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Information about Hp Ux

HP-UX
Website:www.hp.com/go/hpux/
Company/
developer:		Hewlett-Packard
OS family:UNIX System V
Latest stable release:11.31.0702 / February 2007
Supported platforms:PA-RISC, IA-64
License:Proprietary
Working state:Current
HP-UX (Hewlett Packard UniX) is Hewlett-Packard's proprietary implementation of the Unix operating system, based on System V (initially System III). It runs on their PA-RISC range of processors and Intel's Itanium processor, and was also available for later Apollo/Domain systems. Earlier versions also ran on the HP 9000 Series 200, 300, and 400 computer systems based on the Motorola 68000 series of processors, as well as the HP 9000 Series 500 computers based on HP's proprietary FOCUS processor architecture.

HP-UX was the first Unix to use access control lists for file access permissions rather than the standard Unix permissions system. HP-UX was also among the first Unix systems to include a built-in logical volume manager. HP has had a long partnership with VERITAS, and they use VxFS as their primary file system. For legacy as well as technical reasons, however, the file system used for the boot kernel has remained Hi Performance FileSystem (HFS; a variant of UFS) and so this older technology has continued to receive support from HP.

As of HP-UX 11i v2 release, the operating system will scale as follows:

Recent release history

Since about 2000, the focus of HP-UX has increasingly been on enhanced reliability, security, and partitioning. The reliability is provided through clustering technology and package failover on a system outage, as well as redundant hardware, increased quality testing, and error monitoring and correction. Security features have significantly increased with 11i v2, with the addition of kernel-based intrusion detection, strong random number generation, stack buffer overflow protection, security partitioning, role-based access management, and various open source security tools. The system partitioning ranges from hardware partitions to isolated OS virtual partitions, and most recently the Virtual Server Environment (VSE).

Following the merger of HP with Compaq in 2001, plans were made to merge the Tru64 TruCluster technology with HP-UX. This was expected to occur with the release of the long-delayed 11i v3 version. However, HP had suffered employment reductions in key departments during the economic downturn, and so at the end of 2004 the decision was made to cancel this project. Instead HP would partner with Veritas on a clustering solution.

Prior to the release of HP-UX version 11.11, HP used a decimal version numbering scheme with the first number giving the major release and the number following the decimal showing the minor release. With 11.11, HP made a marketing decision to name their releases 11i followed by a v(decimal-number) for the version. The i was intended to indicate the OS is Internet-enabled, but the effective result was a dual version-numbering scheme. (The name change was apparently made to pay homage to the World War I Armistice anniversary, which occurs on 11.11 in nations that use decimal dates.)

6.x (1989): Support for 300 series only. Introduced sockets from 4.3BSD.
7.x (1990): Support for 300/400, 600/700 (in 7.03) /800 HP systems. Provided OSF/Motif.
8.x (January 1991): Support for 300/400 600/700/800 HP systems. Shared libraries introduced.
9.x (July 1992–1995): 9.00, 9.01, 9.03 (s700), 9.04 (s800), 9.05, 9.07, 9.10. These provided support for the series 300, 700 and 800 HP systems. Introduced SAM. This version also introduced a feature of context dependent files (CDF), a method of allowing a fileserver to serve different configurations and binaries to different client machines (and even architectures) in a heterogeneous environment. A directory containing such files had its suid bit set and was made hidden from both ordinary and root processes under normal use. Such a scheme was sometimes exploited by hackers to hide exploits.[1][2] CDF's and the CDF filesystem were dropped with release 10.0.
10.0 (1995): This major release saw a convergence of the operating system between the series 700 (workstation) and series 800 (server) systems. (The OS no longer supported the older series.) There was also a significant change in the layout in the system files and directories, based on the AT&T SVR4 UNIX standard. Applications were removed from /usr and moved under /opt; startup configuration files were placed under /etc/rc.config.d; users were moved to /home from /users. The Logical Volume Manager (LVM) was presented at 10.0 as a replacement for the older methods of disk management. Software for HP-UX was now packaged, shipped, installed, and removed via the Software Distributor (SD) tools.
10.20 (1996): This release included support for PA-RISC processors that support PA2.0, including 64-bit data registers. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) were introduced for use within CDE. The root file system could be configured to use the Veritas VxFS. 10.20 also supported 32-bit user and group identifiers. The prior limit was 60,000, or 16-bit. This and earlier releases of HP-UX are now effectively obsolete, and support by HP ended on June 30, 2003.
10.24: This is a Virtual Vault release of HP-UX, providing enhanced security features.
10.30 (1997): This was primarily a developer release with various incremental enhancements. The use of PAM continued to expand in the system security components. Various changes to system calls were also made. This OS also provided the first support for Kernel Threads, with a 1x1 thread model (each user thread is bound to one kernel thread). 10.30 was also the first release of HP-UX that was fully year 2000 compliant.
11.00 (1997): The first HP-UX release to also support 64-bit addressing; previous releases had been 32-bit only. It could still run 32-bit applications on a 64-bit system. This release was also deemed Y2K-compliant. It supported 1×1 kernel threads, symmetric multiprocessing, fibre channel, and NFS PV3. It also included tools and documentation to convert 32-bit code to 64-bit.
11.04: Virtual Vault release.
11.10: This was a limited release to support the V2500 SCA (Scalable Computing Architecture) and V2600 SCA servers. Other versions supported the V-class server in a single cabinet configuration, 11.10 ran on the SCA versions where two servers are stacked on top of each other, interconnected by a hyperplane crossbar. 11.10 also added JFS 3.3, 128-CPU support, AutoFS, and a new ftpd. It was not available separately.
11.11 (2000): Also known as 11i, this release of HP-UX introduced the concept of Operating Environments. These are bundled groups of layered applications intended for use with a general category of usage. The available types were the Mission Critical, Enterprise, Internet, Technical Computing, and Minimal Technical OEs. (The last two were intended for HP 9000 workstations.) The main enhancements with this release were support for hard partitions, gigabit ethernet, NFS over TCP/IP, Loadable Kernel Modules, dynamic kernel tunable parameters, and protected stacks.
11.20 (2001): Also known as 11i v1.5, this release of HP-UX was the first to support the new line of Itanium-based (IA-64) systems. It was not intended for mission critical computing environments and did not support HP's ServiceGuard cluster software. It did provide support for running PA-RISC compiled applications on IA-64 systems, and for Veritas Volume Manager 3.1.
11.22 (2002): An incremental release of the Itanium version of HP-UX, it was designated 11i v1.6. This version achieved 64-way scalability, MxN threads, added more dynamic kernel tunable parameters, and supported HP's Logical Volume Manager on IA-64. It was built from the 11i v1 source code stream.
11.23 (2003): The original release of this version was in September 2003 to support the Itanium-based systems. This version is also identified as 11i v2. In September 2004 the OS was updated to provide support for both Itanium and PA-RISC systems. Besides running on IA-64 systems, this release includes support for ccNUMA, web-based kernel and device configuration, IPv6 and a strong random number generation.
11.31 (2007): This release is also identified as 11i v3. This release supports both PA-RISC and IA-64. [1] It was released on February 15, 2007 [2]. Major new features include native multipathing support, an unified file cache, NFSv4, Veritas ClusterFS, multi-volume VxFS. Hyperthreading is supported on Itanium systems.

Earlier history

The first version of HP-UX was 1.0, built about 1983. It started out based on System III Unix, and later on System V.

The first HP-UX, for the FOCUS systems (Series 500s), had a kernel written in MODCAL, a modified Pascal with extensions for low-level programming. Pascal/MODCAL was in vogue at HP for operating system work in the early-to-mid 1980s. This kernel in turn was hosted on top of another lower-level kernel called SUNOS (no relation to Sun Microsystems' SunOS) and emulated a file system similar to UFS on top of an HP-peculiar filesystem called Structured Directory Format (which led to curious features like . and .. not actually existing in a directory as opened and read). The userland was a mix of AT&T, UCB, and HP sources.

The series 200/300 history also started out claiming System III and later System V. The HP-UX ROMs for the HP Integral PC had two versions: 1.0 which was System III based and 5.0 which was System V based.

HP announced its Precision Architecture in the second half of 1986, for two hardware lines: the HP3000 series 930 which had an equivalent HP9000 series 840, and the HP3000 series 950 which also had an HP9000 series 8xx equivalent. Unlike later PA-RISC systems, in the 3000/930 and 9000/840, the PA-RISC processor was spread across several boards of TTL.

At the time, HP did not have shippable quantities of hardware, but did have some installed at third-party developers sites. It was another year before MPE/XL was ready for its 1.0 release to customers, and in that time the HP9000 series 840 had shipped with HP-UX and the HP3000 series 930 had been dropped from the price list, not being enough faster than a classic HP3000 series 70 running a similar workload.

When it came time to do a Unix for the first PA-RISC systems (Series 800), at least the kernel was based on 4BSD but then worked over to make it behave more like System V and other HP-UXs. BSD-isms gradually got put back into it over the late 1980s and 1990s. That is, HP started a fresh port of Unix and then layered the old code and APIs on top.

The last release for the series 500 was 5.2.

Series 200 and Series 800 HP-UXs started with versions 1.0 and later got version number bumps up to other ports' version numbers as they became more compatible with those ports. So s200 went from 2.x to 5.0 when it got demand paging and more compatible with s500 5.0, and PA-RISC went from 3.1 to 7.0 when its userland was being built from common sources used in 7.0 on the s300.

By HP-UX 7 even the series 300 port was feeling somewhat BSDish, including the BSD Fast File System and a filesystem with long filenames.

Kernel had common source (across series 700/800 at least, maybe s300/400 too) in 8.0.

Operating environments

Operating Environments (OEs) are tested and integrated application bundles designed to work with the operating system and provide the functionality needed for the system's purpose. The following lists the currently available HP-UX 11i v2 OEs:

HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation OE (FOE): Designed for the demands of Web servers, content servers and front-end servers, this OE includes applications such as HP-UX Web Server Suite, Java, and Mozilla Application Suite. This OE is bundled as HPUX11i-OE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Enterprise OE (EOE): Designed for database application servers and logic servers, this OE contains the HP-UX 11i v2 Foundation OE bundles and additional applications such as GlancePlus Pak to enable an enterprise-level server. This OE is bundled as HPUX11i-OE-ENT.
HP-UX 11i v2 Mission Critical OE (MCOE): Designed for the large, powerful back-end application servers and database servers that access customer files and handle transaction processing, this OE contains the Enterprise OE bundles, plus applications such as MC/ServiceGuard and Workload Manager to enable a mission-critical server. This OE is bundled as HPUX11i-OE-MC.
HP-UX 11i v2 Minimal Technical OE (MTOE): Designed for workstations running HP-UX 11i v2, this OE includes the Mozilla Application Suite, Perl, VxVM, and Judy applications, plus the OpenGL Graphics Developer's Kit. This OE is bundled as HPUX11i-MTOE.
HP-UX 11i v2 Technical Computing OE (TCOE): Designed for both compute-intensive workstation and server applications, this OE contains the MTOE bundles plus extensive graphics applications and Math Libraries. This OE is bundled as HPUX11i-TCOE.

References

  • Scott W. Y. Wang and Jeff B. Lindberg "HP-UX: Implementation of UNIX on the HP 9000 Series 500 Computer Systems", ''Hewlett-Packard Journal (volume 35 number 3, March 1984)
  • Frank McConnell, More about the HP 9000, gaby.de

External links

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Unix and Unix-like operating systems
A/UX AIX BSD FreeBSD GNU HP-UX IRIX Linux Mac OS X NetBSD NEXTSTEP OpenBSD Plan 9 QNX Research Unix SCO OpenServer SINIX Solaris System V Tru64 Xenix
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Hewlett-Packard Co.

Public (NYSE:  HPQ )
Founded Palo Alto, California (1939)
Headquarters Palo Alto, California, USA

Key people Bill Hewlett, Co-founder
David Packard, Co-founder
Mark V.
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Unix System V, commonly abbreviated SysV and rarely called System 5, was one of the versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, termed Releases 1, 2, 3 and 4.
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A software license comprises the permissions, rights and restrictions imposed on software (whether a component or a free-standing program). Use of software without a license could constitute infringement of the owner's exclusive rights under copyright or, occasionally, patent law
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Hewlett-Packard Co.

Public (NYSE:  HPQ )
Founded Palo Alto, California (1939)
Headquarters Palo Alto, California, USA

Key people Bill Hewlett, Co-founder
David Packard, Co-founder
Mark V.
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Proprietary software (also called non-free software or closed-source software) is software with restrictions on using, copying and modifying as enforced by the proprietor.
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Unix (officially trademarked as UNIX®) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at Bell Labs including Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie and Douglas McIlroy.
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An operating system (OS) is the software that manages the sharing of the resources of a computer. An operating system processes system data and user input, and responds by allocating and managing tasks and internal system resources as a service to users and programs of the
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Unix System V, commonly abbreviated SysV and rarely called System 5, was one of the versions of the Unix operating system. It was originally developed by AT&T and first released in 1983. Four major versions of System V were released, termed Releases 1, 2, 3 and 4.
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UNIX System III (sometimes called System 3) was a version of the Unix operating system released by AT&T's Unix Support Group (USG). It was first released outside of Bell Labs in 1982. It was an amalgam of various AT&T Unixes: PWB/UNIX 2.0, CB UNIX 3.0, UNIX/TS 3.0.
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central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program.(Knott 1974) It interprets computer program instructions and processes data.
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Intel Corporation

Public (NASDAQ:  INTC , SEHK: 4335 )
Founded 1968 1
Headquarters Santa Clara, California
 United States

Key people Paul S.
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Itanium 2
Central processing unit

Itanium 2 logo
Produced: From mid 2002 to present
Manufacturer: Intel
CPU Speeds: 733 MHz to 1.
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Apollo/Domain was a range of workstations developed and produced by Apollo Computer from circa 1980 to 1989. The machines were built around the Motorola 68k family of processors, except for the DN10000, which had from one to four of Apollo's RISC processors, named PRISM.
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HP 9000 is the name for a line of computer systems produced by the Hewlett-Packard (HP) company. The first system in this line was the Series 520, introduced in 1982. Earlier models, such as the HP 9836, HP 9816, etc., was later merged into the HP 9000 lineup as the Series 200.
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The Motorola 68000 is a CISC microprocessor core designed and marketed by Freescale Semiconductor (formerly Motorola Semiconductor Products Sector). As the first member of the successful 32-bit m68k family of microprocessors, it is generally software forward compatible with the
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HP 9000 is the name for a line of computer systems produced by the Hewlett-Packard (HP) company. The first system in this line was the Series 520, introduced in 1982. Earlier models, such as the HP 9836, HP 9816, etc., was later merged into the HP 9000 lineup as the Series 200.
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The Hewlett-Packard FOCUS microprocessor, launched in 1982, was the first commercial, single chip, fully 32-bit CPU available on the market. At this time, all 32-bit competitors (DEC, IBM, Prime Computer, etc.) used multi-chip bit-slice-CPU designs.
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In computer security, an access control list (ACL) is a list of permissions attached to an object. The list specifies who or what is allowed to access the object and what operations are allowed to be performed on the object.
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In computer storage, logical volume management or LVM is a method of allocating space on mass storage devices that is more flexible than conventional partitioning schemes.
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Veritas Software

Subsidiary
Founded 1989
Headquarters Mountain View, California, USA

Key people Gary Bloom, CEO
Industry Computer software
Products VxSF (incl.
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The Veritas File System, (or VxFS, called JFS and OJFS in HP-UX ), is an extent-based file system that was the first commercial journaling file system. It was originally developed by Veritas Software[1] which merged with Symantec in 2005.
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kernel is the central component of most computer operating systems (OS). Its responsibilities include managing the system's resources (the communication between hardware and software components).
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Hi Performance FileSystem, not to be confused with HPFS or Hierarchical File System, is a file system used in the HP-UX operating system. It is a variant of the Unix File System.

External links

  • http://www.osdata.com/system/logical/logical.htm

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The Unix file system (UFS) is a file system used by many Unix and Unix-like operating systems. It is also called the Berkeley Fast File System, the BSD Fast File System or FFS. It is a distant descendant of the original filesystem used by Version 7 Unix.
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central processing unit (CPU), or sometimes simply processor, is the component in a digital computer capable of executing a program.(Knott 1974) It interprets computer program instructions and processes data.
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terabyte (derived from the prefix tera- and commonly abbreviated TB) is a measurement term for data storage capacity. The value of a terabyte is based upon a decimal radix (base 10) and is defined as one trillion (short scale) bytes, or 1000 gigabytes.
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Dynamic RAM (DRAM) modules

Two 512 MB DRAM Modules

Connects to:
  • PCB or motherboard via one of

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