Information about Hispanic Culture In The Philippines
The British historian Arnold J. Toynbee once asserted in one of his works that "the Philippines is a Latin American country that was transported to the Orient by a gigantic marine wave". Following 3 centuries of Spanish colonization, the Philippines has a strong Hispanic cultural base, specially Spanish names and surnames, the Catholic religion, festivities, music and cooking. Spanish was originally the lingua franca of the Philippines and at its peak was spoken by 60% of the population as a first, second, third or even fourth language in the early part of the 20th century.
Spanish did not become the language of a majority of Filipinos because the First Philippine Republic was dissolved by the US forces following the Philippine-American War and the medium of instruction was changed to English. However, Philippine languages such as Tagalog, Ilocano and Cebuano have thousands of Spanish loan words. In the island of Mindanao a Spanish-based creole called Chabacano is spoken by almost 1 million people.
Although the Hispanic elements in Philippine culture are overwhelming, the cultural contributions made by Islamic and Chinese traders who settled in the islands between the 9th and 16th century cannot be ignored. More recently, there were contemporary influences from the United States following the Philippine-American War during the 20th century, which are very evident today.
The Philippines, having been one of the few Spanish possession in Asia, endured the least amount of Spanish influence on its people in terms of demography. This was primarily due to population geography and small amounts of European population in the islands. Consequently, the Philippines was able to retain most of its predominantly indigenous population. Nonetheless, many of the Hispanic elements in the Culture of the Philippines have been incorporated into the native core. Since the 16th century, Spanish culture has transformed the Filipino cultural landscape of today. While remaining Asian at its core, Modern day Filipino culture is described as a unique blend of Eastern and Western traditions.
Negrito and Austronesian peoples were the principal peoples of the Philippine archipelago.[1] The Negritos and Austronesians migrated to the islands during the last ice age some 30,000 years ago, when land bridges connected the archipelago to mainland Asia. [2] Later migrations were by water and took place over several thousand years.[1]
The Philippines was ruled from Mexico City as a territory of New Spain, from 1565 to 1821 and as a province of Spain until 1898.
In the past few years, the Philippines has began to re-establish closer ties to its former colonial rulers, Spain. The King and Queen of Spain attended the Centennial celebration of Philippine Independence from Spain on June 12, 1998 in recognition of a shared history and cultural ties.
Since the Philippines was a territorial part of New Spain for 256 years during the first half of the Spanish colonial period, the Spanish that's spoken in the Philippines today has a great affinity to Mexican Spanish. In fact, the number of Mexican Spanish loan-words that appear in various indigenous Filipino languages are of Nahuatl origin that were first incorporated into Mexican Spanish, and which do not exist in European Spanish. These words include nanay (nantl), tatay (tatle), bayabas [from guayaba(s), guava], abokado (avocado), papaya, zapote, etc.
Spanish was introduced in the 16th century, and by the 19th century was the lingua franca of the Philippines. However, it was never spoken by the majority of the Philippine population. At its peak in the early 20th century, the language was spoken by approximately 60% of the population (with different degrees of fluency) and by 10 to 15% as a first language. After the Spanish-American War of 1898; colonists from the United States introduced English to the islands. Spanish remained as a co-official language, along with Tagalog and English until 1987, when it lost its status; prompting the Philippine government to declare Tagalog and English as the official languages of the country. Today, Spanish is only spoken by the country's minor Hispanic communities, which includes Spaniards and Filipino mestizos of Spanish and Mexican descent.
However, various Filipino indigenous languages have significantly assimilated aspects of the Spanish language and contain thousands of loan words. Numerous words and some grammatical concepts of Spanish origin are still used in Chavacano, Cebuano and Tagalog.
There are many Provinces in the Philippines with Spanish names, including Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Laguna, Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, La Union, Marinduque, Antique, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, and Valle de Compostela.
Many cities and towns are also named in Spanish, such as Medellin, Santander, Nueva Valencia, Las Piñas, Prosperidad, Isabela, Sierra Bullones, Angeles, La Paz, Esperanza, Buenavista, Pilar, La Trinidad, Garcia Hernandez, Trece Martires, Los Baños, Floridablanca and many more. There are numerous other towns named after saints, such as San Fernando, Santa Rosa, Santa Rita, San Jose, San Pablo, and San Marcelino, as well as after Spanish cities, such as Sevilla, Toledo, Cadiz, Zaragoza, Avila and Salamanca.
Many other indigenous place names are spelled using Spanish orthography, such as Cagayán de Oro, Parañaque, and Cebú.
Another interesting aspect of this naming custom is that unlike the peoples of the Hispanic world, and to the exclusion of around 1% to 2% of the Philippine population which is comprised of Filipinos of Spanish or Mexican descents, among other Filipinos a Spanish name and surname does not indicate of Spanish or Mexican ancestry.
Many Filipinos at home set up altars in Hispanic Catholic fashion, adorned with icons, flowers, statues, etc. On feast days, various barrios host processions in honor of their patron saint. Many young girls are chosen as the 'queen' of the procession.
Except for the Muslim minority in the southern Philippines, concentrated mainly in Mindanao, conversion was almost universal.
With the Spanish government withdrawing from the islands, Filipinos were able to hold more and higher positions in church life - positions that had been previously reserved for Spaniards, Mexicans and mestizos and leading to the fortification of the Filipino relationship with the faith and allowing for its continued position as the country's mainstream religion.
Spanish-Mexican Culture and Roman Catholicism has significantly influenced the culture and traditions. Every year on the 3rd week of January, the country celebrates the festival of the "Santo Niño" (Spanish, "Santo Niño"), or "Holy Child Jesus", the largest being held in Cebu City. The country also celebrates the "Patrona" (Female Patron Saint) with festivals nation wide. Millions of Filipinos around the country attend this religious Mardi Gras born from the amalgam of the indigenous Austronesian cultures, devotion to the Holy Child Jesus, Christianity and the founding of the country.
Religious holidays are:
Folk dances, music and literature have remained relatively intact in the 21st century. These were introduced from Spain and Mexico in the 16th century and can be regarded as largely Hispanic in constitution, which have remained in the Philippines for many centuries.
They include:
During the first half of the 20th century commerce and industrial trades with other Hispanic countries declined due to the American administration of the country. However the resurgence of trade between Spain and Latin American countries had risen toward the closing of the century. The year 1998 marked the centennial of the end of colonial Spain, however, it also opened a new opportunity for both Spanish and Filipino businesses to reconnect their historic ties as trade between east and west continues to rise during the 21st century.
Latin America (Portuguese and Spanish: América Latina; French: Amérique Latine) is the region of the Americas where Romance languages, those derived from Latin (particularly Spanish and Portuguese), are primarily spoken.
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Spanish in the Philippines}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: —
Spanish was the first official language of the Philippines since the conquest by Spain in the 16th century.
..... Click the link for more information.
Spanish did not become the language of a majority of Filipinos because the First Philippine Republic was dissolved by the US forces following the Philippine-American War and the medium of instruction was changed to English. However, Philippine languages such as Tagalog, Ilocano and Cebuano have thousands of Spanish loan words. In the island of Mindanao a Spanish-based creole called Chabacano is spoken by almost 1 million people.
Although the Hispanic elements in Philippine culture are overwhelming, the cultural contributions made by Islamic and Chinese traders who settled in the islands between the 9th and 16th century cannot be ignored. More recently, there were contemporary influences from the United States following the Philippine-American War during the 20th century, which are very evident today.
The Philippines, having been one of the few Spanish possession in Asia, endured the least amount of Spanish influence on its people in terms of demography. This was primarily due to population geography and small amounts of European population in the islands. Consequently, the Philippines was able to retain most of its predominantly indigenous population. Nonetheless, many of the Hispanic elements in the Culture of the Philippines have been incorporated into the native core. Since the 16th century, Spanish culture has transformed the Filipino cultural landscape of today. While remaining Asian at its core, Modern day Filipino culture is described as a unique blend of Eastern and Western traditions.
History
Negrito and Austronesian peoples were the principal peoples of the Philippine archipelago.[1] The Negritos and Austronesians migrated to the islands during the last ice age some 30,000 years ago, when land bridges connected the archipelago to mainland Asia. [2] Later migrations were by water and took place over several thousand years.[1]
The Philippines was ruled from Mexico City as a territory of New Spain, from 1565 to 1821 and as a province of Spain until 1898.
In the past few years, the Philippines has began to re-establish closer ties to its former colonial rulers, Spain. The King and Queen of Spain attended the Centennial celebration of Philippine Independence from Spain on June 12, 1998 in recognition of a shared history and cultural ties.
Language
Since the Philippines was a territorial part of New Spain for 256 years during the first half of the Spanish colonial period, the Spanish that's spoken in the Philippines today has a great affinity to Mexican Spanish. In fact, the number of Mexican Spanish loan-words that appear in various indigenous Filipino languages are of Nahuatl origin that were first incorporated into Mexican Spanish, and which do not exist in European Spanish. These words include nanay (nantl), tatay (tatle), bayabas [from guayaba(s), guava], abokado (avocado), papaya, zapote, etc.
Spanish was introduced in the 16th century, and by the 19th century was the lingua franca of the Philippines. However, it was never spoken by the majority of the Philippine population. At its peak in the early 20th century, the language was spoken by approximately 60% of the population (with different degrees of fluency) and by 10 to 15% as a first language. After the Spanish-American War of 1898; colonists from the United States introduced English to the islands. Spanish remained as a co-official language, along with Tagalog and English until 1987, when it lost its status; prompting the Philippine government to declare Tagalog and English as the official languages of the country. Today, Spanish is only spoken by the country's minor Hispanic communities, which includes Spaniards and Filipino mestizos of Spanish and Mexican descent.
However, various Filipino indigenous languages have significantly assimilated aspects of the Spanish language and contain thousands of loan words. Numerous words and some grammatical concepts of Spanish origin are still used in Chavacano, Cebuano and Tagalog.
Names of the country, provinces and cities
The name of the country itself comes from the king of Spain, Philip II. The name was bestowed on the country by Ruy López de Villalobos, in reference to the Samar and Leyte regions during his 1543 expedition. It was later given to all of the islands in 1565, after the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors.There are many Provinces in the Philippines with Spanish names, including Nueva Vizcaya, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Laguna, Isabela, Quirino, Aurora, La Union, Marinduque, Antique, Negros Occidental, Negros Oriental, and Valle de Compostela.
Many cities and towns are also named in Spanish, such as Medellin, Santander, Nueva Valencia, Las Piñas, Prosperidad, Isabela, Sierra Bullones, Angeles, La Paz, Esperanza, Buenavista, Pilar, La Trinidad, Garcia Hernandez, Trece Martires, Los Baños, Floridablanca and many more. There are numerous other towns named after saints, such as San Fernando, Santa Rosa, Santa Rita, San Jose, San Pablo, and San Marcelino, as well as after Spanish cities, such as Sevilla, Toledo, Cadiz, Zaragoza, Avila and Salamanca.
Many other indigenous place names are spelled using Spanish orthography, such as Cagayán de Oro, Parañaque, and Cebú.
People
One of the most visible marks left by Spanish rule in the Philippines is the prevalence of the Roman Catholic religion and Hispanic names and surnames among most Filipinos (see: Catálogo alfabético de apellidos). Over 90% of the population is predominantly of indigenous ancestry. Filipinos of Chinese descent, who had been settling in the Philippines since pre-Hispanic times, currently form the largest non-Austronesian ethnic group throughout the archepelago. According to a scientific study, Mestizos, those of mixed Spanish, Mexican or other European ancestry, from either Spanish or U.S. colonial periods, make up to a total of 3.6% of the entire population.Another interesting aspect of this naming custom is that unlike the peoples of the Hispanic world, and to the exclusion of around 1% to 2% of the Philippine population which is comprised of Filipinos of Spanish or Mexican descents, among other Filipinos a Spanish name and surname does not indicate of Spanish or Mexican ancestry.
Catholic religion
The Philippines is a predominantly Catholic country, with (83%) of the population baptized with the rites of the Roman Catholic Church. Roman Catholicism was introduced by the Spaniards. Friars and priests were in charge of converting the entire Filipino population from the previously practiced Islam and the many local native spiritual traditions to Christianity.Many Filipinos at home set up altars in Hispanic Catholic fashion, adorned with icons, flowers, statues, etc. On feast days, various barrios host processions in honor of their patron saint. Many young girls are chosen as the 'queen' of the procession.
Except for the Muslim minority in the southern Philippines, concentrated mainly in Mindanao, conversion was almost universal.
With the Spanish government withdrawing from the islands, Filipinos were able to hold more and higher positions in church life - positions that had been previously reserved for Spaniards, Mexicans and mestizos and leading to the fortification of the Filipino relationship with the faith and allowing for its continued position as the country's mainstream religion.
Fiestas and religious holidays
All major Roman Catholic holy days are observed as official national holidays.Spanish-Mexican Culture and Roman Catholicism has significantly influenced the culture and traditions. Every year on the 3rd week of January, the country celebrates the festival of the "Santo Niño" (Spanish, "Santo Niño"), or "Holy Child Jesus", the largest being held in Cebu City. The country also celebrates the "Patrona" (Female Patron Saint) with festivals nation wide. Millions of Filipinos around the country attend this religious Mardi Gras born from the amalgam of the indigenous Austronesian cultures, devotion to the Holy Child Jesus, Christianity and the founding of the country.
Religious holidays are:
- "Semana Santa" (Holy Week or Easter), in March or April.
- "Araw ng mga Kaluluwa" (All Souls' Day) and "Todos Los Santos" (All Saints' Day), October 31 to November 2. Celebrates "DÃa de los Muertos" (Day of the Dead), where families spend much of the 3 days and 3 evenings visiting their ancestral graves, showing respect and honoring the departed relatives by feasting, decorating and offering prayers.
- "Navidad" ("Pasko") (Christmas), December 25.
Arts, literature and music
Early Hispanic borrowings, although highly hybridized into the Filipino culture, is essentially based on indigenous and European foundations.Folk dances, music and literature have remained relatively intact in the 21st century. These were introduced from Spain and Mexico in the 16th century and can be regarded as largely Hispanic in constitution, which have remained in the Philippines for many centuries.
Cooking
Food reflects on the adaptation of Spanish and Mexican cuisines.They include:
- Chorizo
- Calabaza
- Camote
- Tortas
- Pescado
- Menudo
- Empanadas
- Ensaymadas
- Natilla
- Chicharrón
- Dulce de membrillo
- Flan
- Mazapan
- Galletas
- Pan de sal,
- Avocado (introduced from Mexico),
- Adobo
- Lechon
- Longaniza
- Tocino
- Jamon
- Relleno
- Embutido
- Caldereta
- Tortilla quesada
- Albondigas
- Galantina
- Asado
- Paella
- Picadillo
- Pochero de bacalao
- Afritada
- Pastel de lengua
- Torta del cielo
Business
In the business community, the Philippine Chamber of Commerce and Industry (PCCI) plays an integral role in the economic, political and social development of the nation. Historically, the chamber can be traced back as early as the 1890s with the inauguration of the Cámara de Comercio de Filipinas. This organization was composed mainly of Spanish companies such as the CompañÃa General de Tabaco de Filipinas, Fábrica de Cerveza San Miguel and Elizalde y Cia, among others mandated by Spain under a Royal Grant.During the first half of the 20th century commerce and industrial trades with other Hispanic countries declined due to the American administration of the country. However the resurgence of trade between Spain and Latin American countries had risen toward the closing of the century. The year 1998 marked the centennial of the end of colonial Spain, however, it also opened a new opportunity for both Spanish and Filipino businesses to reconnect their historic ties as trade between east and west continues to rise during the 21st century.
See also
- Culture of the Philippines
- Culture of Mexico
- Culture of Spain
- Hispanic culture
- Music of the Philippines
- Languages of the Philippines
- Demographics of the Philippines
- Religion in the Philippines
References
1. ^ Philippines - Early History. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved on 2006-08-22.
2. ^ A Brief History of the Philippines from a Filipino Perspective. Health Action Information Network. Retrieved on 2006-08-21.
2. ^ A Brief History of the Philippines from a Filipino Perspective. Health Action Information Network. Retrieved on 2006-08-21.
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Arnold Joseph Toynbee CH (April 14, 1889 – October 22, 1975) was a British historian whose twelve-volume analysis of the rise and fall of civilizations, A Study of History
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Latin America (Portuguese and Spanish: América Latina; French: Amérique Latine) is the region of the Americas where Romance languages, those derived from Latin (particularly Spanish and Portuguese), are primarily spoken.
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The Orient is a term traditionally used in Western culture to refer to the Middle East (Southwest Asia and Egypt), South Asia, Southeast Asia and East Asia.
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Spanish in the Philippines}}}
Language codes
ISO 639-1: none
ISO 639-2: —
ISO 639-3: —
Spanish was the first official language of the Philippines since the conquest by Spain in the 16th century.
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A lingua franca (Italian literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology below) is any language widely used beyond the population of its native speakers. The de facto status of lingua franca
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The First Philippine Republic, officially República Filipina (English: Philippine Republic) was the shortlived government of the Philippines formally established with the proclamation of the Malolos Constitution on January 23, 1899 in Malolos, Bulacan until
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Philippine-American War[7] was an armed military conflict between the United States of America and the First Philippine Republic, fought between 1899 to at least 1902, which occurred from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines.
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Tagalog}}}
Writing system: Latin (Filipino variant);
Historically written in Baybayin
Official status
Official language of: Philippines (in the form of Filipino)
Regulated by: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino language)
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Writing system: Latin (Filipino variant);
Historically written in Baybayin
Official status
Official language of: Philippines (in the form of Filipino)
Regulated by: Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino (Commission on the Filipino language)
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Ilokano (variants: Ilocano, Iluko, Iloco, and Iloko) is the third most-spoken language of the Republic of the Philippines.
Being an Austronesian language, it is related to such languages as Indonesian, Malay, Fijian, Maori (of New
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Being an Austronesian language, it is related to such languages as Indonesian, Malay, Fijian, Maori (of New
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Cebuano, also known as Sinugboanon, is an Austronesian language spoken in the Philippines by about 20,000,000 people (according to Ethnologue). It is a subgroup or member of Bisaya, Visayan and Binisayâ.
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Mindanao<nowiki />
Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
Geography <nowiki/>
Location South East Asia <nowiki />
Archipelago
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Map of the Philippines showing the island groups of Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao
Geography <nowiki/>
Location South East Asia <nowiki />
Archipelago
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Chavacano (as a proper noun, as a derivative of the Spanish adjective "chabacano," and as it is generally accepted in literature, the broadcast media, and Zamboangueños) or Chabacano
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Philippine-American War[7] was an armed military conflict between the United States of America and the First Philippine Republic, fought between 1899 to at least 1902, which occurred from a Filipino political struggle against U.S. occupation of the Philippines.
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Spanish Empire refer to territories formerly colonized by Spain. It was also one of the largest global empire in history.
In the 15th and 16th centuries Spain was in the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion and the opening of trade routes across the
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In the 15th and 16th centuries Spain was in the vanguard of European global exploration and colonial expansion and the opening of trade routes across the
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Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area (or 29.4% of its land area) and, with almost 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population.
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Spanish culture has roots in Celtiberian, Latin, Semitic, North African/Islamic (e.g,the Moors), Roman Catholicism, and an ongoing tension between the centralized state (dominated in recent centuries by Castile) and numerous regions and minority peoples.
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history of the Philippines is believed to begin with the arrival of the first humans in the Philippines by land bridges at least 30,000 years ago. The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan on Homonhon Island, southeast of Samar on March 16, 1521.
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Negrito refers to a small-statured, dwindling ethnic group which is now restricted to isolated parts of Southeast Asia. Negritos are arguably the most enigmatic people on our planet as they belong to an ancient stratum of Homo sapiens in Asia.
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Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic) is the third and last subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. Very broadly it dates to between 40,000 and 10,000 years ago, roughly coinciding with the appearance of "high"
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A land bridge, in biogeography, is an isthmus or other land connection between what at other times are separate areas which allows animals and plants to cross and colonise new lands.
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Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent. It covers 8.6% of the Earth's total surface area (or 29.4% of its land area) and, with almost 4 billion people, it contains more than 60% of the world's current human population.
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