 |
| Crete | 728 | 0.24% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Cyprus and Malta | 130 | 0.03% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Denmark | 5,000 | 0.2% | 7,062 | 0.13% | 2,062 | -0.07 |
| Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chile,Uruguay | 1,000 | 0.01% | 55,870 | 0.08% | 54,870 | 0.07 |
| Egypt | 30,678 | 0.31% | 100 | 0.0001% | -30,578 | -0.31 |
| Ethiopia | 50,000 | 1% | 20,000 | 0.027% | -30,000 | -0.973 |
| France | 86,885 | 0.22% | 606,561 | 1% | 519,676 | 0.78 |
| Germany | 586,948 | 1.04% | 107,160 | 0.13% | -479,788 | -0.91 |
| Greece | 8,350 | 0.34% | 5,334 | 0.05% | -3,016 | -0.29 |
| Guiana, Venezuela and Colombia | 2,000 | 0.03% | 28,810 | 0.042% | 26,810 | 0.012 |
| The Netherlands | 103,988 | 2% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| India | 18,228 | 0.06% | 5,401 | 0.0005% | -12,827 | -0.06 |
| Iran | 35,000 | 0.39% | 20,405 | 0.03% | -14,595 | -0.36 |
| Israel | 78,000 | 12% | 5,021,506 | 80% | 4,943,506 | 68 |
| Italy | 34,653 | 0.1% | 30,213 | 0.052% | -4,440 | -0.048 |
| Luxembourg | 1,200 | 0.5% | 655 | 0.14% | -545 | -0.36 |
| Mexico | 1,000 | 0.008% | 53,101 | 0.05% | 52,101 | 0.042 |
| Morocco | 109,712 | 2.11% | 5,236 | 0.016% | -104,476 | -2.094 |
| New Zealand | 1,611 | 0.2% | 5,447 | 0.135% | 3,836 | -0.065 |
| Norway and Sweden | 5,000 | 0.07% | 19,243 | 0.142% | 14,243 | 0.072 |
| Portugal | 1,200 | 0.02% | 739 | 0.007% | -461 | -0.013 |
| Romania | 269,015 | 4.99% | 6,029 | 0.027% | -262,986 | -4.963 |
| Russia | 3,872,625 | 3.29% | 717,101 | 0.5% | -3,155,524 | -2.79 |
| Russian Central Asia | 12,729 | 0.16% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Serbia and Montenegro | 5,102 | 0.2% | 1,732 | 0.016% | -3,370 | -0.184 |
| Siberia | 34,477 | 0.6% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| South Africa | 50,000 | 4.54% | 88,688 | 0.2% | 38,688 | -4.34 |
| Spain | 5,000 | 0.02% | 48,409 | 0.12% | 43,409 | 0.1 |
| Suriname | 1,121 | 1.97% | 200 | 0.046% | -921 | -1.924 |
| Switzerland | 12,551 | 0.38% | 14,978 | 0.2% | 2,427 | -0.18 |
| Tasmania | 107 | 0.07% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Tripoli | 18,680 | 2.33% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Tunisia | 62,545 | 4.16% | 1,813 | 0.018% | -60,732 | -4.142 |
| Turkestan and Afghanistan | 18,435 | 0.22% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Turkey and Eastern Rumelia | 282,277 | 4.91% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| United Kingdom | 250,000 | 0.57% | 302,207 | 0.5% | 52,207 | -0.07 |
| United States | 1,500,000 | 1.97% | 5,914,682 | 2% | 4,414,682 | 0.03 |
| Total | 11,273,076 | 0.683% | 14,596,017 | 0.227% | 3,322,941 | -0.456 |
By region
These tables are based on 1900 data. For comparison with the new tables, see Jews by country. The first percentage, 4th column, is the percentage of population that is Jewish in a region (Jews in the region * 100/total population of the region). The last column shows the Jewish percentage compared to the total Jewish population of the world (Jews in the region * 100/total Jewish population of the world).| Region | Total Population | Jews | % Jewish | % of Jews total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Africa | 16,280,556 | 0 | 0% | 0% |
| East Africa | 30,803,074 | 50,000 | 0.162% | 0.444% |
| North Africa | 21,763,736 | 272,659 | 1.253% | 2.419% |
| Southern Africa | 16,708,557 | 50,000 | 0.299% | 0.444% |
| West Africa | 49,526,638 | 0 | 0% | 0% |
| Total | 135,082,561 | 372,659 | 0.276% | 3.306% |
| Region | Total Population | Jews | % Jewish | % of Jews total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Central Asia | 23,519,135 | 89,635 | 0.381% | 0.795% |
| East Asia | 458,411,367 | 2,000 | 0.0004% | 0.018% |
| Middle East | 34,573,593 | 490,407 | 1.418% | 4.35% |
| South Asia | 246,899,507 | 18,228 | 0.007% | 0.162% |
| Southeast Asia | 177,148,927 | 0 | 0% | 0% |
| Total | 940,552,529 | 600,270 | 0.064% | 5.325% |
| Region | Total Population | Jews | % Jewish | % of Jews total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Balkans | 10,358,957 | 56,056 | 0.541% | 0.497% |
| Central Europe | 53,357,811 | 3,393,053 | 6.359% | 30.099% |
| Eastern Europe | 123,334,659 | 3,907,102 | 3.168% | 34.659% |
| Western Europe | 224,603,981 | 1,373,440 | 0.611% | 12.183% |
| Total | 411,655,408 | 8,729,651 | 2.121% | 77.438% |
| Region | Total Population | Jews | % Jewish | % of Jews total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Caribbean | 5,923,844 | 0 | 0% | 0% |
| Central America | 13,143,968 | 4,035 | 0.031% | 0.036% |
| North America | 93,098,180 | 1,523,500 | 1.636% | 13.515% |
| South America | 44,382,509 | 26,121 | 0.059% | 0.232% |
| Total | 156,548,501 | 1,553,656 | 0.992% | 13.782% |
| Region | Total Population | Jews | % Jewish | % of Jews total |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oceania | 5,955,956 | 16,840 | 0.283% | 0.149% |
Ranking
Countries ranked by total Jewish population, 1900 on the left and 2005 on the right.| Rank | Country | Jews (1900) | % Jewish (1900) | Country | Jews (2005) | % Jewish (2005) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Russia | 3,872,625 | 3.29% | United States | 5,914,682 | 2% |
| 2 | Austria, Hungary and Poland | 3,393,053 | 6.36% | Israel | 5,021,506 | 80% |
| 3 | United States | 1,500,000 | 1.97% | Russia | 800,000 | 0.5% |
| 4 | Germany | 586,948 | 1.04% | France | 606,561 | 1% |
| 5 | Turkey and Eastern Rumelia | 282,277 | 4.91% | Argentina | 395,379 | 1% |
| 6 | Romania | 269,015 | 4.99% | Canada | 393,660 | 1.2% |
| 7 | United Kingdom | 250,000 | 0.57% | United Kingdom | 350,207 | 0.5% |
| 8 | Morocco | 109,712 | 2.11% | Ukraine | 142,276 | 0.3% |
| 9 | Netherlands | 103,988 | 2% | Germany | 107,160 | 0.13% |
| 10 | France | 86,885 | 0.22% | Brazil | 95,125 | 0.051% |
| 11 | Palestine | 78,000 | 12% | Australia | 90,406 | 0.45% |
| 12 | Asia Minor and Syria | 65,000 | 0.55% | South Africa | 88,688 | 0.2% |
| 13 | Tunisia | 62,545 | 4.16% | Belarus | 72,103 | 0.7% |
| 14 | Caucasus | 58,471 | 0.77% | Hungary | 60,041 | 0.6% |
| 15 | Algeria | 51,044 | 1.07% | Mexico | 53,101 | 0.05% |
| 16 | South Africa | 50,000 | 4.54% | Belgium | 51,821 | 0.5% |
| 17 | Ethiopia | 50,000 | 1% | Spain | 48,409 | 0.12% |
| 18 | Iran | 35,000 | 0.39% | Netherlands | 32,814 | 0.2% |
| 19 | Italy | 34,653 | 0.1% | Moldova | 31,187 | 0.7% |
| 20 | Siberia | 34,477 | 0.6% | Uruguay | 30,743 | 0.9% |
| 21 | Bulgaria | 33,663 | 0.9% | Italy | 30,213 | 0.052% |
| 22 | Egypt | 30,678 | 0.31% | Venezuela | 25,375 | 0.1% |
| 23 | Arabia | 30,000 | 0.42% | Poland | 24,999 | 0.065% |
| 24 | Canada | 22,500 | 0.42% | Chile | 20,900 | 0.131% |
| 25 | Argentina | 20,000 | 0.42% | Iran | 20,405 | 0.03% |
| 26 | Tripoli | 18,680 | 2.33% | Ethiopia | 20,000 | 0.027% |
| 27 | Turkestan and Afghanistan | 18,435 | 0.22% | Sweden | 18,003 | 0.2% |
| 28 | India | 18,228 | 0.06% | Uzbekistan | 17,453 | 0.065% |
| 29 | Australia | 15,122 | 0.49% | Turkey | 17,415 | 0.025% |
| 30 | Russian Central Asia | 12,729 | 0.16% | Switzerland | 14,978 | 0.2% |
| 31 | Switzerland | 12,551 | 0.38% | Panama | 10,029 | 0.33% |
| 32 | Belgium | 12,000 | 0.18% | Latvia | 9,092 | 0.397% |
| 33 | Greece | 8,350 | 0.34% | Austria | 8,184 | 0.1% |
| 34 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 8,213 | 0.58% | Georgia | 7,951 | 0.17% |
| 35 | Serbia and Montenegro | 5,102 | 0.2% | Azerbaijan | 7,911 | 0.1% |
| 36 | Spain | 5,000 | 0.02% | Denmark | 7,062 | 0.13% |
| 37 | Norway and Sweden | 5,000 | 0.07% | Romania | 6,029 | 0.027% |
| 38 | Denmark | 5,000 | 0.2% | New Zealand | 5,447 | 0.135% |
| 39 | Central America | 4,035 | 0.12% | India | 5,401 | 0.0005% |
| 40 | Guiana, Venezuela and Colombia | 2,000 | 0.03% | Greece | 5,334 | 0.05% |
| 41 | China and Japan | 2,000 | 0.0004% | Morocco | 5,236 | 0.016% |
| 42 | Brazil | 2,000 | 0.01% | Kazakhstan | 4,100 | 0.027% |
| 43 | New Zealand | 1,611 | 0.2% | Lithuania | 3,596 | 0.1% |
| 44 | Portugal | 1,200 | 0.02% | Colombia | 3,436 | 0.008% |
| 45 | Luxembourg | 1,200 | 0.5% | Czech Republic | 3,072 | 0.03% |
| 46 | Suriname | 1,121 | 1.97% | Slovakia | 3,041 | 0.056% |
| 47 | Mexico | 1,000 | 0.008% | Peru | 2,792 | 0.01% |
| 48 | Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chile,Uruguay | 1,000 | 0.01% | Costa Rica | 2,409 | 0.06% |
| 49 | Crete | 728 | 0.24% | Bulgaria | 2,300 | 0.031% |
| 50 | Cyprus and Malta | 130 | 0.03% | Estonia | 1,818 | 0.136% |
| 51 | Tasmania | 107 | 0.07% | Tunisia | 1,813 | 0.018% |
This article incorporates text from the 1901–1906 Jewish Encyclopedia, a publication now in the public domain.
References
- Jewish Encyclopedia of 1901-1906 http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/table.jsp?table_id=427&volid=11&title=STATISTICS
See also
Jewish refugees, as well as an ideal destination for voluntary Jewish immigration.
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Partial list of events that prompted major streams of Jewish refugees
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twentieth century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1901 and ended on December 31, 2000, according to the Gregorian calendar. Some historians consider the era from about 1914 to 1991 to be the Short Twentieth Century.
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Motto
"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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"In God We Trust" (since 1956)
"E Pluribus Unum" ("From Many, One"; Latin, traditional)
Anthem
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Anthem
Hatikvah
The Hope
Capital
(and largest city) Jerusalem
Official languages Hebrew, Arabic
Demonym Israeli
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Hatikvah
The Hope
Capital
(and largest city) Jerusalem
Official languages Hebrew, Arabic
Demonym Israeli
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Sephardi Jews (Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural ספרדים, Standard
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Mizrahi Jews or Mizrahim, (Hebrew: מזרחים, Standard
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Tanakh
Torah | Nevi'im | Ketuvim
Books of the Torah
1. Genesis
2. Exodus
3. Leviticus
4. Numbers
5.
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Torah | Nevi'im | Ketuvim
Books of the Torah
1. Genesis
2. Exodus
3. Leviticus
4. Numbers
5.
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Gumhūriyyat Miṣr al-ʿArabiyyah
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem
Bilady, Bilady, Bilady
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Arab Republic of Egypt
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem
Bilady, Bilady, Bilady
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This article is about Jacob in the Hebrew Bible. For the name, see Jacob (name). For other uses, see Jacob (disambiguation).
Jacob or Yaʿqob, (Hebrew: יַעֲקֹב, Standard ..... Click the link for more information.
In the Jewish tradition, a Levite (Hebrew: לֵוִי, Standard
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David(c.1005–970 BC) (Hebrew: דָּוִד, Standard
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Ancient Mesopotamia
Euphrates Tigris
Cities / Empires
Sumer: Uruk ' Ur ' Eridu
Kish ' Lagash ' Nippur
Akkadian Empire: Akkad
Babylon ' Isin ' Susa
Assyria: Assur Nineveh
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Euphrates Tigris
Cities / Empires
Sumer: Uruk ' Ur ' Eridu
Kish ' Lagash ' Nippur
Akkadian Empire: Akkad
Babylon ' Isin ' Susa
Assyria: Assur Nineveh
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Gaius Cornelius Tacitus
Gaius Cornelius Tacitus
Born: Circa 56AD
Died: Circa 117
Occupation: Senator, consul, governor, historian
Genres: History
Subjects: History, biography, oratory
Literary movement: Silver Age of Latin
Debut works:
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Gaius Cornelius Tacitus
Born: Circa 56AD
Died: Circa 117
Occupation: Senator, consul, governor, historian
Genres: History
Subjects: History, biography, oratory
Literary movement: Silver Age of Latin
Debut works:
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Jerusalem (Hebrew: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם , Yerushaláyim; Arabic:
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Josephus (37 – sometime after 100 AD),[1] who became known, in his capacity as a Roman citizen, as Titus Flavius Josephus,[2] was a 1st-century Jewish historian and apologist of priestly and royal ancestry who survived and recorded the
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Slavery is a social-economic system under which certain persons — known as slaves — are deprived of personal freedom and compelled to perform labour or services.
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Sinai Peninsula or Sinai (Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا; Arabic, sina'a سيناء; Sinin in most Semitic languages, Hebrew: סיני Si-nai
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John William Colenso (1814-1883), first Anglican bishop of Natal, mathematician, theologian, Bible scholar and social activist.
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Biography
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Hadrian
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Bust of Hadrian
Reign August 10 117-
July 10 138
Full name Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus
Born 24 January 76
Rome
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Emperor of the Roman Empire
Bust of Hadrian
Reign August 10 117-
July 10 138
Full name Publius Aelius Traianus Hadrianus
Born 24 January 76
Rome
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Lucius Claudius Cassius Dio[1] (Greek: Δίων ὁ Κάσσιος) (ca. 155 to 163/164[2]– after 229), known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius
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Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen
Born: November 30 1817
Garding, Schleswig
Died: November 1 1903 (aged 87)
Occupation: Classical Scholar, Jurist and Historian
Nationality: German
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Born: November 30 1817
Garding, Schleswig
Died: November 1 1903 (aged 87)
Occupation: Classical Scholar, Jurist and Historian
Nationality: German
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Adolf von Harnack (May 7, 1851–June 10, 1930), was a German theologian and prominent church historian. He produced many religious publications from 1873-1912. Harnack traced the influence of Hellenistic philosophy on early Christian writing and called on Christians to
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Anthem
Homat el Diyar
Guardians of the Land
Capital
(and largest city) Damascus
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Homat el Diyar
Guardians of the Land
Capital
(and largest city) Damascus
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Nero
Emperor of the Roman Empire
Nero at Glyptothek, Munich
Reign October 13, 54 – June 9, 68
(Proconsul from 51)
Full name Nero Claudius Caesar
Augustus Germanicus
Born November 15 37
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Emperor of the Roman Empire
Nero at Glyptothek, Munich
Reign October 13, 54 – June 9, 68
(Proconsul from 51)
Full name Nero Claudius Caesar
Augustus Germanicus
Born November 15 37
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Palestine (from Παλαιστινη; Palaestina; formerly also פלשתינה Palestina
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Middle Ages form the middle period in a traditional schematic division of European history into three "ages": the classical civilization of Antiquity, the Middle Ages and Modern Times.
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Benjamin of Tudela (Binyamin Metudela) was a medieval Spanish rabbi and explorer who traveled through Europe, Asia, and Africa in the 12th century. His vivid descriptions of western Asia preceded those of Marco Polo by a hundred years.
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11st century - 12nd century - 13rd century
1140s 1150s 1160s - 1170s - 1180s 1190s 1200s
1167 1168 1169 - 1170 - 1171 1172 1173
Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
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1140s 1150s 1160s - 1170s - 1180s 1190s 1200s
1167 1168 1169 - 1170 - 1171 1172 1173
Politics
State leaders - Sovereign states
Birth and death categories
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Herod_Archelaus
