Information about Hell Creek Formation
The Hell Creek Formation is an intensely-studied division of Upper Cretaceous to lower Paleocene rocks in North America, named for exposures studied along Hell Creek, near Jordan, Montana.
The Hell Creek Formation occurs in badlands of eastern Montana and portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. In Montana, the Hell Creek Formation overlies the Fox Hills Formation and is the uppermost formation of the Cretaceous period. "Pompey's Pillar" at the Pompeys Pillar National Monument is a small isolated section of the Hell Creek Formation.
It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays, mudstones, and sandstones deposited during the Maastrichtian, the last part of the Cretaceous period, by fluvial activity in fluctuating river channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern continental margin fronting the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. The climate was mild[1]. The famous iridium-enriched K-T boundary, which separates the Cretaceous from the Cenozoic, occurs as a discontinuous but distinct thin marker bedding within the Formation, near its uppermost strata.
Commercial excavations bring Hell Creek fossils onto the market, usually dinosaur teeth, crocodylian osteoderm fragments, and dermal plates of fossil gars. A representative selection of Hell creek fossils can be seen at the Museum of the Rockies, in Bozeman, Montana.
Ornithischia (Ryan and Evans, 2005)
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The Hell Creek Formation occurs in badlands of eastern Montana and portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming. In Montana, the Hell Creek Formation overlies the Fox Hills Formation and is the uppermost formation of the Cretaceous period. "Pompey's Pillar" at the Pompeys Pillar National Monument is a small isolated section of the Hell Creek Formation.
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Hell Creek Formation is well exposed in the badlands in the vicinty of Ft. Peck Reservoir.
It is a series of fresh and brackish-water clays, mudstones, and sandstones deposited during the Maastrichtian, the last part of the Cretaceous period, by fluvial activity in fluctuating river channels and deltas and very occasional peaty swamp deposits along the low-lying eastern continental margin fronting the late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway. The climate was mild[1]. The famous iridium-enriched K-T boundary, which separates the Cretaceous from the Cenozoic, occurs as a discontinuous but distinct thin marker bedding within the Formation, near its uppermost strata.
Commercial excavations bring Hell Creek fossils onto the market, usually dinosaur teeth, crocodylian osteoderm fragments, and dermal plates of fossil gars. A representative selection of Hell creek fossils can be seen at the Museum of the Rockies, in Bozeman, Montana.
Fossils
The formation has produced impressive assemblages of invertebrates, plants, mammals, fish, reptiles, and amphibians. A few bird and pterosaur fossils have also been found also. Teeth of sharks and rays are sometimes found in the riverine Hell Creek Formation, suggesting that some of these taxa were tolerant of fresh water then as now.Plants
- Casts of Metasequoia seed cones.
Dinosaurs (including birds)
Theropoda (Currie, 2005)- Coelurosauria incertae sedis
- :Family unknown
- ::*Paronychodon lacustris (common)
- ::*Ricardoestesia (common)
- ::*Nanotyrannus lancensis (likely to be a juvenile Tyrannosaurus)
- ::*Ornithomimus sp.
- ::*Chirostenotes sp.
- ::*Elmisaurus elegans (may belong to Chirostenotes)
- ::*Troodon sp.
- ::*cf. Dromaeosaurus
- ::*Velociraptorinae (very common, sometimes referred to as Saurornitholestes)
- :Avisauridae
Ornithischia (Ryan and Evans, 2005)
- ::*Edmontonia sp.
- ::*cf. Leptoceratops sp.
- ::*Triceratops horridus (very common)
- ::*Triceratops prorsus (may be synonymous with T. horridus)(very common)
- ::*Edmontosaurus annectens (very common)
- ::*Edmontosaurus regalis (very common)
See Also
- List of fossil sites (with link directory)
Notes
1. ^ The presence of crocodylians suggests a sub-tropical climate, with no prolonged annual cold.
2. ^ In the summer of 2001 a juvenile Tyannosaurus was named Jane and prepared for the Burpee Museum of Natural History, Rockford, Illinois: see Jane (dinosaur).
2. ^ In the summer of 2001 a juvenile Tyannosaurus was named Jane and prepared for the Burpee Museum of Natural History, Rockford, Illinois: see Jane (dinosaur).
External links
- Cretaceous Hell Creek Faunal Facies provides a faunal list.
- Phillip Bigelow, "Hell Creek life: Fossil Flora & Fauna, a Paleoecosystem"
- Paleobiology Database: MPM locality 3850 (Hell Creek Formation): Maastrichtian, Montana
Late Cretaceous (100mya - 65mya) refers to the second half of the Cretaceous Period, named after the famous white chalk cliffs of southern England, which date from this time. Rocks deposited during the Late Cretaceous Period are referred to as the Upper Cretaceous Series.
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The Paleocene, "early dawn of the recent", is a geologic epoch that lasted from 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma to 55.8 ± 0.2 Ma (million years ago). It is the first epoch of the Palaeogene Period in the modern Cenozoic era.
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Jordan, Montana
Seal
Motto:
Location of Jordan, Montana
Coordinates:
Country United States
State Montana
County Garfield
Area
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Seal
Motto:
Location of Jordan, Montana
Coordinates:
Country United States
State Montana
County Garfield
Area
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State of Montana
Flag of Montana Seal
Nickname(s): Treasure State, Big Sky Country
Motto(s): Oro y plata (Gold and silver)
Official language(s) English
Capital Helena
Largest city
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Flag of Montana Seal
Nickname(s): Treasure State, Big Sky Country
Motto(s): Oro y plata (Gold and silver)
Official language(s) English
Capital Helena
Largest city
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State of North Dakota
Flag of North Dakota Seal
Nickname(s): Peace Garden State,
Roughrider State, Flickertail State
Motto(s): Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable;
Strength from the soil
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Flag of North Dakota Seal
Nickname(s): Peace Garden State,
Roughrider State, Flickertail State
Motto(s): Liberty and union, now and forever, one and inseparable;
Strength from the soil
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State of South Dakota
Flag of South Dakota Seal
Nickname(s): The Mount Rushmore State (official),
The Sunshine State
Motto(s): Under God the people rule
Official language(s) English
Capital
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Flag of South Dakota Seal
Nickname(s): The Mount Rushmore State (official),
The Sunshine State
Motto(s): Under God the people rule
Official language(s) English
Capital
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State of Wyoming
Flag of Wyoming Seal of Wyoming
Nickname(s): Equality State, Cowboy State,
Motto(s): Equal rights
Official language(s) English
Capital Cheyenne
Largest city
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Flag of Wyoming Seal of Wyoming
Nickname(s): Equality State, Cowboy State,
Motto(s): Equal rights
Official language(s) English
Capital Cheyenne
Largest city
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Location Montana, USA
Nearest city Billings, MT
Coordinates
Area 51 acres (206,000 m²)
Established January 17, 2001
Total visitation 50,000 (in 2002)
Governing body U.S.
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Nearest city Billings, MT
Coordinates
Area 51 acres (206,000 m²)
Established January 17, 2001
Total visitation 50,000 (in 2002)
Governing body U.S.
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Clay is a naturally occurring material, composed primarily of fine-grained minerals, which show plasticity through a variable range of water content, and which can be hardened when dried or fired.
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Mudstone (also called mudrock) is a fine grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds. Grain size is up to 0.0625 mm (0.0025 in) with individual grains too small to be distinguished without a microscope.
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Sandstone is a sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-size mineral or rock grains. Most sandstone is composed of quartz and/or feldspar because these are the most common minerals in the Earth's crust.
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The Maastrichtian is the last stage of the Cretaceous period, and therefore of the Mesozoic era. It spanned from 70.6 ± 0.6 Ma to 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma (million years ago).
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The Cretaceous Period is one of the major divisions of the geologic timescale, reaching from the end of the Jurassic Period (i.e. from 145.5 ± 4.0 million years ago (Ma)) to the beginning of the Paleocene epoch of the Tertiary Period (about 65.5 ± 0.3 Ma).
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The word fluvial is used in geography and earth science to refer to all topics related to flowing water. Fluvial usually refers to rivers, streams and sometimes through flow, overland flow and percolation.
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Western Interior Seaway, also called the Cretaceous Seaway, the Niobraran Sea, and the North American Inland Sea, was a huge inland sea that split the continent of North America into two halves during most of the early and mid-Cretaceous Period.
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4, 6
(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.20 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 880 kJ/mol
2nd: 1600 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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(mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity 2.20 (scale Pauling)
Ionization energies 1st: 880 kJ/mol
2nd: 1600 kJ/mol
Atomic radius 135 pm
Atomic radius (calc.
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The Cenozoic Era (IPA pronunciation: [ˌsiːnəˈzəʊɪk]); sometimes Caenozoic Era or Cainozoic Era (in the United Kingdom), meaning "new life" (Greek
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Crocodilia
Owen, 1842
Families
Crocodilia
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Owen, 1842
black: range of Crocodilia
Families
- Gavialidae
- Alligatoridae
- Crocodylidae
Crocodilia
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The Museum of the Rockies is located in Bozeman, Montana, and is known for its paleontological collections. The Museum is also part of Montana State University in Bozeman. The Museum of the Rockies houses the largest collection of dinosaur remains in the United States (even more
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Bozeman, Montana
Coordinates:
Country United States
State Montana
County Gallatin
Government
- City Manager Chris Kukulski
Area
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Coordinates:
Country United States
State Montana
County Gallatin
Government
- City Manager Chris Kukulski
Area
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Invertebrate is an English word that describes any animal without a spinal column. The group includes 97% of all animal species — all animals except those in the Chordate subphylum Vertebrata (fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals).
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Plantae
Haeckel, 1866[1]
Divisions
Green algae
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Haeckel, 1866[1]
Divisions
Green algae
- Chlorophyta
- Charophyta
- Non-vascular land plants (bryophytes)
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Mammalia
Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
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Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses & Infraclasses
- Subclass †Allotheria*
- Subclass Prototheria
- Subclass Theria
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Sauropsida*
Goodrich, 1916
Subclasses
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Goodrich, 1916
Subclasses
- Anapsida
- Diapsida
- Reptilia Laurenti, 1768
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Amphibia
Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses and Orders
Order Temnospondyli - extinct
Subclass Lepospondyli - extinct
Subclass Lissamphibia
Order Anura
Order Caudata
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Linnaeus, 1758
Subclasses and Orders
Order Temnospondyli - extinct
Subclass Lepospondyli - extinct
Subclass Lissamphibia
Order Anura
Order Caudata
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Aves
Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
About two dozen - see section below
Birds (class Aves) are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals.
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Linnaeus, 1758
Orders
About two dozen - see section below
Birds (class Aves) are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrate animals.
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Pterosauria
Kaup, 1834
Suborders
Pterodactyloidea
Rhamphorhynchoidea *
Pterosaurs (/ˈtɛ.
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Kaup, 1834
Suborders
Pterodactyloidea
Rhamphorhynchoidea *
Pterosaurs (/ˈtɛ.
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SHARK
General
Vincent Rijmen, Joan Daemen, Bart Preneel, Antoon Bosselaers, Erik De Win
1996
KHAZAD, Rijndael
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 128 bits
Block size(s):| 64 bits
Substitution-permutation network
6
In cryptography,
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General
Vincent Rijmen, Joan Daemen, Bart Preneel, Antoon Bosselaers, Erik De Win
1996
KHAZAD, Rijndael
Cipher detail
Key size(s):| 128 bits
Block size(s):| 64 bits
Substitution-permutation network
6
In cryptography,
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