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Information about Herpesviridae

Herpesviridae
Virus classification
Group:Group I (dsDNA)
Family:Herpesviridae
Genera
Subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae
   Simplexvirus
   Varicellovirus
   Mardivirus
   Iltovirus
Subfamily Betaherpesvirinae
   Cytomegalovirus
   Muromegalovirus
   Roseolovirus
Subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae
   Lymphocryptovirus
   Rhadinovirus
Unassigned
   Ictalurivirus
The Herpesviridae are a large family of DNA viruses that cause diseases in humans and animals.[1] [2] [3] The family name is derived from the Greek word herpein ("to creep"), referring to the , re-occurring infections typical of this group of viruses. Herpesviridae can cause latent or lytic infections.

Human herpesviridae

There are eight distinct viruses in this family known to cause disease in humans.[4]

Human Herpesvirus (HHV) classification
Type Synonym Subfamily Pathophysiology
HHV-1Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1)α (Alpha)Oral and/or genital herpes (predominantly orofacial)
HHV-2Herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2)αOral and/or genital herpes (predominantly genital)
HHV-3Varicella zoster virus (VZV)αChickenpox and shingles
HHV-4Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lymphocryptovirusγ (Gamma)Infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt's lymphoma, CNS lymphoma in AIDS patients,
post-transplant lymphoproliferative syndrome (PTLD), nasopharyngeal carcinoma
HHV-5Cytomegalovirus (CMV)β (Beta)Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome,[5] retinitis, etc.
HHV-6, -7RoseolovirusβSixth disease (roseola infantum or exanthem subitum)
HHV-8Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
(KSHV), a type of rhadinovirus		γKaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, some types of multicentric Castleman's disease
References: [5][5]

Monkey B virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus-1, Herpesvirus simiae) is a simplexvirus endemic in macaque monkeys. Human zoonotic infection typically results in fatal encephalomyelitis or severe neurologic impairment in untreated individuals.[6]

Viral structure

The human herpesviruses all share some common properties. One shared property is virus structure - all herpesviruses are composed of relatively large double-stranded, linear DNA genomes encoding 100-200 genes encased within an icosahedral protein cage called the capsid which is itself wrapped in a lipid bilayer membrane called the envelope. This particle is known as the virion.

Following binding of viral envelope glycoproteins to cell membrane receptors, the virion is internalized and dismantled, allowing viral DNA to migrate to the cell nucleus. Within the nucleus, replication of viral DNA and transcription of viral genes occurs. During symptomatic infection, infected cells transcribe lytic viral genes. In some host cells, a small number of viral genes termed latency associated transcript (LAT) accumulate instead. In this fashion the virus can persist in the cell (and thus the host) indefinitely. Reactivation of latent viruses has been implicated in a number of organic diseases. While primary infection is often accompanied by a self-limited period of clinical illness, long-term latency is symptom-free. Following activation, transcription of viral genes switches from LAT to multiple lytic genes that lead to enhanced replication and virus production. Often, lytic activation leads to cell death. Clinically, lytic activation is often accompanied by emergence of non-specific symptoms such as low grade fever, headache, sore throat, malaise, and rash as well as clinical signs such as swollen or tender lymph nodes and immunological findings such as reduced levels of natural killer cells.

Animal herpesviridae

In animal virology the most important herpesviruses belong to the Alphaherpesvirinae. Research on pseudorabies virus (PrV), the causative agent of Aujeszky's disease in pigs, has pioneered animal disease control with genetically modified vaccines. PrV is now extensively studied as a model for basic processes during lytic herpesvirus infection, and for unravelling molecular mechanisms of herpesvirus neurotropism, whereas bovine herpesvirus 1, the causative agent of bovine infectious rhinotracheitis and pustular vulvovaginitis, is analyzed to elucidate molecular mechanisms of latency. The avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus is phylogenetically distant from these two viruses and serves to underline similarity and diversity within the Alphaherpesvirinae.[2] [3]

Taxonomy

The following genera are included here:

References

1. ^ Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology, 4th ed., McGraw Hill. ISBN 0838585299. 
2. ^ Mettenleiter et al (2008). "Molecular Biology of Animal Herpesviruses", Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. 
3. ^ Sandri-Goldin RM (editor). (2006). Alpha Herpesviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-09-7 . 
4. ^ Whitley RJ (1996). Herpesviruses. in: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al'', eds.), 4th ed., Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. 
5. ^ Bottieau E, Clerinx J, Van den Enden E, Van Esbroeck M, Colebunders R, Van Gompel A, Van den Ende J (2006). "Infectious mononucleosis-like syndromes in febrile travelers returning from the tropics.". J Travel Med 13 (4): 191-7. PMID 16884400. 
6. ^ Huff J, Barry P (2003). "B-virus (Cercopithecine herpesvirus 1) infection in humans and macaques: potential for zoonotic disease". Emerg Infect Dis 9 (2): 246-50. PMID 12603998. 
7. ^ Mettenleiter et al (2008). "Molecular Biology of Animal Herpesviruses", Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-22-6. 
8. ^ Sandri-Goldin RM (editor). (2006). Alpha Herpesviruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology. Caister Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-904455-09-7 . 
9. ^ Fenner, Frank J.; Gibbs, E. Paul J.; Murphy, Frederick A.; Rott, Rudolph; Studdert, Michael J.; White, David O. (1993). Veterinary Virology (2nd ed.). Academic Press, Inc. ISBN 0-12-253056-X. 

External links

Virus classification involves naming and placing viruses into a taxonomic system. Like the relatively consistent classification systems seen for cellular organisms, virus classification is the subject of ongoing debate and proposals.
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A DNA virus is a virus belonging to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification system for viruses. It will therefore possess DNA as its genetic material and replicate using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
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Alphaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae primarily distinguished by reproducing more quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae. In animal virology the most important herpesviruses belong to the Alphaherpesvirinae.
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Varicellovirus

Varicellovirus (var′i-sel′ō-vi′rŭs) is a genus of Alphaherpesvirinae.
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Mardivirus

Mardivirus is a recently established genus within the Alphaherpesvirinae subfamily. It is made up of the Marek's disease virus (MDV), which causes a lymphoproliferative disease in chickens, and two other closely related viruses including
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Gallid herpesvirus 1 (GaHV-1) (also known as Avian herpesvirus 1)is a virus of the family Herpesviridae that causes avian infectious laryngotracheitis. It was originally recognized as a disease of chickens in the United States in 1926.
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Betaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae primarily distinguished by reproducing less quickly than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae.

Examples include:
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Muromegalovirus
  • Roseolovirus

External links

  • MeSH

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Cytomegalovirus
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 B 25.
ICD-9 078.5

MeSH D003587

Cytomegalovirus

CMV infection of a lung pneumocyte.

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Roseola
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 B 08.2
ICD-9 057.8

DiseasesDB 5857
MedlinePlus 000968
eMedicine emerg/400   derm/378 ped/998

Roseolovirus


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Gammaherpesvirinae is a subfamily of Herpesviridae primarily distinguished by reproducing at a more variable rate than other subfamilies of Herpesviridae.

Examples include:
  • Lymphocryptovirus
  • Rhadinovirus

External links

  • MeSH

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Rhadinovirus

species
see text

Rhadinoviruses are a genus of herpesviruses that include the Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), which causes Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion
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family (Latin: familia, plural familiae) is a rank, or a taxon in that rank. Exact details of formal nomenclature depend on the Nomenclature Code which applies.
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A DNA virus is a virus belonging to either Group I or Group II of the Baltimore classification system for viruses. It will therefore possess DNA as its genetic material and replicate using a DNA-dependent DNA polymerase.
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If you are prevented from editing this page, and you wish to make a change, please discuss changes on the talk page, request unprotection, log in, or .
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Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)

This article is about the virus. For information about the disease, see Herpes simplex.

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Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1)
Herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2)

This article is about the virus. For information about the disease, see Herpes simplex.

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    Human herpesvirus 3 (HHV-3)
The Varicella zoster virus (VZV) is one of the eight herpes viruses known to affect humans (and other vertebrates).

Nomenclature

Multiple names are used to refer to same virus, creating some confusion.
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Chickenpox
Classification & external resources

Child with varicella disease
ICD-10 B 01.
ICD-9 052

DiseasesDB 29118
MedlinePlus 001592
eMedicine ped/2385   derm/74 , emerg/367

MeSH C02.256.466.
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Herpes zoster
Classification & external resources

Herpes zoster blisters on the neck and shoulder
ICD-10 B 02.
ICD-9 053

DiseasesDB 29119
MedlinePlus 000858
eMedicine med/1007   derm/180 emerg/823 oph/257 ped/996

Herpes zoster
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Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4)

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), also called Human herpesvirus 4 (HHV-4), is a virus of the herpes family (which includes Herpes simplex virus and Cytomegalovirus
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Infectious mononucleosis
Classification & external resources

Infectious Mononucleosis smear showing reactive (atypical) lymphocytes, in blue.
ICD-10 B 27.
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Burkitt's lymphoma
Classification & external resources

Burkitt lymphoma, touch prep, Wright stain
ICD-10 C 83.7
ICD-9 200.2
ICD-O: 9687/3
OMIM 113970
DiseasesDB 1784

eMedicine med/256  
MeSH D002051 Burkitt lymphoma
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Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Classification & external resources

The Red ribbon is a symbol for solidarity with HIV-positive people and those living with AIDS.
ICD-10 B 24.
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MeSH D002277 In medicine, carcinoma is any cancer that arises from epithelial cells. It is malignant by definition: carcinomas invade surrounding tissues and organs, and may spread to lymph nodes and distal sites (metastasis).
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Cytomegalovirus
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 B 25.
ICD-9 078.5

MeSH D003587

Cytomegalovirus

CMV infection of a lung pneumocyte.

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Infectious mononucleosis
Classification & external resources

Infectious Mononucleosis smear showing reactive (atypical) lymphocytes, in blue.
ICD-10 B 27.
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Classification & external resources

ICD-10 H 30.9

Retinitis is inflammation of the retina in the eye.

See also

  • Retinitis pigmentosa

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Roseola
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 B 08.2
ICD-9 057.8

DiseasesDB 5857
MedlinePlus 000968
eMedicine emerg/400   derm/378 ped/998

Roseolovirus


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Roseola
Classification & external resources

ICD-10 B 08.2
ICD-9 057.8

DiseasesDB 5857
MedlinePlus 000968
eMedicine emerg/400   derm/378 ped/998

Roseolovirus


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Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the eighth human herpesvirus; its formal name according to the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses is HHV-8.
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