Information about Gutenberg Bible
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A copy of the Gutenberg Bible owned by the U.S. Library of Congress
The Gutenberg Bible (also known as the 42-line Bible or the Mazarin Bible) is a printed version of the Latin Vulgate translation of the Bible that was printed by Johannes Gutenberg, in Mainz, Germany in the fifteenth century. Although it is not, as often thought, the first book to be printed by Gutenberg's new movable type system, it is his major work, and has iconic status as the start of the "Gutenberg Revolution" and the "Age of the Printed Book".
The detailed format of printed bible is a possible imitation of a Mainz illuminated manuscript, the so called Giant Bible of Mainz (Biblia latina), whose 1300 pages were written between 1452 and 1453.
The 42-line Bible
The name 42-line Bible refers to the number of lines of print on each page, and is used to differentiate this edition of the Gutenberg Bible from the rarer 36-line Bible, which is also referred to as a Gutenberg Bible. [1] The term "Gutenberg Bible" is most commonly used to refer to the more familiar 42-line edition.Preparation of the bible began soon after 1450, and the first finished copies were available in 1454 or 1455, using a printing press and movable type.[2] This Bible is the most famous incunabulum and its production marked the beginning of the mass production of books in the West. It was printed in the type styles that would become known as Texture and Schumacher. A complete copy comprises 1282 pages, and most bibles were bound in at least two volumes.
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Detail showing both rubrication and illumination
In some copies of the Bible, the headings on a few of the sheets at the top are printed in red; the initial pages were re-composed, and the later copies for those pages are in black only, with the red headers lettered by hand. On all later pages the red headings are added by hand, and a printed list of the text to be added to each page survives. This presumably represents a failed experiment. [3]
The 36-line Bible
In the past, there was no consensus on the order of editions. Some specialists like Richard Schwab and Thomas Cahill argued that the rarer 36-line Bible is actually the older, cruder version, and that the 42-line Bible was a second, more numerous and perfected edition of Gutenbergs Bible.[4]. Others, like Richard W. Clement, argued that the 36-line Bible was printed in 1458, 3 years after the 42-line Bible, but with an older typefont.[5] The dispute has however been settled, because the line endings on the pages of the 36 line Bible make it evident that the text is based on a copy of the 42-line Bible. (Kapr, "Johannes Gutenberg." Scolar, 1996)Existing copies of the Gutenberg Bible
As of 2007, there are 48 extant Gutenberg 42-line Bibles known to exist. This includes eleven complete copies on vellum, and one copy of the New Testament only on vellum. In addition, there are a substantial number of fragments, some as small as individual leaves - at least one copy is known to have been partially broken up to be sold in parts.The country with the most copies is Germany, which has twelve. Mainz, Moscow and the Vatican City contain two copies, Paris and London have three copies, and New York has four copies. Three identified copies have been lost - two disappeared from Leipzig after the end of the Second World War, and one is known to have been destroyed along with the library of the Catholic University of Leuven in 1914. However, the former two were rediscovered in recent years, both in Moscow, where they had been taken.
A full listing of known copies and brief details on their condition can be found in the British Library's Incunabula Short Title Catalogue, ISTC number ib00526000. The 36-line bible is catalogued as ISTC number ib00527000. Copy numbers are as found in the ISTC, taken from a 1985 survey of existing copies by Ilona Hubay; the two copies in Russia were not known to exist in 1985, and so were not catalogued. A more detailed census, with some notes on provenance, is online at Clausen Books. "Perfect" or "imperfect" refers to completeness - whether a volume still contains all its leaves.
| Country | Holding institution | Copy | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Austria (1) | Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna | Hubay 27 | Perfect, paper |
| Belgium (1) | Bibliothèque universitaire, Mons | Hubay 1 | Imperfect, paper |
| Denmark (1) | Kongelige Bibliotek, Copenhagen | Hubay 12 | Vol. II, imperfect, paper |
| France (4) | Bibliothèque nationale, Paris | Hubay 15 | Perfect, vellum |
| Hubay 17 | Imperfect, paper. Contains note by binder dating it to August 1456 | ||
| Bibliothèque Mazarine, Paris | Hubay 16 | Perfect, paper | |
| Bibliothèque Municipale, Saint-Omer | Hubay 18 | Imperfect, paper | |
| Germany (12) | Gutenberg Museum, Mainz | Hubay 8 | One copy is vol. I, imperfect, paper; the other both vols., imperfect, paper. It is unclear which is which. |
| Hubay 9 | |||
| Landesbibliothek, Fulda | Hubay 4 | Vol. I, imperfect, vellum | |
| Universitätsbibliothek, Leipzig | Hubay 14 | Imperfect, vellum | |
| Niedersächsische Staats-und Universitätsbibliothek, Göttingen | Hubay 2 | Perfect, vellum | |
| Staatsbibliothek, Berlin | Hubay 3 | Imperfect, vellum | |
| Bayerische Staatsbibliothek, Munich | Hubay 5 | Perfect, paper | |
| Stadt- und Universitätsbibliothek, Frankfurt-am-Main | Hubay 6 | Perfect, paper | |
| Hofbibliothek, Aschaffenburg | Hubay 7 | Imperfect, paper | |
| Württembergische Landesbibliothek, Stuttgart | Hubay 10 | Imperfect, paper. Purchased in April 1978 for 2.2 million US dollars. | |
| Stadtbibliothek, Trier | Hubay 11 | Vol.I?, imperfect, paper. Possibly sister volume to Hubay 46, in Indiana | |
| Landesbibliothek, Kassel | Hubay 12 | Vol. I, imperfect, paper | |
| Japan (1) | Keio University Library, Tokyo | Hubay 45 | Vol. I, imperfect, paper. Purchased in October 1987 for either 4.9 or 5.4 million US dollars (sources disagree) |
| Poland (1) | Biblioteka Seminarium Duchownego, Pelpin | Hubay 28 | Imperfect, paper |
| Portugal (1) | Portuguese National Library, Lisbon | Hubay 29 | Perfect, paper |
| Russia (2) | Russian National Library | - | Imperfect, vellum |
| Lomonosow University Library , Moscow | - | Perfect, paper | |
| Spain (2) | Biblioteca Universitaria y Provincial, Seville | Hubay 32 | Vol. II, imperfect, paper |
| Biblioteca Pública Provincial, Burgos | Hubay 31 | Perfect, paper | |
| Switzerland (1) | Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, Cologny | Hubay 30 | Imperfect, paper |
| United Kingdom (8) | British Library, London | ? | Perfect, vellum |
| ? | Perfect, paper | ||
| National Library of Scotland, Edinburgh | Hubay 26 | Perfect, paper | |
| Lambeth Palace Library, London | Hubay 20 | Vol. II (New Testament only), imperfect, vellum | |
| Eton College Library, Eton | Hubay 23 | Perfect, paper | |
| John Rylands Library, Manchester | Hubay 25 | Perfect, paper | |
| Bodleian Library, Oxford | Hubay 24 | Perfect, paper | |
| University Library, Cambridge | Hubay 22 | Perfect, paper | |
| United States (11) | Pierpont Morgan Library, New York | Hubay 37 | Imperfect, vellum |
| Hubay 38 | Perfect, paper | ||
| Hubay 44 | Imperfect, paper | ||
| Library of Congress, Washington DC | Hubay 35 | Perfect, vellum | |
| New York Public Library | Hubay 42 | Imperfect, paper | |
| Widener Library, Harvard University | Hubay 40 | Perfect, paper | |
| Beinecke Library, Yale University | Hubay 41 | Perfect, paper | |
| Scheide Library, Princeton University | Hubay 43 | Imperfect, paper | |
| Lilly Library, Indiana University Bloomington | Hubay 46 | Imperfect, paper. Possibly sister volume to Hubay 11, in Trier | |
| Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino | Hubay 36 | Imperfect, vellum | |
| University of Texas at Austin | Hubay 39 | Perfect, paper. Purchased in 1974 for 2.4 million US dollars. | |
| Vatican City (2) | Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana | Hubay 33 | Imperfect, vellum |
| Hubay 34 | Vol I, imperfect, paper |
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First page of the first volume of the Gutenberg Bible: The Epistle of St. Jerome
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Binding of an unknown copy
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Another Gutenberg Bible
Prices and dealers
- In the 1920s a New York book dealer, Gabriel Wells, bought a damaged paper copy, dismantled the book and sold sections and individual leaves to book collectors and libraries. The leaves were sold in a portfolio case with an essay written by A. Edward Newton. [6] (Also referred to as a "Noble Fragment") These leaves now sell for $20,000 - $100,000 - depending upon condition and the desirability of the page.
- On 22 October 1987 a Japanese buyer, Eiichi Kobayashi, a director at the Maruzen Company, purchased the Old Testament portion for $5.4 million at a Christie's Auction.[7] The last sale of a complete Gutenberg Bible took place nine years before, again at Christie's, for $2.2 million.
Media References
- In the movie The Day After Tomorrow, people burned books to try to stay warm in the New York City Public Library. One character was holding the library's copy of the Gutenberg Bible to protect it from being burned.
See also
- For other works printed by Gutenberg or from the workshop he founded, See: Johannes Gutenberg.
- Spread of printing.
Notes
1. ^ Plantin-Moretus museum
2. ^ University of Texas -The Gutenberg Bible
3. ^ Karp, Albert , Johann Gutenberg: The Man and is Invention (3rd ed.), [Solar Press | date = 1996 | isbn = 1-85928-114-1
4. ^ Time Magazine, March 10, 1986
5. ^ Orb Online Encyclopedia
6. ^ Kenyon College Library [1]
7. ^ New York Times
External links
- Treasures in Full: Gutenberg Bible Complete digitized texts of the two Gutenberg bibles in the British Library
- The University of Texas Ransom Center's Gutenberg Bible website including detailed images
- Online digital edition
- Gutenberg site made by the city of Mainz
For the Arthurian Vulgate Cycle, see .
The Vulgate is an early 5th century version of the Bible in Latin which is largely the result of the labors of Jerome, who was commissioned by Pope Damasus I in 382 to make a revision of the old Latin
..... Click the link for more information.The Bible is- Part of
- (see The Hebrew Bible below)
- Part of a series on Christianity
- (see The New Testament below)
Bible
..... Click the link for more information.Johannes Gensfleisch zur Laden zum Gutenberg (c. 1400 – February 3, 1468) was a German goldsmith and printer, who is credited with inventing movable type printing in Europe (c. 1439) and mechanical printing globally.
..... Click the link for more information.Mainz
Mainz Old Town View from the citadel (2003)
Coat of arms Location
Details
..... Click the link for more information.Anthem
"Das Lied der Deutschen" (third stanza)
also called "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit"
..... Click the link for more information.15th century was that century which lasted from 1401 to 1500.Events
- 1402: Ottoman and Timurid Empires fight at the Battle of Ankara resulting in Timur's capture of Bayezid I.
- 1402: The conquest of the Canary Islands signals the beginning of the Spanish Empire.
..... Click the link for more information.Movable Type is a weblog publishing system developed by California-based Six Apart. It was publicly announced on 3 September 2001,[2] and version 1.0 was publicly released on 8 October 2001.
..... Click the link for more information.illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders and miniature illustrations. In the strictest definition of the term, an illuminated manuscript only refers to manuscripts decorated with gold
..... Click the link for more information.14th century - 15th century - 16th century
1420s 1430s 1440s - 1450s - 1460s 1470s 1480s
1449 1450 1451 - 1452 - 1453 1454 1455
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.14th century - 15th century - 16th century
1420s 1430s 1440s - 1450s - 1460s 1470s 1480s
1450 1451 1452 - 1453 - 1454 1455 1456
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.14th century - 15th century - 16th century
1420s 1430s 1440s - 1450s - 1460s 1470s 1480s
1447 1448 1449 - 1450 - 1451 1452 1453
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.14th century - 15th century - 16th century
1420s 1430s 1440s - 1450s - 1460s 1470s 1480s
1451 1452 1453 - 1454 - 1455 1456 1457
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.14th century - 15th century - 16th century
1420s 1430s 1440s - 1450s - 1460s 1470s 1480s
1452 1453 1454 - 1455 - 1456 1457 1458
:
Subjects: Archaeology - Architecture -
..... Click the link for more information.printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring an image. The systems involved were first assembled in Germany by the goldsmith Johann Gutenberg in the 1430s.
..... Click the link for more information.Movable Type is a weblog publishing system developed by California-based Six Apart. It was publicly announced on 3 September 2001,[2] and version 1.0 was publicly released on 8 October 2001.
..... Click the link for more information.incunabulum is a book, single sheet, or image that was printed — not handwritten — before the year 1501 in Europe. These are very rare and valuable items. The origin of the word is the Latin incunabula
..... Click the link for more information.Vellum (from the Old French Vélin, for "calfskin"[1]) is a sort of processed animal hide as a material for use in producing written works in the scroll, codex or book form in the pre-printing Age using joined pages, characterized by its thin, smooth, durable
..... Click the link for more information.Rubrication was one of several steps in the medieval process of manuscript making. Practitioners of rubrication, so-called rubricators, were specialized scribes who received text from the manuscript's original scribe and supplemented it with additional text in red ink for
..... Click the link for more information.illuminated manuscript is a manuscript in which the text is supplemented by the addition of decoration, such as decorated initials, borders and miniature illustrations. In the strictest definition of the term, an illuminated manuscript only refers to manuscripts decorated with gold
..... Click the link for more information.Scriptorium (plural scriptoria) comes from the medieval Latin script-, scribere (to write), where -orium is the neuter singular ending for adjectives describing place. Thus, a scriptorium is literally "a place for writing".
..... Click the link for more information.New Testament (Greek: Καινή Διαθήκη, Kainē Diathēkē) is the name given to the final portion of the Christian Bible, written after the Old Testament.
..... Click the link for more information.The Catholic University of Leuven is the largest and most prominent university in Belgium. It was founded in 1425 by Pope Martin V, which makes it the oldest Catholic university still active.
..... Click the link for more information.The Incunabula Short Title Catalogue (ISTC) is an electronic bibliographic database maintained by the British Library which seeks to catalogue all known incunabula. The database lists books by individual editions, recording standard bibliographic details for each edition as well as
..... Click the link for more information.- Oesterreichische Nationalbibliothek.
The Österreichische Nationalbibliothek (formerly Hofbibliothek), abbreviated "ÖNB" or OeNB, is the Austrian National Library, and, with 7.
..... Click the link for more information.Royal Library in Copenhagen (Danish: Det Kongelige Bibliotek) is the national library of Denmark and the largest and most important library of Scandinavia.
..... Click the link for more information.Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository of all that is published in France. The current president of the library is Bruno Racine.
..... Click the link for more information.Bibliothèque Mazarine is the oldest public library in France.History
The Bibliothèque Mazarine was initially the personal library of cardinal Mazarin (1602-1661), who was a great bibliophile.
..... Click the link for more information.The Gutenberg Museum is one of the oldest museums of printing in the world, located opposite the cathedral in the old part of Mainz, Germany.History
A group of citizens founded the museum in 1900, 500 years after Johann Gutenberg’s birth, to honour the inventor and
..... Click the link for more information.The Göttingen State and University Library (German: Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, or SUB Göttingen; English short form: Goettingen SUB) is the library for Göttingen University as well as the central library for the German State of Lower Saxony
..... Click the link for more information.Berlin State Library – Prussian Cultural Heritage (German: Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin – Preußischer Kulturbesitz) is a library in Berlin, Germany.History
..... Click the link for more information.
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